Social Contract: Rules set by society must be enforced to be valid American law enforcement has English roots: Posses: Organized groups of citizens that enforce the Social Contract (laws) were common Shire Reeve: leader of the Shire (county) became the law enforcer, our SHERIFF
THE WILD WEST Federal MARSHALS patrolled the territories Charles Lynch: formed posses to find and punish criminals (Lynch Mobs) VIGILANTES: Independent law enforcers who operated in the absence of any formal law enforcers Today VIGILANTES have the reputation of taking the law into their own hands, even with formal law enforcers available. The most famous vigilante: Bernie Goetz the Subway Vigilante 1984 NYC Subway
Guardian Angels: Citizens organized in NYC to protect the subways. (Red berets and jackets) The program spread throughout the country.
Minutemen: Citizens that patrol our border with Mexico to stop illegal immigration Arizona Minutemen serve as border vigilantes: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkxjmvu y5ak&feature=fvw Video Vigilantes: Citizens that videotape criminal activity to turn over to the police. Superheroes: Seriously.
Local Policing Majority of US law enforcement are under local or state control. We do not have a National Police Department like Italy, Greece, Finland, Sweden and Israel. Americans have typically been fearful of too much federal law enforcement. 5/4/2015 5
First municipal police force: Boston (1838) The term Cop means to capture. Those who captured bad guys were called Coppers
14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 LOCAL POLICE ARE OUR DOMINATE ENFORCEMENT 0 Number of Agencies AGENCIES LOCAL POLICE Local Police Sheriff State Police Special Police 5/4/2015 7
POLICE CORRUPTION Early municipal police forces were plagued by corruption Police were political appointees got their jobs from political bosses (PATRONAGE) Irish cops in NYC = votes for jobs Today police are mostly CIVIL SERVANTS hired by competitive exam
Police Officers were not well paid & were frequently bribed: Prohibition: Cops paid off to ignore Speakeasies The Third Degree Police brutally beat suspects to get confessions The Wickersham Report (1920 s): National report about POLICE corruption and poor training. Ushered in a new era of police professionalism.
IAD: Internal Affairs Division Most police departments create an entire division dedicated to assuring proper behavior COMMUNITY BOARDS: In larger cities community boards are formed to monitor police behavior TECHNOLOGY: Dashboard and Station house cameras guard against any suspect getting the third degree
Municipal Police Departments Most police departments (almost 90%) in the U.S. employ fewer than 50 sworn officers. Crime makes up only 20% of police activity: Nuisance calls / traffic / community relations 80%
Patrol Patrol is called the backbone of a PD. It is the most time-consuming and resource-intensive task officers undertake. A police officer walking the beat
Patrol: 60% of police work 24 hours a day 365 days / year Most police officers are: PATROLMEN Patrol duties include: Responding to all emergencies: Medical, Fire, Criminal Trying to resolve domestic disputes Patrolling the community, looking for crime
Foot Patrol: Walking the BEAT The practice of having officers patrol their beats (territories) on foot has regained popularity recently. Effective? 1.Not been proven to be a significant deterrent to crime 2. has significantly improved relationships between citizens and officers.
New York City Police Department is the largest municipal dept. in the country: 36,000 Police Officers Police cars: 8,839 Police boats: 11 Helicopters: 8 Horses:120 Dogs: 31 German Shepherds 3 Bloodhounds
SERT: Special Emergency Response Team / SWAT team: NPPD K-9: Working with Police dogs Mounted Police Traffic: Radar / Laser, DWI: NPPD Stolen Car task force: NPPD D.A.R.E: NPPD Bike Patrol
The average officer: 1.Two arrests a month 2. less than one felony arrest every two months
Investigation: The Detective Bureau After patrolmen respond to a crime call detectives take over and investigate A promotion for a patrolman is to move the rank of DETECTIVE. ADVANTAGES: Plainclothes: They do not have to wear uniforms. Anonymity during work hours. Traditional work hours (9-5). They have offices and desks. Prestige: The rank of detective usually brings a pay raise and other benefits.
How effective are detectives? Studies estimate that half of all detectives could be replaced without affecting clearance rates Research shows that most cases are solved because the suspect was positively identified at the scene of the crime Research shows that as time elapses so does the chance of arrest
The Police Sub-Culture Police officers constitute a subculture Police officers call police work being on the job Police officers work shifts and often socialize with one another The police sub-culture is sometimes called the Blue Wall of Silence because it is built upon loyalty and fidelity to other police officers
The Police Sub-Culture Police extend professional courtesy to other law enforcement agents: The use of UNION CARD (i.e. PBA CARDS) for friends family of a police officer Recognition of other law enforcement agents while conducting traffic stops Strong support for families of slain officers
Police work is in the top 10 in the US as far as stress Police have higher rates of divorce, suicide than most professions Police officers have higher heart attack rates than the average citizen Police officers have a high incidence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder because of experiences on the job
State Police Agencies Growing populations, as well as the inability of some local sheriffs to control crime, led most states to create their own state-wide law enforcement agencies. Texas officially created the Rangers in 1835. Pennsylvania established the first modern state law enforcement agency in 1905. By the 1930s, almost every state had some form of state law enforcement agency.
State Law Enforcement TODAY 49 States have a state police department Hawaii does not 77,000 full time employees 68% are sworn personnel (actual police officers / troopers) 5/4/2015 25
State Law Enforcement Two types of State-wide police forces have evolved State police model Example: Texas Rangers, NJSP Focus: Statewide law enforcement Highway patrol model Example: California Highway Patrol Focus: Highway safety
NEW JERSEY STATE POLICE ARE A PARAMILITARY ORGANIZATION http://www.statetroopersdirectory.com/#menu
GENERAL POLICE SERVICES In certain small towns, the NJSP are the only local police GENERAL HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT patrol of all state highways, the investigation of accidents and incidents on those highways STATEWIDE INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE SERVICES EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT which occur beyond the capacity of municipalities and counties to effectively respond. MAINTENANCE OF CRIMINAL RECORDS AND IDENTIFICATION
The actions of a police officer who shoots and kills a suspect who is either fleeing from arrest, assaulting a victim, or attacking the officer Police prefer to use non-lethal force: Taser Expandable Steel Baton Pepper Spray New Technology still in the testing phase
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