2014 SESSION 14-2476 04/05 HOUSE BILL AN ACT 1620-FN relative to the use of drones. SPONSORS: Rep. Kurk, Hills 2 COMMITTEE: Criminal Justice and Public Safety ANALYSIS This bill regulates the use of drones by government agencies and individuals. criminal penalties and civil remedies for violations of the law. It establishes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Explanation: Matter added to current law appears in bold italics. Matter removed from current law appears [in brackets and struckthrough.] Matter which is either (a) all new or (b) repealed and reenacted appears in regular type.
14-2476 04/05 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE In the Year of Our Lord Two Thousand Fourteen AN ACT relative to the use of drones. Be it Enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court convened: 2 3 4 6 7 10 13 16 20 21 25 28 1 New Chapter; Drones. Amend RSA by inserting after1 chapter 644 the following new chapter: 644-A:1 Definitions. In this chapter: CHAPTER 644-A DRONES I. Airspace means the space above the ground in New 5 Hampshire. II. Drone means a powered, aerial vehicle that: III. (a) Does not carry a human operator; (b) Uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift; 8 (c) Can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely; 9and (d) Can be expendable or recoverable. Government means federal, state, and local 11 agencies and departments and any political subdivisions thereof, including employees, agents, 12 and contractors. IV. Individual means a living human being. V. Information means any evidence, images, sounds, 14 or data gathered by a drone. VI. Person means individuals, corporations, organizations, 15 for-profit and not-for-profit entities, excluding the government. VII. Surveillance means the intentional act of 17 monitoring, observing, locating, following, photographing, taking images of, listening to, or making a18 recording of: (a) and communications; apply: A recognizable individual or a group of individuals 19 or their movements, activities, (b) The interior of a building or structure; or (c) The exterior of any building or structure except 22 from a pubic right of way. 644-A:2 Government Use of Drones Prohibited; Exceptions. 23 I.(a) No government shall use a drone in this state; 24provided that such prohibition shall not (1) To counter a high risk of a terrorist 26 attack by a specific person if the United States Secretary of Homeland Security determines27that credible intelligence indicates there is that risk. (2) If a government first obtains a search29warrant signed by a judge and based on probable cause or the use is pursuant to a legally-recognized 30exception to the warrant requirement. (3) If a government possesses reasonable 31 suspicion that, under particular
- Page 2-6 9 13 18 31 35 36 circumstances, swift action is needed to prevent imminent 1 to harm to life or serious damage to property, or to forestall the imminent escape of a suspect, or 2 the destruction of evidence. The use of a drone under this subparagraph shall be limited to a period 3 of 48 hours. Within 24 hours of the initiation of the use of a drone under this subparagraph, the 4 government shall report in writing the use of a drone to the attorney general who shall annually5 post such reports on the department of justice website in a searchable format. (4) If a government obtains the prior, written 7 consent of the person who is the subject of the surveillance and the owner or lessee of the 8 property which is the subject of the surveillance. (b) If a government uses a drone under this 10 paragraph, it shall within 24 hours permanently destroy all information gathered by the drone 11 other than that relating directly to the purpose for which the warrant was obtained or to which12 the judicially-recognized exception to the warrant requirement applied. (c) Evidence obtained by a government through 14 the use of a drone in violation of this paragraph shall not be admissible in any judicial or administrative 15 proceeding and shall not be used to establish reasonable suspicion or probable cause to believe 16 that an offense has been committed. lethal weapon. II. No government shall own or use a drone that is 17equipped with any kind of lethal or non- III. A government that owns, uses, or exercises control 19 over a drone in this state that causes injury to a person or a person s property shall be strictly liable 20 for such injury. IV. A government that owns or operates one or more 21 drones shall annually on July 1 submit a written report to the attorney general containing information 22 on the number of drones owned, leased, or used, and the number of times each drone was23 used during the prior year. The attorney general shall annually post such reports on the department 24of justice website in a searchable format. 644-A:3 Non-government Use of Drones Limited; Exceptions. 25 I. No person shall use a drone to conduct surveillance 26 without the prior, written consent of each affected individual or other person and each owner 27 or possessor of affected buildings or structures or parts thereof. It shall not be a defense to a28charge of violating this chapter that the buildings or structures were not marked with a no-trespassing 29 sign or similar notice. weapon. II. No person shall own or use a drone that is equipped 30 with any kind of lethal or non-lethal III. Any person that owns, uses, or exercises control 32 over a drone in this state that causes injury to a person or such person s property shall be strictly 33liable for the injury. 644-A:4 Federal Preemption. This chapter shall not34 apply to the extent federal law preempts any provision of this chapter. 644-A:5 Penalties. I. An individual, including a government employee, 37 agent, and contractor, who violates
- Page 3-1 7 10 RSA 644-A:2 shall be guilty of a class B felony. II. A government that violates RSA 644-A:2 shall 2 be subject to a civil penalty of up to $10,000 which shall be deposited in the general fund of the state. 3 III. A person who violates RSA 644-A:3 shall be guilty 4 of a class A misdemeanor. IV. Any person who suffers injury caused by a drone 5 operated in violation of this chapter shall be entitled to damages from the person or government 6 that committed the violation of not less than $5,000 and an award of reasonable attorney fees. V. In addition to any other remedies allowed by8 law, a person who gains unauthorized control over a drone shall be liable to the owner of the drone 9 in an amount of not less than $5,000 and an award of reasonable attorney fees. 2 Effective Date. This act shall take effect January 1, 11 2015.
LBAO 14-2476 12/18/13 HB 1620-FN - FISCAL NOTE AN ACT relative to the use of drones. FISCAL IMPACT: The Judicial Branch, Judicial Council, Department of Justice, Department of Corrections, and New Hampshire Association of Counties state this bill, as introduced, may increase state and county expenditures by an indeterminable amount in FY 2015 and each year thereafter. There will be no fiscal impact on local expenditures, or state, county, and local revenue. METHODOLOGY: The Judicial Branch states this bill adds RSA 644-A to regulate the use of drones. The penalty section of this bill provides for the potential of class B felonies, class A misdemeanors, civil penalties of up to $10,000, and civil damages including an award of attorney fees. In addition evidence illegally obtained by a government entity through the use of a drone is not admissible in a judicial hearing. This bill could result in additional class B felonies, additional class A misdemeanors and additional civil damage actions, however the Branch has no information to estimate the additional activity. The Branch states the average cost of processing a class B felony case, which is classified as a routine criminal case, will be $425.27 in FY 2015 and $433.34 in FY 2016 and each year thereafter. The Branch estimates a class A misdemeanor will cost $66.17 per case in FY 2015, and $67.64 per case in FY 2016 and each year thereafter. The Branch states the civil actions resulting from this bill would be processed as average complex civil cases, which will cost $686.96 in FY 2015, and $699.09 in FY 2016 and each year thereafter. The Branch states the barring of evidence obtained illegally has the potential to add time to a trial and could result in an appeal. Possibility for an appeal may increase costs. All costs are estimated based on case weight information from the last needs assessment completed in 2005. Since that timeframe there have been various changes that may impact the costs, such as the creation of the circuit court, the increase in self-represented litigants, and the change to presume that an unspecified misdemeanor can be treated as a class B misdemeanor. The Judicial Council states a government employee or agent violating this statute can be charged with a class B felony. The Council assumes in the event of criminal prosecution, the government official would be defended and indemnified by his or her employer, and would not seek the assistance of appointed counsel. The Council would have responsibility of ensuring any individual charged with a class A misdemeanor under this statute who was found to be indigent be provided a lawyer. The majority of indigent cases (approximately 85%) are handled
by the public defender program, with the remaining cases going to contract attorneys (14%) or assigned counsel (1%). The public defender program is appropriated monies that it expends according to the terms of its contract with the Council. The Council states if the public defender program does not provide representation then a contract attorney is used, charging a flat fee of $275 per class A misdemeanor case. If an assigned counsel attorney is used the fee is $60 per hour with a cap of $1,400 for a misdemeanor charge. The Department of Justice states this bill will have an indeterminable increase on state expenditures. The Department states its Public Integrity Unit investigates and prosecutes criminal conduct undertaken by certain public officials in their official capacity. This bill may result in an increase in the number of investigations and prosecutions by the Unit. The Department would represent the State on any appeal from a conviction for an offense created by this bill; however, the Department anticipates it could handle any appeals within its existing budget. The bill requires government officials using drones to file a report with the Department on an annual basis. The Department anticipates it could handle this function with no increased expenditures. The Department would defend and indemnify a state law enforcement official who faces civil actions pursuant to this statute. The Department is not able to determine how many if any cases would it would be involved with as a result of this bill to predict the fiscal impact. The Department of Corrections states it is not able to determine the fiscal impact of this bill because it does not have sufficient detail to predict the number of individuals who would be subject to this legislation. The Department of Corrections states the average annual cost of incarcerating an individual in the general prison population for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2013 was $32,872. The cost to supervise an individual by the Department s division of field services for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2013 was $570. The New Hampshire Association of Counties states to the extent individuals are charged, convicted, and sentenced to incarceration in a county correctional facility, the counties will have expenditures. The Association is unable to determine the number of individuals who may be charged, convicted or incarcerated as a result of this bill to determine an exact fiscal impact. The average annual cost to incarcerate an individual in a county correctional facility is approximately $35,000. There is no impact on county revenue.