THE ELECTION OF 1960
THE RACE FOR OFFICE Both were: young, military veterans, lawyers and cold warriors However, many historians believe there were (2) important factors that decided the race..
1. TELEVISED DEBATE First televised debates in history. 70 million viewers tuned in, more on radio. Image (or style) vs. substance Click HERE
2. Civil Rights Reverend Martin Luther King arrested in Atlanta, Kennedy called- Nixon didn t JFK got more African-Am votes, more open about his Civil Rights policy
OTHER ISSUES Kennedy was a Roman Catholic Cold War policies Both candidates wanted to increase economic growth and prosperity- make it accessible to more everyone Nixon could have used Eisenhower s record/popularity (which was around 60 65% on election day)
ELECTION RESULTS
KENEDDY S INGAGURAL ADDRESS President John F. Kennedy delivers his inaugural address at Capitol Hill in Jan. 20, 1961. Kennedy said, "We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and success of liberty."
THE JFK Administration KENNEDY LEADS AMERICA INTO THE 1960S
THE KENNEDY MYSTIQUE Young, energetic and good looking Many people felt that they could relate to the President Family values The First Lady Fashion Good Looking The press loved JFK and his family
THE BEST AND THE BRIGHTEST JFK surrounded himself with what one journalist described as the best and the brightest available talent He surrounded himself with young, educated, and energetic people Robert Kennedy (his brother) was his closet friend and ally Attorney General
JFK AND THE COLD WAR Less of Eisenhower s brinkmanship (aggressive) military strategies More flexible response No nuclear force More conventional troops and weapons Created elite branch of the Army Special Forces Stop Soviet (Communist) influence in Cuba
CRISES OVER CUBA 1 st big test of JFK s new foreign policy Two weeks before JFK took office Eisenhower cut relations with Cuba FACTOR = Fidel Castro Castro Communist Dictator Controlled Economy (sugar/oil), affected USA Relied on the Soviets for aid (Military)
BAY OF PIGS, CUBA March 1960 CIA trained 1,400 Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro Eisenhower started, JFK continued April 17, 1961 JFK ordered the invasion of Cuba by the exiles supported by the U.S. military DID NOT GO WELL Air strike failed to take out Cuban air force Castro new they were coming Exiles killed and captured, JFK had to negotiate for their release Embarrassed the U.S. & Castro continued relations with Soviets
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
BERLIN WALL CRISIS See Book pgs. 677-678, answer questions 1.What was the Berlin Wall? 2.What events led to the construction of the Berlin Wall? 3.What was the hot line and what was its purpose? 4.Describe the Limited Test Ban Treaty. Why was this so significant?
VIETNAM WAR and THE U.S. 1950 s France/South Vietnam fought Ho Chi Minh (Communist) for control over North Vietnam U.S./President Truman sends $1 billion in aid to France, STOP COMMUNISM 1953-1954 Eisenhower continues aid Used the Domino Theory as justification U.S. efforts did not help, Vietnam divided at 17 th parallel 1957- Vietcong (North Vietnam) invades South Vietnam, Eisenhower does nothing
JFK AND VIETNAM 1961 JFK enters the White House and initially decides to stay out of Vietnam End of 1963 sent 16,000 U.S. military advisors to assist South Vietnam Purpose = to train South Vietnamese soldiers to fight
THE NEW FRONTIER The promise of progress Stimulate the economy Improve education Improve medical care for the elderly and the poor Go to the moon
JFK AND THE ECONOMY 1960 America = economic recession JFK s Response Deficit Spending Increase Government spending and lower taxes Increased = defense budget, minimum wage, unemployment insurance Creation of the Peace Corps and the Alliance for Progress
We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win... JFK September 12, 1962
RACE TO THE MOON Soviets 1 st into space April 12, 1961 One month later the U.S. did the same One year later sent 1 st TV satellite into space NASA built launch facilities and a mission control center
A MAN ON THE MOON Finally, on July 20, 1969, the U.S. would achieve its goal An excited nation watched as U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong took the first steps on the moon Armstrong One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind
JFK assassinated in Dallas November 22, 1963 and Lyndon Baines Johnson is sworn in as President
LBJ & THE GREAT SOCIETY A fourth-generation Texan, Lyndon Johnson (LBJ) entered politics in 1937 as a congressman Johnson admired Franklin Roosevelt who took the young congressman under his wing Johnson became a senator in 1948 and by 1955 he was Senate majority leader Career politician, that knew how to get laws passed
JOHNSON S DOMESTIC AGENDA: Pass the Kennedy tax cuts ($10 billion) Pass the Kennedy Civil Rights bill (prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin, and granted the federal government new powers to enforce the law) Voting Rights Act (prohibited literacy tests or other discriminatory practices for voting) War on Poverty (provided $1 billion in aid to the inner city)
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ACT Project Head Start is still going strong Created: VISTA (Volunteers in service to America) Project Head Start for underprivileged preschoolers The Community Action Program which encouraged the poor to participate in public works program
LBJ easily defeats Goldwater in 64
Great Society Programs: In your notes, use your book to define how the Great Society was going to change these programs (pgs. 689-691) 1. EDUCATION 2. HEALTHCARE 3. HOUSING 4. IMMIGRATION REFORM 5. THE ENVIRONMENT 6. CONSUMER PROTECTION
The Warren Court: Reapportionment: Baker v. Carr (1962) one man, one vote Rights of the accused: Mapp v. Ohio (1961) illegally seized evidence can not be admitted as evidence Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) right to a lawyer at your trial Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) right to have a lawyer present when you are questioned Miranda v. Arizona (1966) your rights must be read to you at the time of your arrest
IMPACT OF GREAT SOCIETY No president in Post-WWII era extended the power and reach of the federal government more than LBJ The War on Poverty helped, the Civil Rights initiative made a difference and the massive tax cuts spurred the economy