Detailed Table of Contents Contributors... v v Foreword... vii vii Preface... ix ix Author Biographies... xi xi Summary Table of Contents... xix xvii Chapter 1. The State of the Law of Claim Construction and Infringement... 1 1 I. Introduction... 2 II. Applicants Bear the Burden to Draft Carefully... 3 2 A. Obvious, Harmless Errors Are Correctible... 3 B. Serious Errors Are Not Correctible... 5 2 C. The Indefiniteness Threshold Is High... 6 4 III. Claim Construction... 8 5 A. Standard of Review... 8 5 B. Phillips v. AWH... 9 C. General Claim Construction Principles... 14 5 1. Applicant as Lexicographer... 14 5 2. Preamble Terms and Transitional Phrases... 14 6 3. Context of Other Claims (Claim Differentiation)... 17 6 4. Disclaimer of Claim Scope... 17 7 5. Means-Plus-Function Limitations... 20 8 6. Other Claim Construction Principles... 21 10 D. PTO Applies Broadest Reasonable Interpretation... 22 14 xix
xx Drafting Patents for Litigation and Licensing 2012 IV. Infringement Direct and Indirect... 24 14 A. Direct Infringement: Literal Infringement... 24 14 1. All Limitations Must Be Satisfied... 25 14 2. Extraterritorial Acts Can Infringe... 26 17 3. The Evidentiary Burden at Trial... 27 B. Direct Infringement: Doctrine of Equivalents... 28 17 1. Determining Equivalence: Insubstantial Difference and Triple Identity... 29 17 2. Bars to the Doctrine of Equivalents... 32 18 a. Prosecution History Estoppel... 33 18 i. Rebutting the Festo Presumption... 35 18 b. The All-Elements Rule ( Vitiation and Specific Exclusion )... 37 19 C. Indirect Infringement... 39 20 1. Active Inducement Under Section 271(b)... 39 20 2. Contributory Infringement Under Section 271(c)... 40 21 3. Extraterritorial Indirect Infringement... 41 22 V. Conclusion... 42 Footnote Updates... 22 Chapter 2. Pitfalls in Patent Drafting... 45 23 I. Introduction... 47 II. Pitfalls in Drafting the Specification... 49 25 A. Specifications Having Narrow Descriptions... 49 25 1. Titles Having Unnecessary Verbiage... 49 25 2. Narrow Field of the Invention/Background of the Invention/Prior Art... 50 25 3. Narrow Abstracts... 54 26 4. Narrow Summary of the Invention... 55 5. Specific Problems in the Specification and Drawings... 56 a. Objects of the Invention and Similar Characterizations... 56 b. Criticizing Prior Art in the Specification... 58 c. Use of Language Implying Criticality... 62 d. Unintentional Definitions of Claim Terms... 65 e. Disclosing Only a Single Embodiment of the Invention... 70 f. Referring to The Invention... 72 g. The Dedicated to the Public Doctrine... 74 h. Referring to Prophetic Examples in the Patent... 76
Detailed Table of Contents xxi B. Failure to Provide Sufficient Written Description/ Enablement Support... 78 1. Claim Overspecificity... 80 2. Claim Overbreadth... 81 C. Potential Pitfalls With Provisional Patent Applications... 83 26 1. Failure to File Foreign Applications Within One Year of Provisional Filing... 83 2. Filing Provisionals for the Wrong Reasons... 84 3. Dangers of As-Is Filings... 85 4. Failure to Establish Ownership for Provisionals... 85 5. Failure to Claim Subject Matter Supported Entirely by the Provisional Filing... 86 26 6. Failure to Carry Over All Subject Matter From Provisional Into Nonprovisional... 88 III. Pitfalls in Claim Drafting... 88 27 A. Uncertainty Regarding Whether a Preamble Is Limiting... 88 B. Claims That Are Broader Than the Disclosure or Not Commensurate in Scope With the Disclosure... 90 C. Use of Claim Terminology That Can Change Over Time... 94 D. Multiparty Infringers and Divided Infringement Claims... 94 27 E. Pitfalls of Means-Plus-Function Claims... 101 28 1. Unintended Means-Plus-Function Clauses... 102 2. Attempted Means-Plus-Function Clauses Not Interpreted as Such... 104 3. Single-Means Claims... 106 4. Failure to Clearly Link Structure in the Specification to the Recited Function... 107 5. Insufficiently Described Corresponding Structure... 109 28 F. Functional Claiming... 111 28 G. Territorial Scope Problems... 113 H. Indeterminate Scope of Whereby Clauses... 115 I. Definiteness Problems... 118 31 1. Use of Relative Terminology... 118 31 2. Failure to Provide Antecedent Basis for Claim Elements... 122 3. Failure to Define Coined Terminology [New Topic]... 32 J. Failure of a Dependent Claim to Further Limit a Parent Claim... 123
xxii Drafting Patents for Litigation and Licensing 2012 K. Use of Jepson-Type Claims... 124 L. Reciting Operating Conditions or Usage in Apparatus Claims... 125 32 M. Reciting Human Activities in Claims... 127 IV. Pitfalls in Patent Prosecution... 128 33 A. Prosecution Disclaimer... 128 33 B. Amendment-Based Estoppel... 130 C. Argument-Based Estoppel... 132 D. How to Festo-Proof a Patent Application... 133 E. Clearly Link Arguments to Specific Claims... 136 V. Other Problems Affecting Patent Rights or Scope... 137 33 A. Failure to Investigate Potential Bars to Patentability... 137 33 B. Failure to Correctly Determine Inventorship or to Establish Ownership... 139 35 C. Failure to Claim the Commercial Embodiment... 143 36 D. Failure to Mark Patent Numbers on Covered Devices... 143 37 E. Failure to Proofread the Issued Patent... 145 VI. Conclusion... 145 Footnote Updates... 38 Chapter 3. Drafting the Winning Patent... 147 41 I. Introduction... 148 II. Pre-Drafting Activities... 149 43 A. Meeting With the Inventors... 149 43 1. Avoid Legal Jargon... 150 2. Prepare for the Meeting... 151 43 3. Take Good Notes... 152 4. Be Aware of Time-Sensitive Matters, Including Statutory Bars and Later- Developed Best Modes... 153 44 5. Draft a Sample Claim During the Meeting... 153 6. Determine Inventorship... 154 44 7. Ask About Reduction to Practice... 157 B. Searching for Prior Art... 157 III. Drafting the Specification and Drawings... 158 45 A. Clarity and Breadth in the Specification... 159 45 1. Keep It Simple... 160 2. Don t Leave the Reader Hanging... 161 3. Follow a Logical Progression With Broadly Worded Language... 162 45 4. Clarity in Drawings... 165
Detailed Table of Contents xxiii 5. Include Multiple Embodiments and Examples... 168 47 6. Use Self-Serving Statements and Boilerplate... 169 7. Include Broad Definitions of Claim Terms... 171 47 8. Use Terminology Consistently in the Specification and Claims... 172 9. Favor Over-Inclusion Rather Than Under- Inclusion... 173 48 10. Use Incorporation by Reference Carefully... 175 48 IV. Drafting the Claims... 176 48 A. When to Draft the Claims... 177 B. Include as Many Claim Types as Possible... 178 C. Include Primary Independent Claims to Smallest Independent Unit of Invention... 180 D. Include Claims of Broad, Intermediate, and Narrow Scope... 181 48 E. Recite Minimum Number of Elements to Avoid Known Prior Art... 183 F. Trim Unnecessary Words From Claims... 183 G. Use a Variety of Claim Terminology Consistent With the Specification... 184 H. Rely on Claim Differentiation to Maximize Claim Scope... 185 I. Carefully Select Preamble and Transition Phrases... 186 J. Targeting Infringers in Advance: Who Will Infringe the Claim?... 188 K. Selecting Dependent Claim Features... 188 L. How Many Claims Are Appropriate?... 189 49 M. Try to Design Around Your Own Claims... 193 N. Include a Picture Claim... 195 O. Using Terms of Approximation... 195 50 P. Carefully Recite Linkages Among Elements... 196 Q. Avoiding Indemnity Agreements Among Vendors... 197 51 R. Maximizing Damages and Royalties Through Claim Drafting... 199 V. Checklists for Drafting and Prosecution... 200 53 A. Quality Control and Second-Attorney Review... 200 53 B. Pre-Filing Checklist... 200 C. Checklist for Specification and Claims... 201 D. Checklist for Official Filing Receipt and Recorded Assignment... 204 E. Checklist for First Office Action... 204
xxiv Drafting Patents for Litigation and Licensing 2012 F. Checklist for Patent Prosecution... 205 G. Checklist for Notice of Allowance... 205 H. Checklist for Granted Patent... 206 VI. Conclusion... 206 Footnote Updates... 53 Chapter 4. Continued Prosecution of the Patent... 207 59 I. The Family of Continuation Applications... 208 61 A. Continuations... 210 61 B. Continuations-in-Part (CIPs)... 213 66 C. Divisionals... 214 66 D. Prosecution Laches... 215 68 E. Certificate of Correction... 218 F. Continuing Prosecution Strategy... 219 70 II. Reissues... 220 70 A. The Patent for the Invention... 221 B. Through Error Without Deceptive Intent, Deemed Wholly or Partly Inoperative or Invalid... 221 70 C. Broadening Claims... 222 71 D. Nonbroadening Claims... 223 E. Recapture Rule... 223 72 1. Clement Analysis: Step 1... 224 2. Clement Analysis: Step 2... 224 3. Clement Analysis: Step 3... 224 72 4. Applying the Recapture Rule... 226 F. Intervening Rights... 229 G. Reissue Strategy... 231 III. Reexaminations... 232 73 A. Ex Parte Reexamination... 232 74 B. Inter Partes Reexamination... 237 80 1. Similarities and Differences With Respect to Ex Parte Proceedings... 237 2. Examination and Amendments... 240 3. Third-Party Estoppel and Litigation... 242 82 4. Merging Reexaminations... 243 5. Appeal... 243 84 C. Intervening Rights... 245 84 D. Reexamination Strategy... 245 86 1. U.S. District Court Patent Litigation... 246 86 2. Ex Parte Reexamination... 247 91 3. Inter Partes Reexamination... 248 93 4. Effective Reexamination Strategy An Example [New Topic]... 94
Detailed Table of Contents xxv IV. Post-Issuance Trials Under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act [New Topic]... 95 A. Trial Procedures Before the Patent Trial and Appeals Board... 96 1. Scheduling Considerations... 97 2. Motions Practice.... 99 3. Discovery.... 101 4. Treatment of Confidential Information... 103 5. Use of the Federal Rules of Evidence.... 105 6. Oral Argument... 105 7. Final Decision... 106 8. Settlement... 106 9. Regulation of Conduct of Counsel and Parties and Sanctions... 107 B. Inter Partes Review... 108 1. Preliminary Proceedings... 109 2. Trial Proceedings.... 110 3. Appeal... 113 4. Impact on Litigation Strategies.... 113 C. Post-Grant Review... 115 1. Preliminary Proceedings.... 116 2. Trial Proceedings.... 117 3. Appeal... 119 4. Impact on Litigation Strategies.... 119 D. Transitional Program for Covered Business Method Patents... 121 1. The Legislative Debate Over the Transitional Program for Covered Business Method Patents... 121 2. Patents Subject to the Transitional Program for Covered Business Method Patents.... 124 3. Key Differences Between Covered Business Method Patent Review and Post-Grant Review... 125 V. al Examination [New Topic]... 127 A. Scope and Procedures for al Examination.... 128 B. Modified Ex Parte Reexamination Procedures Following al Examination.... 130 C. PTO Discovery of Fraud... 131 D. al Examination s Impact on Litigation and Enforcement Strategies.... 132 VI. Conclusion... 248 Appendix 4-1... 250 Footnote Updates... 134
xxvi Drafting Patents for Litigation and Licensing 2012 Chapter 5. Mechanical Patents... 253 137 I. Introduction... 254 II. Validity of Mechanical Patents... 256 139 A. Written Description Issues... 256 139 1. The Traditional Rule: Mechanical Technologies Are Predictable... 257 2. Predictability in the Mechanical Arts After Gentry Gallery... 258 3. Don t Rely on Predictability for Mechanical Technologies... 260 139 B. Enablement Issues... 263 C. Definiteness Issues... 265 140 D. Obviousness Issues [New Topic]... 143 III. Claim Scope and Interpretation of Mechanical Patents... 269 148 A. Ordinary Meaning... 269 148 B. Avoiding Narrow Claim Scope... 270 149 1. The Critical Importance of the Written Description... 270 2. Maximizing Claim Scope in Mechanical Patents... 273 151 a. Disclose and Claim Multiple Embodiments... 274 151 b. Use Equivocal Language in the Specification... 278 153 c. Pursue Claims of Differing Scope and Type... 281 d. Avoid Describing Any Particular Feature, Aspect, or Embodiment as The Invention in the Specification... 284 e. Avoid Emphasizing Any Particular Object, Advantage, or Feature of the Invention in the Specification... 285 155 f. Avoid Describing the Invention Narrowly in Any Summary of the Invention... 287 g. Avoid Undue Emphasis Distinguishing Over the Prior Art... 288 h. Drawing Features Should Be Explained... 290 155 C. Means-Plus-Function Limitations in Mechanical Patents... 293 157 1. Careful Use of Section 112 6 in Mechanical Cases... 294 157 2. Avoid Recitation of Structure... 295 3. Disclose Multiple Embodiments of Corresponding Structure... 298 157
Detailed Table of Contents xxvii 4. Always Clearly Link Corresponding Structure to the Claimed Functions... 301 5. Avoid Unintentional Invocation of Section 112 6... 303 158 6. The Mysterious and Elusive Step-Plus- Function Claim... 305 IV. Other Enforcement Issues... 306 A. Some Sage Advice From the Federal Circuit Regarding Claim Drafting... 306 B. In Mechanical Cases, It May Be Difficult to Rebut the Festo Presumption... 311 V. Conclusion... 315 Footnote Updates... 158 Chapter 6. Electrical Patents... 317 173 I. Introduction... 318 II. Drafting Electrical Patent Specifications... 318 174 A. Statutory Considerations... 318 174 1. Utility... 318 2. Enablement and Written Description... 320 174 a. Predictability... 320 b. Problems With Claims Broader Than the Specification... 321 174 B. Limiting Statements in the Specification... 326 176 C. Characterizing The Invention... 329 178 D. Ensure Sufficient Support for Electrical Structures... 330 182 III. Claim Drafting Strategies... 335 186 A. Systems Including Paired Operations... 336 B. Components of a System... 340 C. Multiple Party Issues... 342 186 D. Method Steps Performed Outside of the United States... 344 E. Make Sure Claims Accurately Describe the Invention... 345 188 F. Transitional Phrases... 346 G. Problems With Means-Plus-Function Clauses... 347 H. Time-Dependent Terminology... 351 I. Use the Term Or Carefully... 352 J. Use Absolute Terms Carefully... 353 K. Definiteness Problems... 354 190 L. Claims to Semiconductor Devices... 355 M. Draft Claims of Different Scope [New Topic]... 192 IV. Conclusion... 356
xxviii Drafting Patents for Litigation and Licensing 2012 Chapter 7. Software, E-Commerce, Internet, and Business Method Patents... 357 195 I. Introduction... 358 II. Validity of Software-Related Patents... 360 197 A. Written Description Issues... 360 B. Enablement Issues... 363 C. Best Mode Issues... 365 D. Definiteness Issues... 367 197 E. Statutory Subject Matter Issues... 371 202 1. Supreme Court Precedent... 371 202 a. Benson: Unpatentable Algorithm... 371 b. Flook: Another Unpatentable Algorithm... 373 c. Chakrabarty: Patentable Micro-Organism... 374 d. Diehr: Finally, a Patentable Algorithm... 375 e. Bilski: Unpatentable Abstract Idea [New Topic]... 202 2. Current Tests to Determine Statutory Subject Matter... 377 205 a. The Useful, Concrete, and Tangible Result Test [Moved]... 378 206 i. In re Alappat... 378 ii. State Street Bank... 379 iii. AT&T... 382 iv. Laboratory Corporation of America... 383 v. USPTO Guidelines... 384 vi. Summary... 384 b. The Transformation Test... 385 206 i. Supreme Court Precedent... 385 ii. Arrhythmia... 387 iii. USPTO Guidelines... 389 iv. Summary... 389 c. The Abstract Idea Test... 390 206 i. Supreme Court Precedent... 390 206 ii. Alappat, State Street Bank, and AT&T... 391 iii. In re Warmerdam... 392 iv. Comiskey [Moved]... 394 207 v. Research Corp. [New Topic]... 207 vi. USPTO Guidelines [Renumbered]... 396 208 vii. Summary [Renumbered]... 396 210 d. The Machine-or-Transformation Test [New Topic]... 211 i. In re Bilski [New Topic]... 211 ii. Comiskey I and Comiskey II [New Topic]... 214
Detailed Table of Contents xxix iii. Ferguson [New Topic]... 214 iv. SiRF Technology [New Topic]... 216 v. USPTO Guidelines [New Topic]... 217 vi. Summary [New Topic]... 219 e. The Practical Application Test [New Topic]... 220 3. Previous Tests to Determine Statutory Subject Matter... 397 222 a. The Freeman-Walter-Abele Test... 397 223 b. The Business Method Test... 398 223 c. The Technological Arts Test... 399 223 d. The Useful, Concrete, and Tangible Result Test [New Topic]... 224 e. The Physical Steps Test [New Topic]... 225 III. Claim Scope and Interpretation of Software- Related Patents... 402 225 A. Claims for Software-Related Inventions... 402 225 1. Process Claims... 403 226 a. Process Claims Interacting With the Physical World... 403 226 b. Process Claims With No Interaction With the Physical World... 406 227 2. Apparatus Claims... 411 229 3. System Claims... 414 230 4. Claims With Means- or Step-Plus-Function Recitations... 417 230 5. Data Structure Claims... 425 231 6. Computer-Readable Medium Claims... 427 231 7. Signal Claims... 431 234 8. Software Module Claims [New Topic]... 235 9. Paradigm Claims [New Topic]... 236 B. Business Method Inventions... 436 237 1. Software-Related Business Method Inventions... 437 237 2. Non-Software-Related Business Method Inventions... 440 240 3. Post-Grant Review of Business Method Patents [New Topic]... 243 4. Summary [Renumbered]... 444 243 C. Claiming Strategies... 444 244 1. Claiming a Network or Internet Invention... 444 244 2. Claiming a Network Router Invention... 450 3. Claiming an E-Commerce Website Invention... 451 246 4. Claiming a Simulation Software Invention... 453 248
xxx Drafting Patents for Litigation and Licensing 2012 IV. Conclusion... 454 Footnote Updates... 249 Chapter 8. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Patents... 455 251 I. Introduction... 456 II. Validity of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Patents... 457 253 A. Written Description Issues... 457 253 B. Enablement Issues... 461 254 C. Best Mode Issues... 463 255 D. Utility Issues... 465 E. Anticipation Issues in Chemical Applications: Inherency... 468 1. Inherent Anticipation Is Not Avoided by Discovery of a New Benefit or Property of an Old Material or Method... 468 2. Metabolite Claims Can Be Anticipated If the Metabolite Was Formed In Vivo After Administration of the Prior Art Drug... 469 3. Creative Claim Drafting Can Often Overcome Inherent Anticipation Problems... 471 4. A Sufficiently Small Prior Art Genus Can Anticipate a Later-Claimed Species... 472 F. Obviousness Issues in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Patents... 475 1. Pre-KSR Standards for Chemical Obviousness... 475 2. Post-KSR Chemical Obviousness... 477 G. Double Patenting Issues in Chemical Cases... 480 III. Claim Scope and Interpretation of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Patents... 483 255 A. Claim Scope Issues in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Patents... 483 255 1. Product-by-Process Claims... 483 255 a. Ambiguity as to Scope... 484 b. Clarity in Claim Scope... 485 2. Markush Groups... 486 257 a. Markush Group Members Must Share Some Relationship to Be Grouped Together Properly... 487 b. Careful Wording of a Markush Claim Is Necessary... 488 257 c. Provide Supporting Disclosure and Working Examples... 490
Detailed Table of Contents xxxi 3. Transitional Phrases in Chemical Claims... 493 257 B. Means-Plus-Function Limitations... 496 C. Claim Drafting Strategies... 497 258 1. A Careful Review of the Chemical Invention Can Ensure That Claims to All Aspects of the Invention Are Included... 497 258 a. Consider the Existence of Metabolic Forms When Claiming a Compound... 499 b. In Pharmaceutical Patents, Consider Label Claims That Protect Specific Methods or Uses in the FDA-Approved Prescribing Information... 500 c. Use Care in Claiming a Polymorphic Form in Terms of Its Analytical Properties... 501 d. Consider Whether Salt Forms of a Compound Are Intended to Be Encompassed Within the Claim to the Free Acid or Base... 502 2. Pharmaceutical Claims to Methods of Treatment... 503 3. Pharmaceutical Claims to Homologs, Racemates, Salt Forms, and Metabolites... 505 259 D. Claim Interpretation... 505 260 1. Implicit and Explicit Definitions of Claim Terminology... 505 260 2. The Effect of Examples and Preferred Embodiments on Claim Construction... 508 263 3. Interrelationship of Claims... 511 4. Prosecution History: Disclaimers and Estoppel... 512 263 5. Use of Extrinsic Evidence in Interpreting Chemical Claims... 514 264 IV. Conclusion... 517 Footnote Updates... 266 Chapter 9. Biotechnology Patents... 519 267 I. Introduction... 520 II. Validity Issues Related to Biotechnology Patents... 521 269 A. Considerations Under 35 U.S.C. Section 101... 521 269 1. Patentable Subject Matter... 521 269 2. Utility... 522 B. Considerations Under 35 U.S.C. Section 112... 523 274 1. Enablement as of the Date of Filing and After-Arising Technology... 523
xxxii Drafting Patents for Litigation and Licensing 2012 2. Written Description and Biological Organisms Deposited With the ATCC... 525 3. Written Description and DNA-Based Inventions [New Topic]... 274 C. Post Grant Review Under the AIA [New Topic]... 275 III. Claim Scope and Interpretation of Biotechnology Patents... 526 276 A. Claim Scope Is Fixed as of the Filing Date... 526 B. Process Limitations and Product Claims... 529 C. Interpreting Claims in Light of the Specification... 531 276 1. Multiple Interpretations of a Claim Versus a Single, Unambiguous Meaning... 531 2. Expansive Interpretation of a Claim Term May Result From the Use of Varied Terms, or the Use of the Term in Different Contexts, in the Specification... 532 3. Avoiding Restriction of the Invention to the Disclosed Preferred Embodiment... 534 276 4. Relative Terms: Substantially, About, and At Least... 535 5. Calculations... 535 D. The Role of the Preamble in Biotechnology Claims... 536 1. Griffin v. Bertina... 537 2. Manning v. Paradis... 538 3. Rapoport v. Dement and Jansen v. Rexall Sundown, Inc.... 539 4. In re Cruciferous Sprout Litigation... 539 5. Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. v. Schering-Plough Corp.... 540 E. Nontraditional Claim Language... 541 F. Infringement of Process Claims [New Topic]... 279 IV. Other Enforcement and Prosecution Issues... 542 282 A. The Doctrine of Equivalents Applied to Amino Acid and DNA Inventions... 542 B. Challenges Based on Obviousness... 544 282 C. Miscellaneous Points for Biotechnology Patents... 546 282 1. Arguments of a Licensee or Potential Licensee... 546 2. Statements Made to Governmental Agencies... 546 3. Inequitable Conduct... 547 4. Patent Exhaustion [New Topic]... 282
Detailed Table of Contents xxxiii V. Considerations and Overlap With Regulatory Requirements... 548 284 A. The Orange Book and the Timing of Drug Approvals... 548 1. The Requirements for Listing of Patents in the Orange Book... 549 a. Drug Substance Patents... 549 b. Drug Product Patents... 551 c. Method-of-Use Patents... 552 2. Patents That Must Not Be Submitted... 553 a. Process Patents... 553 b. Patents Claiming Packaging... 553 c. Patents Claiming Metabolites... 554 d. Patents Claiming Intermediates... 555 B. Patents That May Be Granted Patent Term Extension for Delays Due to Regulatory Delays... 555 284 1. Mechanics of Filing for and Obtaining an Extension... 557 2. Length of Extension... 557 3. Scope of the Extension... 558 C. Follow-On Biologics [New Topic]... 285 VI. Conclusion... 559 Footnote Updates... 288 Chapter 10. Design Patents... 561 291 I. Introduction and Design Law Principles... 562 292 A. Licensing and Enforcement... 563 B. Application of Utility Laws and Evolution... 564 C. Infringement of Design Patents... 565 292 1. Introduction... 565 292 2. Claim Construction... 565 293 3. Prior Infringement Test Pre-Egyptian Goddess [New Topic]... 295 a. Comparison to the Accused Article: Gorham Test... 566 b. Comparison to the Accused Article: Point of Novelty Test [Redesignated]... 568 295 4. Current Infringement Test Post-Egyptian Goddess [New Topic]... 296 II. Practice Essentials... 568 299 A. Understanding and Applying the Essential Concepts... 568 299 1. Introduction... 568 2. Portion Practice... 568
xxxiv Drafting Patents for Litigation and Licensing 2012 3. Design Claims Are Not Broad or Narrow... 570 299 4. Consideration of Multiple Applications Should Be the Rule... 573 5. Design Patents Do Not Protect Concepts... 574 B. Sculpting the Design Claim... 575 299 1. Responsibility and Technique... 575 2. Aesthetic Significance of Features... 576 a. KeyStone... 577 b. Contessa... 582 3. Functionality of Features... 584 299 4. Prior Art Considerations [New Topic]... 300 C. Creatively Presenting the Design Claim... 590 D. Accurately Presenting the Design Claim... 591 E. Avoid Multiple Embodiments in a Single Design Patent... 594 302 F. Expanding Options With Strategic Continuation Practice... 596 302 1. Introduction... 596 302 2. Utility-Design Priority... 597 3. Design-Utility Priority... 597 4. Design-Design Priority... 598 G. Special Considerations Branding Efforts and Nontraditional Articles... 600 1. Protect More Than Just the Core Product... 600 2. Product Packaging... 600 3. Promotional and Peripheral Products... 601 4. Computer Icons and Graphical User Interfaces... 601 5. Type Fonts... 603 6. Physical Settings... 604 H. Controlling the Timing... 605 1. General... 605 2. Speeding Up... 606 3. Slowing Down... 607 I. Think Globally: How International Practice Affects U.S. Practice... 608 III. Conclusion... 609 Chapter 11. Combining Prosecution with Other Forms of Representation... 611 303 I. Introduction... 612 II. Identifying the Applicable Standards... 612 304 A. Standards Applicable During Prosecution... 614 304 1. OED Discipline... 615 2. PTO Disqualification... 616
Detailed Table of Contents xxxv 3. Preemption by PTO Code... 617 304 B. Federal Circuit Choice of Law... 619 305 C. Conclusion on Choice of Law... 620 III. Combining Prosecution and Litigation... 621 305 A. The Possibility of Misuse of Discovery Materials While Prosecuting Applications... 621 305 1. Is Prosecution of Patents by Itself Sufficient to Bar Access to Highly Confidential Information?... 622 305 a. In re Sibia... 624 b. The Majority View... 627 c. A Suggested Analysis... 630 2. A Proposed Prosecution Bar Raises Potential Conflicts and Liability... 632 3. Issues to Consider in Crafting Protective Orders... 636 313 B. Liability and Disqualification of Prosecuting- Litigators... 639 314 1. Inequitable Conduct as a Conflict... 639 2. Depositions of Prosecuting-Litigators... 640 314 C. Advocate-as-Witness Disqualification... 642 IV. Combining Opinion and Trial Representations... 644 315 A. Advocate-as-Witness Disqualification... 645 1. The Courts Split on Advocate-as-Witness Disqualification... 646 2. What to Do... 648 B. Enhanced Risk of Waiver of Work Product... 648 315 C. What to Do... 655 V. Conclusion... 656 Footnote Updates... 315 Chapter 12. Drafting U.S. Patents With a View Toward Europe... 657 319 I. Introduction... 658 321 A. Brief History of the Development of the EPO... 659 321 B. Applicable Law... 661 II. Requirements for the Description of an EPO Application... 661 321 A. Sufficiency of Disclosure Article 83 EPC... 661 B. Content of the Application Rule 42 EPC... 662 321 C. Summary... 663 III. The Claims... 664 322 A. Overview... 664 B. Content of the Claims Article 84 EPC... 665
xxxvi Drafting Patents for Litigation and Licensing 2012 C. Rule 43(1) EPC Two-Part Characterized Form Preferred... 665 1. Two-Part Form Not Needed for Filing... 666 2. Two-Part Form Only Whenever Appropriate... 666 D. Only One Independent Claim of Each Category Permitted Except in Special, Limited Circumstances... 667 322 1. Plurality of Interrelated Products (Rule 43(2)(a))... 668 2. Plurality of Different Inventive Uses of a Product or Device (Rule 43(2)(b))... 668 3. Alternative Solutions to a Particular Problem (Rule 43(2)(c))... 668 E. Dependent Claims Permitted... 668 F. The Dependent Claims Can Be Multiple Dependent Claims... 668 G. No Limit on the Number of Claims... 669 322 H. The Claims Should Preferably Include Reference Numerals... 670 IV. Unity of Invention... 670 A. Lack of Unity a Priori and a Posteriori... 671 B. Claims of Different Categories... 672 C. Divisional Applications... 672 V. Other Issues Concerning the Claims... 672 322 A. Alternatives and Markush Groupings... 672 B. Jepson Claims... 672 C. Means for Language... 673 D. Computer Implemented Inventions and Business Methods... 673 322 E. Beauregard Claims... 674 F. Product-by-Process Claims... 674 G. Method of Treatment Claims... 674 324 1. First Medical Use Claims... 676 2. Second Medical Use or Swiss Claims... 676 3. EPC 2000 The End of Swiss Claims... 676 325 4. Practical Advice on Claim Drafting for Methods of Treatment... 677 H. The EP Approach to Added Matter Claim Drafting Ramifications... 677 I. Continuation and Divisional Applications... 679 325 1. Continuation Applications... 679 2. CIP Applications... 680 325 VI. Practical Guidance... 681 VII. When to Revise the Specification... 683 A. Paris Convention Route... 683
Detailed Table of Contents xxxvii B. Ex-PCT Route... 683 VIII. Post-grant Issues [New Topic]... 326 A. The Extent of Protection [New Topic]... 326 1. Harmonization of Different Traditional National Approaches [New Topic]... 326 2. Equivalents [New Topic]... 327 B. File Wrapper Estoppel [New Topic]... 329 C. Forum Shopping [New Topic]... 329 Appendix A... 685 Appendix B... 703 Appendix C... 331 Table of Cases... 725 391 Index... 753