Chapter 1 section 2 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC AND EMPIRE
STANDARDS PREVIEW H-SS 10.1.1 Analyze the similarities and differences in Judeo- Christian and Greco Roman views of law, reason and faith, and duties of the individual. H-SS 10.1.2 Trace the development of Western political ideas of the rule of law and illegitimacy of tyranny, using selections from Plato s Republic and Aristotle's Politics.
TERMS, PEOPLE, AND PLACES Republic Consul Dictator Tribune Veto Carthage Julius Caesar Augustus Caesar Justinian
THE BIG QUESTION What contributions did the Greeks, the Romans, Judaism, and Christianity make to our democratic tradition? FOCUS QUESTION How did the government of Rome develop into an empire? ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
Rome: small city-state in Italy that ended up ruling the Mediterranean world. The geography of Italy made it easier to unify than Greece. Mountains run down the center of Italy Less rugged than those of Greece Broad, fertile plains Farming supported the growing population The location of the Italian peninsula and central location of Rome within Italy helped the Romans as they expanded. THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY
1. How does a republic differ from a monarchy or an aristocracy of nobles? People do not choose a monarch or members of an aristocracy 2. Is everyone in a republic considered equal? Not necessarily; the plebeians in Rome had much less power than the patricians for example. 3. How did the Law of the Twelve Tables help the plebeians? It gave them the right to appeal a judgment handed down by a patrician judge. 4. How did the tribunes serve as a check on the power of the government? They could veto laws that might be harmful to the plebeians. From Monarchy to Republic Effects The senate was the most powerful governing body. Senators made the laws Plebeians gained the right to elect their own tribunes. Plebeians gained access to power and won safeguards for their rights.
FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE Causes Effects Rome s armies expanded Roman power across Italy. Romans destroyed Carthage and established themselves as masters o f the western Mediterranean. Regions in the eastern Mediterranean surrendered or allied with Rome, extending Roman power from Spain to Egypt. From Republic to Empire Conquests and control of trade routes brought riches into Rome. A new class of wealthy landholders emerged. Expansion caused strains within Roman society and plunged Rome into a series of civil wars.
JULIUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS CAESAR Military commander who took charge of the republic after the civil war Forced the senate to make him dictator Kept features of the republic but was in fact the absolute ruler of Rome Pushed through a number of reforms Program of public works to employ the jobless Gave public land to the poor Granted citizenship to many people in the provinces Julius Caesar's grand-nephew, Octavio: First Emperor of Rome Given title Augustus, or Exalted One, by the senate Dawn of the Roman Empire Laid foundation for a stable government Created efficient, well trained civil service to enforce the laws Opened high-level jobs to men of talent, regardless of class Cemented the allegiances of cities and provinces to Rome by allowing them a large measure of self-gov t Pax-Romana Roman Peace Roman rule brought peace, order, unity, and prosperity to the empire
Let Justice be done, thought the heavens fall! -Roman Saying 1. What was the difference between the civil law and the law of nations? Civil law applied only to Roman citizens. The law of nations was meant to apply to people of all nations. 2. How did Justinian s Code improve the state of Roman law? By bringing together all the various strands of Roman law and legal writings, it created an orderly system of principles that could readily guide people many years later. Key Principles of Roman Law Fostered unity and stability Included two systems of law: civil law for Roman citizens, and the law of nations, which Romans believed applied to all people because it was based on laws of nature. The accused had the right to face the accuser and offer a defense against the charge. Guilt had to be established clearer than daylight through evidence. Judges were allowed to interpret the laws and were expected to make fair decisions.
Stoic Philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero Held public figures to a high moral standard 1. Did Cicero expect Roman emperors to act in accordance with the law? He implies that no human is above the law 2. What is Greco-Roman civilization? A blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman traditions 3. Do you think Greco-Roman ideas survive today in our culture? GRECO-ROMAN CIVILIZATION