CHAPTER 23 STUDY GUIDE

CHAPTER 23 STUDY GUIDE

# 1 DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRESSIVISM. a. Acted out of concern about the effects of industrialization and conditions of industrial life b. Fundamental optimism about human nature c. Willing to intervene in people s lives d. Used govt to put reforms in place ( There aught to be a law ) e. Change the environment.change the individual f. Touched every American in some way whether they were Progressives or not

#2 PROFESSIONS Law, medicine, religion, business, teaching and social work Professions attracted young educated men/women Formed a new middle class that did not get status from birth or inherited wealth Formed professional societies that governed profession (ex. Am. Medical Association for doctors)

#3 SOCIAL JUSTICE REFORMERS People interested in freeing individuals from the crushing impact of cities and factories Ministers, intellectuals, lawyers, social workers Different from previous reformers? Saw problems as endless and inter-related Interested in social cures not individual charity

#4 WCTU Women s Christian Temperance Union Why founded? Major social problem in cities was drunkenness Therefore, WCTU sought to solve this social ill What problems did it address? Workers drinking away wages; violence caused by drunkenness; lost productivity at work due to alcohol use Largest women s organization in US History (up to that time) Joined with Anti-Saloon League and ultimately got 18 th Amendment (Prohibition) passed in 1920

#5 WOMEN S ROLE IN SOCIAL JUSTICE Women led out in many of the social justice movements; they were the instigators Challenges faced: inferior status in society which was highlighted by lack of suffrage; without right to vote, politicians less likely to take them seriously

#6 PAST PROBS WITH SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT Fragmentation/Lack of Unity Attempted to gain the vote one state at a time

#7 HOW DID SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT CHANGE? Two major groups unified into the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Went after amendment to US Constitution Argued that women should have the vote in order to help solve social ills (old argument had been solely based upon natural right)

# 8 BIGGEST SUCESSES OF SOCIAL JUSTICE State laws limiting working hrs for women State laws limiting child labor State laws prohibiting brothels Mann Act prohibited the transportation of women across state lines for immoral purposes (i.e. prostitution) Prohibition (18 th Amendment) Women s Suffrage (19 th Amendment)

#9 PRAGMATISM Pragmatism people are shaped by their environment but also shape it. Pragmatism became the basis of Progressivism. Progressive sought to shape their environment to better people s lives (social justice)

#10 FIELD CHANGE DURING PROG ERA Psychology William James: focus on what individuals could overcome and adapt to psychologically Education John Dewey introduced educational reforms that stressed children s needs and capabilities Law Rejected older view of law as unchanging New view: law is reflection of environment and therefore an instrument of social change

#11 SOCIALISM Socialism in America changed from an overthrow capitalism group to a progressive reform group Eugene V. Debs becomes leader of new Socialist Party of America Able to elect mayors in 32 cities Debs able to garner 900,000 votes in prez election of 1912

#12 PROGRESSIVES VIEW OF GOVT View of Govt Govt in hands of special interests Change Role/Scope of Govt Make govt follow the will of the people and once that is done then you can accept govt intervention into society b/c it would be the will of the people Drop in voting rates Once special interests were no longer a part of politics, people were less interested in election campaigns Voter turnout in Election of 1896 (79.3%) vs 1920 (49.2%) In other words, politics wasn t as personal anymore. It was no longer totally about Us vs Them (Repub vs Democrat). It was about the personality of the candidate running. By nature, people will go vote against something more easily then they will go vote for something.

#13 CHANGES TO CITY GOVT Commissioner form of govt Election of police/fire chief Took influence/control away from political machines City managers Ran daily operations/budget of cities instead of elected mayor Took influence/control away from political machines Regulation/control of Utilities Kept big business and political machines from influence/control of city business by controlling public utilities (water, electricity)

#14 REFORMS TO STATE GOVTS Initiative New ideas for laws can be started by the people thru the election process Referendum Laws dealing with certain issues had to be approved by the voters in an election. Recall Voters can remove an elected official from office through the election process. Gave people opportunity to vote out bad govt officials before normal election time

#15 REGULATIONS MOVEMENT Started in NY (1905) when a corrupt & systematic alliance between politicians and business leaders in gas, electricity and insurance industries was discovered. Called for state level regulatory agencies that could investigate corporate books and hold public hearings. Public hearings would help regulatory agency determine maximum rates that could be charged by certain industries (RR, electricity, gas, insurance)

#16 WHY PROGRESSIVES LOOK TO FED GOVT FOR HELP Teddy Roosevelt was prez (see #17 for more) Many issues they wanted fixed were multistate issues

#17 TEDDY ROOSEVELT Youngest pres at 42 (up to that time) He was open, aggressive and high spirited Personally he was persuasive and charming He was widely read and had an opinion on every issue

#18 TR S IDEA OF ROLE OF PRESIDENT He ended the idea of a president being isolated from the people. Made many public appearances. bully pulpit TR s belief that president had unique opportunity to speak on issues of the day and therefore control the outcome Invited Booker T. Washington to White House and denounced lynchings while at the same time having a belief in African-American inferiority

# 19 TR ON BUSINESS/TRUSTS TR believed that their were good trusts and bad trusts Good trusts should be left alone Bad trusts should be regulated or eliminated TR asked Congress to create a Dept of Commerce and Labor to oversee trusts

#20 NORTHERN SECURITIES COMPANY TR saw as a bad trust and ordered Justice Dept to sue NSC for violating of Sherman Anti-Trust Act Bad trust because it controlled (monopolized) many of the most prominent RR networks Supreme Court (5-4 vote) ruled against NCS and dissolved the company TR 1 Trusts 0

#21 WAS TR REALLY A TRUST BUSTER? NO He attempted to bust half as many trusts as his successor (Taft) would. He also received much support from big business in his campaign for prez in 1904. Allowed US Steel to buy a competitor in 1907 to avert the threat of a financial panic

#22 TR & THE COAL MINERS STRIKE Background: United Mine Workers in NE PA demand 8 hr work day and recognition of union; coal companies refuse May 1902 140,000 workers strike and close the mines Coal is primary source of heat for Americans as well as the source of fuel for American factories Price of coal rises as strike continues and winter is coming Public opinion turns against the coal companies One company leader goes Gospel of Wealth and declares it is up to the Christian men whom God..has given the control of property to protect the rights of labor not labor agitators. (continued on next slide)

#22 TR & THE COAL MINERS STRIKE (CONT) TR Response: TR is furious and complains of the coal companies arrogance He invites both sides to White House to mediate dispute Union willing to negotiate; owners were not TR orders Army to prepare to take over the mines and lets owners know they will get no $ from mined coal TR threat was leaked to Wall Street financiers who put pressure on coal mine owners Coal mine owners give in TR calls his actions part of his Square Deal for Americans in 1904 campaign

CHART Problem Condition Law/Year Results RR were giving rebates to big customers. Same as above The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Chapter in book described meat packing plant in Chicago. Disgusting!!!!! Elkins Act 1903 Hepburn Act 1906 Meat Inspection Act 1906 Prohibits RR rebates and increased power of ICC to regulate rates and rebates Increased power of ICC to set rates; broadened jurisdiction to include oil pipelines and made ICC decisions binding unless overturned in court TR orders investigation. Threatens to publish results if Congress fails to act. Meat packers backed law because meat sales had dropped. Law tougher than they wanted. Set rules for sanitation and govt inspection of meat products.

CHART (CONT) Problem-Condition Law/Year Results Muckraker Samuel Hopkins Adams exposed dangers of patent medicines. Dept of Agriculture tested several of the medicines with their poison squad Taft backs bill to allow ICC to set MAXIMUM rates for RRs. He also wanted to create a Commerce Court to hear the appeals of ICC rulings. Progressives didn t like Commerce Court idea b/c traditionally judges had sided with RR freedom to set rates. Pure Food & Drug Act 1906 Mann- Elikins Act 1910 Due to evidence from Dept of Ag, Congress easily passed law. Law required that certain ingredients (like alcohol) be listed on label of medicines. Gave ICC power to set the rates, stiffened long and short haul regulations; placed telephone and telegraph companies under ICC jurisdiction. Commerce Court also created. FYI-Repubs backed admission of AZ and NM as states to get Commerce Court vote from Dems

#23 TR CONSERVATIONIST? Increased amount of public land from 45 mil acres to 195 mil acres over his presidency Worked with Forest Service head, Glifford Pinchot, to create first comprehensive national conservation policy Created Federal Reclamation Service Major supporter of National Park system; set aside millions of acres for this purpose

#24 TR INVOLVMENT IN TAFT ELECTION 1908 TR handpicked Taft to be his successor Taft was chosen by Repubs at national convention but the party was split Progressive Repubs backed Taft but Conservative Repubs were able to choose his VP running mate This split in 1908 would be worse in 1912 and cost Repubs the White House Taft defeated Wm. Jennings Bryan (3 rd loss)

#25 TAFT PERSONALITY AND EARLY CAREER Yale law graduate; Ohio judge, Solicitor General of the US, federal judge, Governor of Phillippines; Secretary of War (under TR) Personality: Worked quietly behind the scenes Hated politics and the limelight; compared to TR he was considered lazy Personally charming and humorous; honest, kindly and amiable Weighed 300 lbs and NO HE DID NOT GET STUCK IN A WHITE HOUSE BATHTUB!

#26 PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF/REPUB SPLIT Repubs in Congress were divided over a new tariff; Progressives wanted to lower and conservatives wanted to raise House passes lower tariff but Senate introduces a revised bill that added over 800 changes to original house bill Progressives asked Taft to back lower tariff but he sided with conservatives and the higher tariff Payne-Aldrich Tariff had higher rates than original House bill but lower than Tariff of 1897 Progressives started taking jabs at Taft and slowly drove him to the conservative wing of the party Progressives began to talk openly about a TR return to the White House in 1912

# 27 BALLINGER-PINCHOT CONFLICT Sec of Interior Ballinger puts million acres of public land up for sale and Chief Forester Pinchot had them removed from sale (Taft had kept Pinchot on in same capacity that TR had used him; see #23) Taft backed Ballinger; Pinchot spoke to the press and made Taft look bad Taft fired Pinchot (appropriate move) Taft was vilified in the press for giving in to the wealthy Irony is that Taft was even more of a conservationist than TR. Got Congress to give him power to remove lands from sale and used that power to conserve millions of acres of public land..even more than TR.

#28 TAFT/PROG REPUBS SPLIT 1910 See Mann-Elkins Act (chart) for start of feud After Mann-Elkins issues, Taft actively campaigns against progressive Repubs who are up for re-election in the House of Reps Unfortunately, the feud leads to the Dems taking over both House and Senate (1 st time since 1894) and several states in the north elected Democratic governors

#29 ELEMENTS OF TAFT/TR SPLIT Taft was a real trust buster; he promised to enforce the Sherman Anti Trust Act As part of that, he went after US Steel for its purchase of a Tennessee competitor (TR had approved this see # 21. This move infuriated TR. He felt Taft was undermining his actions as pres. Taft accused TR of undermining the conservative tradition of the nation. TR declares his candidacy for the Repub nomination in Feb 1912

#30 TR S NEW NATIONALISM New Nationalism was the name of TR s progressive vision for America (if he was elected) Key component was higher federal govt involvement in peoples lives Elements of New Nationalism Federal regulation of all interstate business Laws ending child labor Minimum wages for women A nationwide primary system for choosing presidential candidates A national system of old-age pensions Woman s suffrage (this represented the first time a major party had advocated nationwide woman s suffrage)

#31 WILSON S NEW FREEDOM Wilson s counter to TR s New Nationalism Main Elements: Lowering the protective tariff Creating a better banking system Strengthening antitrust laws Wilson believed that under his plan control by monopolies would end and freedom would be restored. Notice there are no provisions for social justice reform

# 32 WOODROW WILSON AS A PERSON Born in VA as son of a Presbyterian minister; wanted a career in public service A moralist who reached judgments easily and rarely changed his mind. Self righteous he turned differences of opinion into bitter quarrels His aides learned he preferred loyalty and flattery to candid criticism Graduated from Princeton and U of Va Law school; became bored with being an attorney Professor at Princeton 1890-1902 President of Princeton 1902-1910 Governor of New Jersey 1910-1912

# 33 IMPACT OF THE FOLLOWING: Underwood Tariff Can you say New Freedom?? Lowered tariff for first time in 15 yrs Included an income tax (on wealthy) to make up lost revenue (legal due to recently ratified 16 th amendment) Wilson had appealed to the people to put pressure on Congress to pass.and it worked Federal Reserve Act Say New Freedom again. Go ahead, I dare you! Designed to provide nation with sound yet flexible currency (that s why paper money says Federal Reserve Note.just look at the top of a dollar bill) Established a national banking system to provide a source for this currency Blended public and private control as a compromise 12 Districts which answered to a Federal Reserve Board appointed by the president.

# 33 IMPACT OF THE FOLLOWING (CONT): Clayton Anti-Trust Act SAY IT!!!! YOU CAN TAKE OUR LIFE BUT YOU CAN T TAKE OUR NEW FREEEEEDOM!!!! House committee investigation discovered directories which were a pyramid of power and money controlled by the Morgans and Rockefellers of the world. 1. Act outlawed these directories ; 2. prohibited unfair trade practices; 3. forbade pricing policies that created monopolies; 4. made corporate officers personally responsible for violation of anti trust laws Labor unions really liked the part of the law that declared that unions were not a restraint on trade. Unfortunately, the courts still ruled against union activites.

# 33 IMPACT OF THE FOLLOWING (CONT): Federal Trade Commission A companion law to Clayton Anti Trust Set up Fed Trade Commission FTC could do the following: Demand reports from corporations Investigate complaints against corporations Order corporate compliance, subject to court review Wilson opposed at first but then saw it as important to anti trust compliance Wilson appointed conservatives to the commission to reassure business leaders

#34 WILSON AND RACE Wilson courted the black vote in 1912; when he entered office he turned his back on them Asked to create a commission on race relations by NAACP but refused b/c he didn t want to lose southern support Appointed southerners to important offices and now the south s view on race dominated the executive branch Refused to back a policy making lynching illegal under federal law Allowed the segregation of workers in federal service; employees who objected were fired. Protests by NAACP and clergy surprised Wilson so he backed off the policy but continued to insist that segregation benefited blacks. Also refer to his blunder with the film Birth of a Nation You were to read about this when I was gone last week.

#35 WILSON BECOMES PROGRESSIVE Wilson adopts many of TR s New Nationalism ideas in 1916 mostly due to the upcoming presidential election You have to remember that Wilson only won the election in 1912 b/c of the split of the Repubs. He was a minority elected president (i.e. he didn t receive a majority of popular vote, therefore he could lose to a unified Repub party in 1916) Wilson appointed a favorite of Progressives (Louis Brandeis) to the Supreme Court; some in Senate opposed b/c Brandeis was Jewish. Wilson stood firm and earned more pts from Progressives.

# 36 WILSON POPULARITY WITH ORGANIZED LABOR Wilson defended union recognition and collective bargaining Appointed leader of United Mine Workers to be Secretary of Labor Wilson sent in federal troops to end violence in Ludlow (CO) Strike when national guard troops killed 26 men, women and children Adamson Act (1916) forced 8 hr workday on RR companies when they refused to accept during a RR strike that Wilson tried to mediate

IDENTIFICATION Jane Addams Founder of Settlement House movement (Hull House-Chicago) Social justice reformer Carrie Chapman Catt First head of National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Major player in getting 19 th Amendment William James Harvard Psychologist Developed the doctrine of pragmatism Pragmatism (1907) author John Dewey Progressive reformer in public education Called for training of teachers similar to other professions

IDENTIFICATION Eugene V. Debs Leader of Socialist Party of America Ran for prez 5 times between (1900-1920) Gained 900,000 pop votes in 1912 Initiative Ability of voters to begin legislation through the election process Referendum Voter approval of laws through the election process Recall Ability of voters to remove an elected official before the regularly scheduled election time

IDENTIFICATION 17 th Amendment Direct election of Senators by voters in each state Reform was intended to make senators answerable to the people instead of special interests Direct Primary Allows members of a political party to have more of a say in who will become the parties nominee for political office. Direct primaries are a form of election

IDENTIFICATION Robert M. LaFollette The Progressives progressive Gov of Wisconsin Served in Congress John Mitchell Leader of United Mine Workers during 1902 Coal Strike Mitchell was willing to work with TR to end strike

IDENTIFICATION Upton Sinclair One of the Muckrakers Author of The Jungle Book was intended to show the plight of the workers in the meat industry but instead it grossed out the Am. Public. I aimed at the public s heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach - Upton Sinclair Joseph Uncle Joe Cannon Powerful Speaker of the House from IL Uncle Joe controlled everything in the House of Rep Targeted by Taft Attempt to curb power of Uncle Joe began the Progressive/Conserv split in Repub Party

IDENTIFICATION 16 th Amendment Income tax made legal 4 times 4 now your poor Louis Brandeis Advisor to Wilson Nominated to Supreme Crt by Wilson Nomination was approved with some conflict over Brandeis being Jewish

IDENTIFICATION Madam C J Walker First self made woman millionaire (BTW she was also black) Made her fortune developing and selling products for African American women to use on their hair Highly involved in race issues during early 20 th century