Population & Migration

Population Distribution Humans are not distributed evenly across the earth. Geographers identify regions of Earth s surface where population is clustered and regions where it is sparse. A census determines the number of people in a region. The concentration of the world s population can be displayed on a cartogram, which shows the sizes of the countries according to population rather than land area.

The cartogram displays major population clusters as much larger than a typical map. Population Concentrations Two-thirds of the world s population is clustered in four regions: East Asia, South Asia, Europe and Southeast Asia. These are generally low-lying areas with fertile soil and moderate climates, near the ocean or a river with easy access to an ocean, rather than the inside of major land masses.

Almost one-fourth of the world s population lives in East Asia, which includes China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. The People s Republic of China is the world s most populous country and the fourth-largest in land area.

More than one-half of the Chinese people live in rural areas where they work as farmers. In contrast to China, more than three-fourths of all Japanese and Koreans are clustered in urban areas and work at industrial or service jobs. South Asia: nearly one-fourth of the world s population live in South Asia, which includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the island of Sri Lanka. The largest concentration of people in this area lives along a 900-mile corridor from Lahore, Pakistan, through India and Bangladesh to the Bay of Bengal. Like the Chinese, most people in South Asia are farmers living in rural areas. Europe: This region includes four dozen countries, ranging from Monaco at one square kilometer (0.7 miles) and a population of 33,000 to Russia

the world s largest country. Unlike Asia, ¾ of Europeans live in cities and fewer than 10% are farmers. The highest population concentration in Europe is near major rivers, coalfields, and historic capital cities such as London and Paris. Southeast Asia: This area is mostly made up of a series of islands that lie between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The fourth-most populous country, Indonesia, is found here. Like the rest of Asia, most people in these countries are rural farmers. Other clusters: The largest population concentration in the Western Hemisphere is in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Africa also has a cluster located along the Atlantic coast, especially the portion facing south, and like Asia, most Africans work in agriculture.

Population Pyramids A country s population structure can be displayed on a bar graph called a population pyramid. Population pyramids can compare the the number of people who are too old or too young to work (dependency ratio). The larger the dependency ratio, the greater the burden on those who are working to support those who are not. They can also compare the ages of males versus females (sex ratio)

Under 5 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 to 79 years 80 to 84 years 85 and over Under 5 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 to 79 years 80 to 84 years 85 years 10 8 6 4 2 0 PERCENTAGE OF HARRISVILLE RESIDENTS BY AGE 7.9 9.19.5 8.4 5.85.8 6.6 6.1 5.7 7 6.8 5.3 4.93.62.7 2.4 1.31.2 8 6 4 2 0 PERCENTAGE OF AMERICAN RESIDENTS BY AGE 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.1 7 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.8 7.4 7.2 6.4 5.4 4 3 2.4 1.9 1.8 Harrisville Total Population: 26,507 American Total Population: 325,921, 044

China s One Child Policy China s population is over 1.3 billion people, four times the population of the U.S., and 20% of the entire world s population.

What is population density?

What are some potential challenges for a country having such a high population and population density?

Why is China Overpopulated? From the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, China faced very difficult times, which lead to the deaths of millions of its people and a population in decline. In the 1940s, the government, lead by Communist leader Mao Zedong, decided that one way to strengthen China was to improve its population, so it began a propaganda campaign to encourage people to have more kids. This lead to overpopulation, which made it very difficult for the government efforts to meet the needs of its people, so it began to encourage people to have fewer kids. This still wasn t enough to curb the population growth, so in 1979, the government instituted the One Child Policy, stating that people in the densely populated urban areas could only have one child. Violation of this policy meant forced abortions

or severe financial penalties. Couples who complied received better child care, preferential housing assignments, and cash bonuses. The policy has generally worked, and fertility rates have fallen to an average of about two children per woman, down from more than five children per woman in the 1950s. However, the number of Chinese women having children today is still much greater than were having children in the previous generation, so China's population growth continues.

Translation: "It's better to marry and have children at a mature age."

Translation: "The party calls for the partisan to set an example of having only one child."

Translation: "Up agricultural production, down population increase"

Translation: Later, longer, fewer.

China Population Pyramid https://www.google.com/search?q=population+pyramid+china+1979&tb m=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=x&ved=0ahukewicx86t1lbwahveymmkh y1qbxuqsaqija&biw=1280&bih=670&surl=1&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc= LDEcI75JZBbrTM:

The High Cost of China s One-Child Policy

China s One-Child Policy Creates Gender Imbalances

In 2015, Chinese authorities announced that they would abolish the One-Child Policy, allowing couples to have two children. Not only will this correct the gender imbalance, but it will also correct the problem of too many elderly people and not enough young people to support them.

Why is Global Population Increasing? Population increases rapidly in places where many more people are born than die, and declines in places where deaths outnumber births. Geographers use three measures to determine population change: 1) crude birth rate (CBR): the number of lives births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. 2) Crude death rate (CDR): the total number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people alive in the society. 3) Natural increase rate (NIR): the percentage by which a population grows in a year. The term natural means that a country s growth rate excludes migration.

During the 21 st century, the world NIR has been growing by 1.2%. Most of humanity s several-hundred-thousand-year occupancy of Earth was characterized by an NIR of essentially zero, and Earth s population was unchanged at about a half-million.

About 82 million people are being added to the population each year. The number of people added each year has dropped more slowly than the NIR because the population base is much higher now than in the past. More than 95 % of the natural increase is clustered in developing countries. These are poor agricultural countries that are seeking to become more advanced economically and socially. About ¼ of the world s population growth during the past decade has been in South Asia, ¼ in sub- Saharan Africa, and the rest divided equally among East Asia, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Southwest Asia and North Africa.

This means that most of the world s additional people live in the countries that are least able to maintain them. The reason for this has to do with differences and fertility and mortality rates. The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (roughly 15-49). The TFR is higher in developing countries and lower in developed countries. The world s CDR doesn t follow the same patterns as CBR, NIR, and TFR. The highest CDR in the world is 14.9 (Lesotho [2016]) and the lowest is 1.5 (Qatar [2016]).

The Demographic Transition The demographic transition is the process of change in a society s population from high crude birth and death rates and low natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rather, low rate of natural increase and higher total population. This process is made up of four stages and every country on earth is in one of them. 1. Stage 1-Low growth: Most of human history was spent in this stage, but today no country is here. Every country has moved on to at least stage two.

Stage 2- High growth: Europe and North America entered stage 2 of the transition after 1750, because of the Industrial Revolution. The medical revolution caused Africa, Asia and Latin America to reach stage two. Medical technology invented in Europe and America spread to developing countries, and improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in developing countries and enables more people to experience longer and healthier lives.

Stage 3-Decreasing Growth: The population continues to grow because the CBR is still greater than the CDR. A society enters stage three when people have fewer children. Economic changes in stage 3 societies also encourage people to have fewer kids because people in these societies are more likely to live in cities than in the countryside and to work in offices, shops, factories, etc., rather than farms. Most countries in Europe and North America moved from stage 2 to stage 3 during the first half of the 20 th century.

Time Period Demographic Transition Migration Transition Economic Transition Stage One First Humans- Industrial Revolution (mid-1700s) High CBR + High CDR = Low NIR (Low growth) A lot of movement (searching for food). Nomads Hunters and gatherers Stage Two Industrial Revolution Mid- 1800s High CBR + Decreasing CDR=High NIH (Rapid Growth) Emigration and Immigration, rural to urban Agriculture or Mining Stage Three Mid 1800s- 1950s Decreasing CBR + Low CDR= Decreasing Growth (Slowed Growth) International immigration, cities to suburbs. Industry

Stage 4-Low Growth: A country reaches stage four when the CBR declines to the pint where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches 0. This is called zero population growth. Women in stage 4 societies enter the labor force rather than stay home as full-time homemakers. They also have wider access to birth control methods, so they are more likely to use them.