Outline: Nontariff Barriers Econ 34 Lecture 6 Nontariff Barriers uotas Tariff-Rate uotas Government rocurement Regulations Customs rocedures tandards ubsidies Lecture 6: NTBs 2 What Are NTBs? What Are They? Any institutional or policy arrangement that interferes with trade, other than tariffs Term NTB is also used more broadly to include policies that artificially expand trade e.g., Export subsidy ometimes called Nontariff Measures (NTMs) Main Types of NTB ee outline above Lecture 6: NTBs 3 Outline: Nontariff Barriers uotas Tariff-Rate uotas Government rocurement Regulations Customs rocedures tandards ubsidies Lecture 6: NTBs 4 Outline: Nontariff Barriers uotas Tariff-Rate uotas Government rocurement Regulations Customs rocedures tandards ubsidies Lecture 6: NTBs 5 uotas efinition: An import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of an import E.g., U might limit the imports of steel to some number of tons per year Until Jan, 25, U and EU had elaborate import quotas on many textile and apparel products from developing countries We still have quotas on many agricultural products, e.g., sugar, cheddar cheese, dried milk, etc Lecture 6: NTBs 6
uotas Effects of a quota If permitted quantity is above what would be imported anyway, then no effect at all. (True only with perfect competition) Otherwise, quota creates scarcity and raises price uota raises domestic price above world price For market to clear, domestic price must rise to the point that desired imports equal the quota ee this with supply and demand First note example of U quota on sugar.. Lecture 6: NTBs 7 Note that U price stayed mostly above the world price, and was more stable But when world price spiked, then U price was just equal to the world price, not above as it would have been with a tariff http://public.wsu.edu/~hallagan/econ327/weeks/week5/ugar/ugarquota3.html Lecture 6: NTBs 8 Effects of a uota: mall Country a uppose quota limits imports to this amount uota Effects of a uota: mall Country a uppose quota limits imports to this amount uota which is less than initial imports Lecture 6: NTBs 9 uota Lecture 6: NTBs Effects of a uota: mall Country a Then price must rise until -=uota Effects of a uota: mall Country Thus price is a uota uota Lecture 6: NTBs Lecture 6: NTBs 2 2
Effects of a uota: mall Country a and quantities are Effects of a uota: mall Country a Effects on Welfare ame as tariff, except c a b c d uota Lecture 6: NTBs 3 uota Lecture 6: NTBs 4 Effects of a uota: mall Country Results uppliers gain area +a emanders lose area (a+b+c+d) omebody gets area c, but who? Area c is called quota rents It is the profit from buying at world price,, and selling at higher domestic price, a b c d Effects of a uota: mall Country Who gets quota rents? epends on how quota is administered: First-come, first-served: Rents go to whoever gets there before quota is exhausted ell (or auction ) import licenses: Rents go to government as revenue from sale of licenses Give away import licenses to domestic people or firms: those people or firms then get the rents Give away licenses to foreign firms or governments: foreigners get the rents Most common is the last: Give away to foreigners in proportion to their historical exports Lecture 6: NTBs 5 Lecture 6: NTBs 6 Effects of a uota: Rent eeking Rent eeking efined as the use of resources in effort to get rents Examples Faster (thus more costly) transport to win race to border for st -come- st -served quota Lobbying legislators to get quota allocations Inefficient production intended to get quota allocations based on market shares Lecture 6: NTBs 7 Effects of a uota Effects of quota compared to tariff Effects on price and quantity at a given time are the same hence tariff equivalent Effect on welfare is different if quota rents are lost to rent seeking and/or accrue to foreigners: In that case, importing country loses more from quota than from equivalent tariff What if country is large? icture is also same as for tariff But if quota rent is lost or goes to foreigners, importing country cannot gain Lecture 6: NTBs 8 3
Effects of uota: Large Country (if Rent given to foreigners) ummary: a b c d e omestic Country: uppliers gain +a emanders lose (a +b +c +d ) Net effect on country = (b +c +d ) Foreign Country: License holders gain +(c +e ) (upplier/emanders also lose) Lecture 6: NTBs 9 Effects of a uota Other effects of a quota uality upgrading Limited to a fixed quantity, foreign exporters seek higher value by improving quality Like a tariff, quota may induce foreign firms to produce here Unlike a tariff, the quota becomes more restrictive if foreign supply increases or world price drops Lecture 6: NTBs 2 Effects of a Fall in World rice a T uota Lecture 6: NTBs 2 Effects of a Fall in World rice Many things do not change: omestic price omestic quantity supplied omestic quantity demanded uantity of imports (fixed by quota) What does change? Tariff equivalent increases Rents from quota increase Effects of a Rise in World rice If the rise is small, this is just the reverse of what happened with a fall in world price But if the rise in world price is large enough, then The quota ceases to be binding Tariff equivalent of quota becomes, and stays, zero omestic price becomes Equal to world price, and Rises with it This last is what we saw in the graph of the price of sugar Lecture 6: NTBs 23 http://public.wsu.edu/~hallagan/econ327/weeks/week5/ugar/ugarquota3.html Lecture 6: NTBs 24 4
Effects of a Rise in World rice a = uota Lecture 6: NTBs 25 Outline: Nontariff Barriers uotas Tariff-Rate uotas Government rocurement Regulations Customs rocedures tandards ubsidies Lecture 6: NTBs 26 Tariff-Rate uota (TR) This is two tariffs, separated by a quota Low (or zero) tariff applies to imports below the quota High tariff applies to imports above the quota Used by U on many agricultural products Effect is like a low tariff, a quota, or a high tariff, depending on levels of supply and demand Tariff Imports Voluntary Export Restraint (VER) Restriction of exports At request of importing country Usually specified as maximum quantity This was the major form of protection for the U auto industry in the 98s: U persuaded Japan to limit exports of cars to U Illegal since 995 under WTO rules But how to enforce Examples in 22 that look like VERs Effect is exactly like a quota allocated to foreigners uota Lecture 6: NTBs 27 Lecture 6: NTBs 28 Variable Levies A tariff that is changed as necessary to keep domestic price at a specified level These are used extensively by the European Union as part of its Common Agricultural olicy (CA) Effects are same as a tariff, except for behavior over time Lecture 6: NTBs 29 Government rocurement Regulations Government favors domestic suppliers in buying goods and services Buys only from domestic firms, or Buys from domestic firms unless imports are, say, % cheaper U used to have a Buy American law ome say we need it again, but would violate WTO Effect is like a tariff, except that loss to demander is now loss to government and thus taxpayer Lecture 6: NTBs 3 5
Government rocurement Regulations Buy American was part of the timulus ackage of the U in 29 Congress would have imposed broad restrictions Obama got them to restrict only when not contrary to U commitments under trade agreements Even so, result was broadly restrictive, because purchasers were not sure of rules, so avoided imports Result was also that other countries included similar provisions in their stimulus packages ee reading by Hufbauer and chott. Buy American was said in resident Trump s Inauguration peech, Jan 2 Lecture 6: NTBs 3 Government rocurement Regulations Not just in U. There is an increasing use of Buy Local requirements by U and other governments ee Economist, Buying local is more expensive than it looks The share of imports covered by buy-local requirements has increased five-fold since 29 But they increases costs, just like tariffs, without any tariff revenue Lecture 6: NTBs 32 Customs rocedures All countries have customs procedures for maintaining border security and collecting tariffs They become NTBs when Excessive difficulty, or red tape, limits imports Rules impose artificially high valuation for ad valorem tariffs tandards All countries also have standards, for Health and safety (e.g., no lead paint) Compatibility (e.g., volt appliances) They become NTBs when biased against imports in ubstance of the requirement rocedures for certifying compliance Lecture 6: NTBs 33 Lecture 6: NTBs 34 Unfair Trade Laws The (legal) threat and use of Anti-umping uties Countervailing uties We ll say more about this later, in lecture about U.. Trade olicies These are NTBs if Unfair trade is actually normal trade (it usually is) The threat of action discourages trade, even when duties are not levied (the chilling effect ) Lecture 6: NTBs 35 Unfair Trade Laws Use of these laws is increasing rapidly by other countries. ee Lindsey and Ikenson In 99s, antidumping use increased 5% over the 8s. eveloping country A cases: 7 in 98-87 Over 7 in 995-2 Leading users of A (995-2) U (323), EU (43) (out of 976 total) Targets of A cases (995-2, per year): Leading: China (79), Japan (78), U (65) eveloped countries 355; eveloping countries 656 Lecture 6: NTBs 36 6
Unfair Trade Laws omewhat more recently: Newly Initiated Antidumping Investigations, 27 3 29 ercent 3.5 3. 2.5 2..5..5. Temporary Trade Barriers (A, CV, etc.) Use of Temporary Trade Barriers, 997-23 G2 High-income economies: tock of import product lines under any imposed TTB in effect G2 Emerging economies: tock of import product lines under any imposed TTB in effect G2 High-income economies: Flow of import product lines subject to any newly initiated TTB investigation ource: Global Antidumping atabase. Lecture 6: NTBs 37 G2 Emerging economies: Flow of import product lines subject to any newly initiated TTB investigation Lecture 6: NTBs 38 Export Taxes imply a tax on exports, analogous to tariff on imports Effects are similar Not common, until recently, because countries think exports are good Became common in mid-28, as high world prices for agriculture led food exporters to protect their own consumers Also used recently by China on certain minerals used in high-tech devices Lecture 6: NTBs 39 Effects of Export Tax mall Country -t Lecture 5: Tariffs 4 Outline: Nontariff Barriers uotas Tariff-Rate uotas Government rocurement Regulations Customs rocedures tandards ubsidies Lecture 6: NTBs 4 ubsidies Government assistance to producers Export subsidy: paid only for exports omestic subsidy: paid for all production (but still increases exports or reduces imports) Effect on the subsidizing country In competitive industries, country loses ubsidies usually are intended to benefit producers, not country In non-competitive industries, result may be different (recall Boeing-Airbus example) Lecture 6: NTBs 42 7
Effects of a ubsidy on Foreign Countries Effect, if country is large, is to reduce the world price of the exported good ubsidy expands supply in subsidizing country (which is part of W ) World Market W W W W Lecture 6: NTBs 43 Effects of a ubsidy on Foreign Countries Effects on other countries depend direction of their trade: If they import the good, they gain If they export the good, they lose ee this in the following figures Lecture 6: NTBs 44 Effects of Export ubsidy: on Foreign Importer a b c d Effects on Welfare uppliers lose emanders gain Country gains +(b+c+d) Effects of Export ubsidy: on Foreign Exporter a b c d Effects on Welfare uppliers lose emanders gain Country loses c Lecture 6: NTBs 45 Lecture 6: NTBs 46 Effects of a ubsidy on Foreign Countries In both cases Foreign suppliers lose Foreign demanders gain Net effect on countries depends on Whether they are net importers or exporters Thus whether price change is improvement or worsening of their terms of trade Optimal policy response for foreign countries Importers: Write thank-you note (Krugman) Exporters: Not much they can do ubsidies: Are They Used? YE!! U, EU, Japan all have large subsidies on many agricultural products These reduce world prices and hurt producers of these products in developing countries Examples of U subsidies and whom they hurt: Corn: Mexico ugar: Caribbean countries Cotton: Certain African countries Lecture 6: NTBs 47 Lecture 6: NTBs 48 8
Next Time Reasons for rotection If tariffs are such a bad idea, why are they used? Lecture 6: NTBs 49 9