EVOLUTION AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION TOWARD A NEW LEVEL OF SOCIOPOLITICAL INTEGRATION

EVOLUTION AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION TOWARD A NEW LEVEL OF SOCIOPOLITICAL INTEGRATION

Studien zur Regierungslehre und Internationalen Politik llerausgegeben von Klaus von Beyme, Giinther Doeker, Dieter Grosser, Winfried Steffani v Volker Ri ttberger Evolution and International Organization Toward a New Level of Sociopolitical Integration

Studien zur Regierungslehre und Intemationalen Politik Evolution and International Organization Toward a New Level of Sociopolitical Integration Volker Rittberger University of Tiibingen Den Haag, Martinus Nijhoff - 1973

To Robert C. North 1973 by Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands. All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form. lsbn-13: 978-90-247-1563-3 e-1sbn-13: 978-94-010-2001-5 001: 10.1007/978-94-010-2001-5

Acknowledgments This study is a slightly revised version of the author's dissertation submitted to the Department of Political Science, Stanford University, in late 1971. The special encouragement which the author received form his principal adviser, Professor Robert C. North, is gratefully acknowledged. It is as a tribute to his stimulating scholarship that I dedicate this volume to him. The dissertation research was supported by a grant from the International Peace Research Program funded by the Ford Foundation and administered by the National Academy of Sciences, Division of Behavioral Sciences, Washington, D.C. The use of the Stanford University Computation Facility was made possible through a special grant by the Department of Political Science. Miss Kathy Foote ably assisted the author in collecting the data on which the empirical parts of this study are based. Professor Klaus Jiirgen Gantzel, Frankfurt a.m., kindly commented on the manuscript and made several helpful suggestions. The author feels heavily indebted to the aforementioned individuals and institutions; none of them, however, should be held responsible for the contents of this study. v

CONTENTS Acknowledgments. List of tables List of figures Chapter I: Introduction: Problems of Theory-Building in the Study ofinternational Organization........ Page V IX XI I 1.1 Development of Research and Its Inadequacies I 1.2 The Quest for New Directions in Theory Building 3 Chapter 2: Sociocultural Evolution and Sociopolitical Organization 9 2.1 Research on the Changing Scale of Sociopolitical Organization...................... 10 2.2 Sociocultural Evolution - General and Specific Aspects. 13 2.3 Evolution of Sociopolitical Organization. 18 2.4 Analysis of the Evolutionary Process......... 21 Chapter 3: The International Organization Level of Integration and Its Relationship to the Nation State............. 28 3.1 Structural Means ofintegration at the International Organization Level..................... 29 3.2 Interrelations Among Structural Dimensions of International Organization-Building and Patterns of Growth.... 35 3.3 International Organization and the Nation-State System.. 44 Chapter 4: Industrial Civilization and the Causes of International Organization-Building 55 4.1 Theoretical Analysis. 55 4.2 Empirical Domain and the Operationalization of Variables 61 4.3 Data Analysis.................... 64 VII

Contents Page Chapter 5: International Organization-Building and Integration Within the Global Context............... 84 5.1 The Dependent Variable: International Integration 5.2 Three Theories of International Integration. 5.3 Data Analysis..... Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusions. Bibliography Appendix. Index... 84 86 88 97 100 107 119 VIII

List of Tables Table Page 2.1 Median Population Size of Communities and Societies, by Level of Technology............................. 12 3.1 Number of IGO's, Simple and Weighted IGO Nation Memberships, 1815-1964.......................... " 31 3.2 Budgetary Expenditures of the U.N. System and Its Predecessor Organizations and Derived Measures, 1870-1965.............. 32 3 3 Number ofngo's and of Newly Founded NGO's 34 3 4 Value of Exports as a Percentage of National Income, Developed and Underdeveloped Countries: 1929-1958/59. 36 3 5 Interrelations Among Measures of the Bureaucratic Dimension of International Organization-Building 37 3.6 Relations Between Bureaucratic and Sodality Dimensions of International Organization-Building 39 3 7 Correlation Between U.N. System Expenditures/National Government Expenditures and Time (Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients) 43 4.1 Correlates of International Organization-Building, Summary of Variables, Indicators, and Measures 65 4 2a Correlates of International Organization-Building (U.N. System): Industrial Technology, 1865-1965 (Ten-Year Time Lag). 66 4.2b Correlates of International Organization-Building (Specialized Agencies): Industrial Technology, 1865-1965 (Ten-Year Time Lag). 67 4 3a Crosstabulation of Percentage of Labor Force in Non-Agricultural Occupations with IGO-Memberships, 1965/66 68 4.3b Crosstabulation of Percentage of Labor Force in Non-Agricultural Occupations with NGO-Memberships, 1965/66 69 IX

List of Tables 4.4a Correlates ofinternational Organization-Building (U.N. System): Higher Education, I865-I965 (Five-Year Time Lag)............. 70 4.4b Correlates of International Organization-Building (Specialized Agencies): Higher Education, I865-I965 (Five-Year Time Lag)......... 7I 4.5 Correlates ofinternational Organization-Building: Termination of International Wars, I865-I965..................... 74 4.6 Correlates of International Organization-Building: Cooperative Experience during Previous Time Period, I865-I965........... 76 4.7a Correlates of International Organization-Building (U.N. SystEm): Path Coefficients of Regression Equations................ 78 4.7b Correlates of International Organization-Building (Specialized Agencies): Path Coefficients of Regression Equations.............. 79 5.I International Organization-Building and the Onset ofinternational War, I865-I965............................ 89 5.2 Zero-Order Correlations Between Measures of International Organization-Building, Expansion of International System Membership, and Frequency of All International Wars, 1865-1965........... 90 5.3 Zero-Order Correlations Between International Organization-Building, Spread of Industrial Civilization, and Magnitude of All International Wars, I865-I965........................ 93 x

List of Figures Figure 2.1 Taxonomy of Stages of Sociocultural Evolution Page 16 2.2 Stages of Sociopolitical Organization (Adapted from Marshall Sahlins) 19 2.3 Relationships Between Technology, Sociopolitical Organization, and Ideology............................ 22 3.1 U.N. System Expenditures/National Government Expenditures (A), U.N. System Expenditures/National Defense Expenditures (B) in Five- Year Intervals (Data from Table 3.2)................ 40 3.2 Simple and Weighted IGO Nation Memberships in Five-Year Intervals (Data from Table 3.1)...................... 41 3.3 Curve-Fitting for U.N. System Expenditures/National Government Expenditures.......................... 42 3.4 Simplified Structure of Multiple Authority Centers Model of World Politics........................ 51 4.1 Correlates of International Organization-Building 61 4.2a Correlates of International Organization-Building (U.N. System): Important Linkages.......................... 79 4.2b Correlates of International Organization-Building (Specialized Agencies): Important Linkages....................... 80 5.1 Relationship Between International Organization-Building and Frequency of All International Wars with Expansion of International System Membership as Intervening Variable.................. 92 5.2 Relationship Between International Organization-Building and the Magnitude of All International Wars Controlled for Advance of Industrial Civilization........................... 94 XI