1. American History II Chp 19, Sec 1 2. By 1946, 10 mil. Leave military & must readjust to civilian life Congress passes bill (1944) 1 year 3. (1945 46) Make-shift housing William Levitt & other developers housing Create 1 st Residential communities Population shifts from $8,000 / house - low cost 4. 1 st suburb @, NY communities (Covenants, Codes & Restrictions) Maintenance (lawn, paint, fences) Keep out minorities Beginning of new Suburban Lifestyle in USA 5. increases By 1950, > 1 million divorces Wartime marriages Working women did not want to give up newly-found 6. Economic Readjustment By 1946 3 million unemployed Due to lay-offs in = actively seeking work Wartime price controls lifted in 1946 Prices 25% in 2 weeks Congress soon re-establishes for approx. 2 years 7. Recovery $135 billion in savings desired jobs to fill demand 25 years + employment = Affluent Society Other contributing factors: Continued 1950 55 Military doubles 1.5 mil to 3.0 mil (e.g. ) Open foreign markets for 8. 1946: 4.5 million workers on strike (or threatening strike) in key industries. Steelworkers, coal miners, R. R. Truman seeks legislation allowing Order to work Unions give in before law passed (1947) Repub. Congress passed over Truman s Veto passed over Truman s veto 1
No Closed Shop 80-day Cooling Off Negotiation Period 9. Taft-Hartley Act Restricts the of labor unions Americans wanted change Disgusted w shortages, rising inflation & labor strikes Voters elect Republicans across the board Truman s domestic policies ignored 1947 Congress passes anti-union Taft Hartley Act over Truman s veto 10. Social Unrest Persists After WW II, wave of in South African-Americans. Return home & demand rights of citizens. laws persisted Truman Acts Appoints Committee on Civil Rights (1946) 1947 Report: To secure these rights End Fair Permanent civil rights commission Federal law re. voting rights 11. Congress (Republican ) does not pass laws Truman Responds Executive Order (1948) of armed forces Ordered end to discrimination in hiring government employees Supreme Court Acts Courts cannot ban African Americans from (C,C,&Rs) 12. 1948 Election Truman (Demo.) delegates from Pro Southern Way of Life civil rights legislation split form States Rights Democratic Party (Strom Thurmond) civil rights legislation & Truman for re-election Some Demo s split & form Progressive Party Truman defeats Dewey (Rep) in 13. Whistlestop Campaign Truman challenged Rep. Congress to pass laws re public housing, financial aid, increased minimum wage, etc. Congress refused Truman to campaign to people via Denounced Congress Truman defeats Dewey by narrowest % ever 14. Truman s Fair Deal Extension of economic program Nationwide insurance Congress the Fair Deal Truman s Congress approved Increase in Extended (10 million add l people) 1949 clear out slums + housing units for low-income families 2
15. 1952 Election Eisenhower s 1 st term Truman doesn t run Korean stalemate + firing of Gen. MacArthur MacArthur argued that the war should extend in to Publically Truman China helps remain General Dwight D. Eisenhower ( ) defeats Adlai Stevenson (IL Gov) (Demo) 16. Scandal Eisenhower s running mate = R. Nixon Accused of receiving illegal funds Nixon denied accusation which is televised 58 million viewers Masterful use of media in political campaign 17. Eisenhower s Kept low public profile Dynamic conservatism = calls for government to be conservative with money & liberal with human beings Believed federal government be involved in 1957 - by into Arkansas for black students to attend all-white high school 18. Accomplishments Raised the Extended benefits Built Increased funding for & became 49 th & 50 th states 19. 1955 Seamstress, NAACP officer Took seat in front row of colored section of Montgomery bus Bus filled up, driver ordered Parks to move Parks refused and arrested Boycott of buses led by Martin Luther King, Jr. 20. American History II Chp 19, Sec 2 21. America at Work in the 1950s Shift from -collar to -collar jobs Increase in large corporations Ex. McDonalds product Many Purchase right to do business using 22. late 1950s, early 1960s Corporations consisting of a number of companies operating in diversified fields Convenient way for parent companies to operate several related or complementary firms in conjunction with each other Diversification Why Protect from in single industry Ex. (communications, car rental, insurance, hotels 24. Effect of Large Corporations on the Worker Good pay Secure jobs Loss of individuality stress on conformity Organization Man 1956 study Workers in IL Personality tests Before/during employment 3
Rewards for, cooperation, loyalty Workplaces Cold, impersonal, bred 25. Result of Reunited marriage age Confidence in prosperity Advances in medicine (, vaccine for 1957 = 1 baby / 7seconds (4,254,784) 26. Effect of Baby Boom demand for food, clothes, toys, etc = Economic Growth school enrollment = teacher/building shortages CA (1950s) new school opened every 7 days!!!! 27. Common Sense book of 1946 Sold copies Advised parents not to spank or scold children Encouraged families to hold meetings where children could express themselves Wanted mothers to be at home Suggested government pay mothers to stay at home 28. culture After war abundance of raw material for gasoline Gas Local & state governments construct roads Roads encouraged development of new away from the city 29. of 1956 National Highways Act Eisenhower into law - 1956 authorization of $25 billion for the construction of 41,000 miles (66,000 km) of super highway system over a 10-year period Largest public works project in American history through that time Some of the original cost was diverted from defense funds. Most US Air Force bases have a direct link to the system. Provide access in order to defend them during an attack Caused decline in commercial use of 30. 1950s lifestyle = appliances, cars, leisure activities, teenagers as purchasers Buy = SUCCESS Fabrics nylon, dacron Electronics Recreational equipment Advertising industry = creates needs = en courage spending Television Consumer Credit = marketing strategy + new models every year 31. Continued in the cost of goods In 1950 a new house cost $8,450.00 and by 1959 was $12,400.00 In 1950 the average income per year was $3,210.00 and by 1959 was $5,010.00 In 1950 a gallon of gas was 18 cents and by 1959 was 25 cents In 1950 the average cost of new car was $1,510.00 and by 1959 was $2,200.00 32. (FCC) 4
Government agency that television, telephone, telegraph, radio, and other communications industries Communicating to large audiences with a message or for entertainment purposes Radio Television Journalism 33. Important identified between childhood & adulthood Postwar economy good Could stay in school instead of working Received an allowance Spent money American businesses, especially the movie industry, wanted money of this new consumer group. 34. Expressed social & literary of artists and poets Imposed little structure on their artistic works Rebellion against Predecessor to Hippies 35. Section 4 36. 1950s Middle-class white Americans, planned residential communities Levittown of single family homes Rural poor migrates to cities Cities lost property/income taxes Governments couldn t provide improved schools, public transportation, police & fire departments 37. 1942-1964 Agreement with Mexico to allow to come into the U.S. Took jobs at lower wages Workers had significant effect on the business of farming and the culture of U. S. Circular migration patterns 38. 1953 1963 Eliminated federal support Discontinued reservation system Distributed tribal lands among individual Native Americans Native Americans unable to find jobs in urban areas Left w/t medical care 5