MA Module: Conflict and Conflict Resolution

Graduate Institute of Politics and International Relations MA Module: Conflict and Conflict Resolution (PIM03) Professor Dominik Zaum e-mail: d.zaum@rdg.ac.uk 2013/14 Mondays, 1-3pm, HUMSS 406 1

DESCRIPTION OF THE MODULE Conflict has always been present in international affairs. Since the end of the Cold War, however, the sources and patterns of conflict have become more complex, and civil wars often with the involvement of external actors have become the most prevalent form of conflict. In addition, the international community has developed new instruments and approaches to resolve conflicts and mitigate their consequences. In this course, we will explore the sources and nature of conflict, both civil and international, and discuss how the nature of conflict has changed since the end of the cold war. We will examine the different approaches chosen by the international community to prevent, manage, and resolve conflicts, assessing both military and non-military instruments, and discuss the factors that promote and hinder effective conflict management. Teaching and Learning methods: The class is taught in seminars. The seminars consist of student presentations as well as group discussion. Students are expected to develop their knowledge of the subject through a high level of independent study combined with group work, which will inform the class discussions. Presentations, essays and exams are designed not only to test students knowledge and ability to think critically and analytically in a variety of environments, but also to reinforce independent study and to ensure a careful and judicious consideration of it. Presentations are also designed to enhance transferable skills. They should aim to communicate concise, critical analyses effectively and raise topics for the subsequent discussion. Students are encouraged to explore different presentation techniques and present freely from brief notes. Contact Hours Autumn Spring Summer Tutorials/seminars 8 x 2hrs 7 x 2hrs 1x 2 hrs Total hours 16 14 2 Number of essays or assignments Other (eg major seminar paper) One summative essay At least one Seminar Presentation One summative essay At least one Seminar Presentation Revision class 2

Coursework Presentations Individual presentations must not be longer than 15 minutes and should be accompanied by a one-page summary of the main points, as well as a short bibliography. Topics will be assigned in the business meeting. Essays Two Summative essays (one for Term 1, one for Term 2, the combined total of which equals 7,000 words) are due to be submitted electronically on Blackboard on Friday of the final week of full term, and submitted in hard copy as well, to my pigeon hole in Melanie Richardson s office. Essay topics will be announced early in each term. Assessment: Coursework The two summative essays each contribute 25% of grade for the module. Relative percentage of coursework: 50% Penalties for late submission: Deduction of 10 marks for essays delayed by up to one week; thereafter a mark of 0 will be awarded. Marks will also be deducted for overlong essays. For further rules applying to essays, students are requested to refer to the GIPIS Handbook. Examination: One three-hour examination. Students will have to write three essays chosen from 10 questions. Each essay is worth 1/3 of the examination grade. The examination grade is worth 50% of the final grade. Requirements for a pass: Students must achieve an overall mark 50% after coursework and exam marks have been combined. A grade of 50% will reflect the following characteristics in Reassessment arrangements Re-sit examinations in September or following May; re-submission of coursework by September or May; resubmission of dissertation by May of following year. 3

Topics Autumn Term: Perspectives on War and Violence Week 1 (7 Oct): Conflict and Conflict Resolution: Introductory Lecture and Discussion Week 2 (14 Oct): Business Meeting Week 3 (21 Oct): The Changing Character of Conflict Week 4 (28 Oct): Measuring Conflict and Violence Week 5: (4 Nov.): Greed and/or Grievance? On the Causes of Civil War Week 6 (11 Nov.)War Economies Week 7 (18 Nov.): READING WEEK Week 8 (25 Nov): Civilians at War Week 9 (2 Dec.): Gender, Conflict, and Violence Spring Term: Addressing Violent Conflict Week 1 (13 Jan.): Peacekeeping Week 2 (20 Jan.): Brokering Peace Agreements Week 3 (27 Jan,): The Role of Political Settlements Week 4 (3 Feb.): Building States to Build Peace? Week 5 (10 Feb.): READING WEEK Week 6 (17 Feb.): Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration Week 7 (23 Feb.): Community-driven reconstruction and development Week 8: (3 March): Regulating Conflict Commodities 4

Background and Introductory Readings There is no textbook for this programme. However, the following books provide a useful overview over many of the issues addressed in the module. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity (2011). A magisterial overview of the literature on conflict, and a controversial argument that violence and conflict have declined. Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War (2006). A difficult, but fascinating book on the drivers of violence in conflict, highlighting the important differences between violence and conflict. Chris Cramer, Civil War is Not A Stupid Thing: Accounting for Violence in the Developing World (2006). A Short introduction to the political economy of conflict and violence in developing countries. David Keen, Complex Emergencies (2007). A new look at the changing nature of war since the end of the cold war. Mats Berdal and Dominik Zaum (eds.) Political Economy of Statebuilding: Power after Peace (2012). A comprehensive overview over the impact of international state- and peacebuilding efforts. World Bank, World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security, and Development (Washington D.C.: World Bank, 2010). Landmark report exploring the link between conflict, development and governance, and possible policy implications. Not without its critics (including me), but a central part of the debate. SEMINARS Autumn Term: Perspectives on War and Violence Week 1: Introductory Lecture and Discussion Read Christopher Blattman and Edward Miguel, Civil war, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol.48/1 (2010), 3-57. We will discuss this article following the business meeting in week 2. Week 2: Business Meeting During this meeting, we will discuss in more detail the module topics, assign presentations, and discuss the expected workload. We will also discuss essays, submission deadlines etc. 5

Week 3: The Changing Nature of Conflict Why has conflict and violence overall declined since the end of the cold war, and why is violent conflict concentrated in the developing world? Is the concept of new wars offer a useful analytical distinction? Ayoob, Mohammed: The Security Problematic in the Third World, World Politics, 43 (1991). Harbom, Lotta and Peter Wallensteen, Armed Conflict, 1946 2008, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.46/4 (2009), 577-87. Kaldor, Mary: New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity, 2001), chapters 2 and 4 Kalyvas, Stathis: New and Old Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction? World Politics 54/1 (2001). Human Security Report Project, Human Security Report 2009/10 (2010), Part I, chapters 1, 2, and 4. Available at http://www.hsrgroup.org/human-securityreports/20092010/text.aspx. Further Reading: Berdal, Mats: Beyond greed and grievance and not too soon, Review of International Studies, 31 (2005), 687-698. Berdal, M., and Malone, D. (eds.): Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2000). Cramer, Christopher: Civil War is Not a Stupid Thing: Accounting for Violence in the Developing World (London: Hurst, 2006), esp. ch.2. C. Crocker and F. Hampson, (eds.): Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict, (Washington: USIP, 1996), chapter 1 by J. Levy on "Contending Theories of International Conflict". Keen, David: Incentives and Disincentives for War, in Mats Berdal and David Malone (eds.): Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2000). Posen, Barry: The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict, Survival, 35/1 (1993). S. Van Evera: Hypotheses on Nationalism and War, International Security, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Spring l994), pp. 5-39. 6

Week 4: Measuring Conflict and Violence Details on the preparatory work will be handed out in the previous session. Reading: Collier, P., and Hoeffler, A., Greed and Grievance in Civil War, Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 56, no.4 (2004). Cramer, Christopher, Civil War is Not a Stupid Thing: Accounting for Violence in the Developing World (London: Hurst, 2006), ch.2. Human Security Council Report, Human Security Report 2009/10 (2010), Part 1, Chapter 2. Mata, Javier F., and S, Ziaja, Users Guide on Measuring Fragility (Oslo: UNDP, 2009) Roberts, Adam, Lives and Statistics: Are 90% of war victims civilians?, Survival Vol. 52/3 (2010). Further Reading: Cramer, C., Homo Economicus Goes to War: Methodological Individualism, Rational Choice and the Political Economy of War, World Development, Vol. 30, no.11 (2002). Marshal, M.: Measuring the Societal Impact of War, in David Malone and Fen Osler Hampson (eds.): From Reaction to Conflict Prevention: Opportunities for the UN System (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2002), pp.63-104. Marshall, M. and Gurr, T.: Peace and Conflict 2005: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy, available at http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/paper.asp?id=15. Nathan, L.: The Frightful Inadequacy of Most of the Statistics: a critique of Collier and Hoeffler on causes of civil war, Crisis State Research Centre Discussion Paper, 2005 (http://www.crisisstates.com/publications/discussion%20papers/discussion.htm) Vasquez, J.: The step to war: toward a scientific explanation of correlates of war findings, World Politics, 40 (1987), pp.108-145. Datasets (all acessible online): State Performance Indices : Failed States Index (Fund for Peace) Bertelsmann Transformation Index World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessment Conflict and Violence Data: Uppsala Conflict Database 7

Correlates of War programme Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development (The Global Burden of Armed Violence) Global Terrorism Database Week 5: Greed and/or Grievance? On the Causes of Civil War How important are inequalities for explaining conflict? Is state failure an analytically useful concept for explaining war and violence? Does natural resource wealth cause conflict? Reading: Berdal, Mats: Beyond greed and grievance and not too soon, Review of International Studies, 31 (2005), 687-698. Woodward, Susan, Do the Root Causes of Civil War Matter? On Using Knowledge to Improve Peacebuilding Operations, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, Vol.1/2 (2007), 143-70. Fearon, J. and D. Laitin, Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War, American Political Science Review, Vol.97/1 (2003), 75-90. Ross, M. How does Natural Resource Wealth Influence Civil War? Evidence from 13 Cases, International Organization, vol.58/1 (2004), 35-67. Collier, P. and A. Hoeffler, On Economic Causes of Civil War, Oxford Economic Papers, Vol.50/4 (1998), 563-73. Snyder, J. and E. Mansfield, Democratization and the Danger of War, International Security, Vol.20/1 (1995), 5-38. Østby, Gudrun, Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict: Evidence from 55 Developing Countries, 1986 2003, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4193, Washington DC, April 2007. Further Reading: Ballentine, Karen, and Heiko Nitzschke (eds.): Profiting from Peace: Managing the Resource Dimensions of Civil War (Lynne Rienner, 2005). Ballentine, Karen, and Sherman, Jake (eds.): The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003). Cramer, Christopher, Does Inequality cause Conflict?, Journal of International Development, Vol.15/4 (2003), 397-412. 8

Cramer, Christopher, Trajectories of Accumulation Through War and Peace, in Roland Paris and Timothy Sisk (eds.): The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Peace Operations (London: Routledge, 2009). DiJohn, Jonathan, Is there really a resource curse? A Critical Survey of Theory and Evidence, Global Governance, Vol.17/2 (2011), pp.167-84. Soysa, Indra de: The Resource Curse: Are Civil Wars Driven by Rapacity or Paucity?, in Mats Berdal and David Malone (eds.): Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2000). LeBillon, Philippe: Fuelling War: Natural resources and armed conflict (Abingdon: Routledge for IISS, 2005). Introduction: Approaches to the Political Economy of Civil Wars, in Michael Pugh, Neil Cooper, with Jonathan Goodhand, War Economies in Regional Context (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2004). Week 6: War Economies Why are war economies so persistent, even after conflict has formally ended? Is war Development in Reverse? Can war economies explain the durability of civil wars? Reading: Cramer, Christopher, Civil War is Not a Stupid Thing: Accounting for Violence in the Developing World (London: Hurst, 2006). Fearon, J. Why do Some Civil Wars Last so much Longer than Others?, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.41/3 (2004), 275-301. Keen, D. The Economic Functions of Violence in Civil Wars, Adelphi Paper 320 (London: IISS, 1998). Gates, Scott. et al. Consequences of Civil Conflict, World Development Report Background Paper, World Bank, Washington DC, October 2010. Further Reading: Andreas, Peter, The clandestine political economy of war and peace in Bosnia, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.48/1 (2004), 29-52. Berdal, Mats, and Achim Wennmann (eds.): Ending Wars, Consolidating Peace: Economic Perspectives (ISS/Routledge 2010), especially chapters 5, 6, 9, and 10. Keen, David, Complex Emergencies (Cambridge: Polity, 2008). 9

Cockayne, James, and Adam Lupel: Rethinking the Relationship between Peace Operations and Organized Crime, International Peacekeeping, Vol.16/1 (2009). See also the case studies in this special issue. Giustozzi, Antonio, War and Peace Economies of Afghanistan s Strongmen, International Peacekeeping, Vol.14/1 (2007), 75-89. Goodhand, Jonathan, Corrupting or consolidating the peace? The drug economy and post-conflict peacebuilding in Afghanistan, in Cheng and Zaum (eds.): Corruption and Peacebuilding: Selling the Peace (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), 144-61. Reno, Will: Anti-corruption efforts in Liberia: are they aimed at the right targets, in Cheng and Zaum (eds.): Corruption and Peacebuildnig: Selling the Peace (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), 126-43. Christine Cheng and Dominik Zaum, Selling the Peace? Corruption and Post-conflict Peacebuilding, in Cheng and Zaum (eds.): Corruption and Peacebuildnig: Selling the Peace (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), pp.1-26. Studdard, Kaysie, War Economies in a Regional Context: Overcoming the Challenges of Transformation, IPA Policy Report, New York, International Peace Academy, 2004. Week 7: READING WEEK Week 8: Civilians at War Are civilians merely victims in conflict? What explains the variation in the way in which rebel groups treat civilians? Reading: Azam, Jean-Paul, On Thugs and Heroes: Why Warlords Victimize Their Own Civilians, Economics of Governance, Vol.7/1 (2007), 53-73. Human Security Report Project, Human Security Report 2012: Sexual Violence, Education, and War (Vancouver: Human Security Press, 2012), chapter 8. Humphreys, Macartan, and Jeremy Weinstein, Handlin and Manhandling Civilians in Civil War, American Political Science Review, Vol.100/3 (2006), 429-47. Roberts, Adam, Lives and Statistics: Are 90% of war victims civilians?, Survival Vol. 52/3 (2010). Weinstein, Jeremy, Resources and the Information Problem in Rebel Recruitment, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49/4 (2005), 598-624. Further Reading: Azam, Jean-Paul, and Anke Hoeffler, Violence Against Civilians in Civil Wars: Looting or Terror? Journal of Peace Research, Vol.39/4 (2002), 461-85. 10

Balcells, Laia, Rivalry and Revenge: Violence against Civilians in Conventional Civil Wars, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.54/2 (2010), 291-313. Bellamy, Alex, and P Williams. The New Politics of Protection? Cote d Ivoire, Libya, and the Responsibility to Protect, International Affairs, Vol.87/4 (2011), 825-50. Eck, Kristine, and Lisa Hultman, One-Sided Violence against Civilians in War: Insights from New Fatalities Data, Journal of Peace Research Vol.44/2 (2007), 233-46. Kalyvas, Stathis, The Logic of Violence in Civil War (Cambridge: CUP, 2006). Williams, Paul, Protection, Resilience, and Empowerment: United Nations Peacekeeping and Violence against Civilians in Contemporary War Zones, Politics, 2013. Wood, R. Rebel Capability and strategic violence against civilians, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.47/5 (2010), 601-14. Week 9: Gender, Conflict, and Violence Are women affected by conflict in different ways than men? Why? Why is sexual violence so prevalent in civil wars? Does greater gender equality reduce the risk of conflict and violence? If so, why? Reading Annan, Jeanie et.al., Civil War, Reintegration, and Gender in Northern Uganda, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.55/6 (2011), 877-908. Caprioli, Mary, Gendered Conflict, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.37/1(2000), 51-68. C. Castillejo, Gender and Statebuilding, in Tim sisk and D. Chandler (eds.) Routledge Handbook of International Statebuilding (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013). Cohen, Dara Kay, Explaining Rape During Civil War: Cross-National Evidence (1980-2009), American Political Science Review, Vol.107/3 (2013), 461-77. Hudson, Valerie et.al., The Heart of the Matter: The Security of Women and the Security of States, International Security, Vol.33.3 (2009), 7-45. Further Reading Anderlini, Sanam Naraghi, WDR Gender Background Paper, World Development Report 2011 Background Paper, World Bank, Washington D.C., 2010. Baaz, Maria Eriksoon, and Maria Stern, Why do Soldiers Rape? Masculinity, Violence, and Sexuality in the Armed Forces in the Congo (DRC), International Studies Quarterly, Vol.53/2 (2009), 495-518. 11

Bell, Christine, and C.O Rourke, Peace Agreements or a piece of paper? The impact of UNSC 1325 on peace processes and their agreements, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 59/4 (2010), 941-80. Cohen, Dara Kay, Female Combatants and the Perpetration of Violence: Wartime Rape in the Sierra Leone Civil War, World Politics, Vol.65 (2013), 383-415. Human Security Report Project, Human Security Report 2012: Sexual Violence, Education, and War (Vancouver: Human Security Press, 2012), Part I. Justino, P. et.al. Quantifying the Impact of Women s Participation in Post-Conflict Economic Recovery, HICN Working Paper No.131, Brighton, Institute for Development Studies, 2012. Wood, Elisabeth, Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When is Wartime Rape Rare? Politics and Society, Vol.37/1 (2009). Spring Term: Addressing Violent Conflict Week 1: Peacekeeping Does the evolution in peacekeeping reflect the changing character of conflict, or the changed international environment? Does peacekeeping help to end civil wars? Does it help to build peace? Reading Berdal, Mats: The Security Council and Peacekeeping, in Vaughan Lowe, Adam Roberts, Jennifer Welsh, and Dominik Zaum (eds.): The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). Fortna, Virginia Page, Does Peacekeeping Keep the Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace after Civil War, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.48/2 (2004), 269-92. Sambanis, Nicholas, and Michael Doyle, No Easy Choices: Estimating the Effects of United Nations Peacekeeping, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.51 (2007), 217-26. Further Reading Fortna, Virginia Page, and L.M Howard, Pitfalls and Prospects in the Peacekeeping Literature, Annual Review of Political Science, Vol.11 (2008). 12

Fortna, Virginia Page, Where have all the victories gone? Peacekeeping and War Outcomes, working paper, 2009. Howard, Lise Morje, UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars (Cambridge: CUP, 2007) Doyle, Michael, and Nicholas Sambanis, Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations (Princeton: PUP, 2006). Durch, W. J.: with Tobias Berkman, Restoring and Maintaining Peace: What We Know So Far in Durch, W J (ed), 21 st Century Peace Operations (2006). Bellamy, A., Williams, O., and Griffin, S.: Understanding Peacekeeping (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004). Boutros-Ghali, B.: Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, Report of the UN Secretary General, A/47/277-S/24111, June 1992. Doyle, Michael, Ian Johnstone, and Robert C. Orr, (eds.): Keeping the Peace: Multidimensional UN Operations in Cambodia and El Salvador (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Goulding, Marrack: The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping, International Affairs, 69/3 (1993) Jones, Bruce, Peacemaking in Rwanda: the dynamics of failure (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2001). Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (the Brahimi Report), UN Doc S/2000/809, 21 August 2000. Available at www.un.org. Week 2: Brokering and Implementing Peace Agreements Why have most conflicts since the end of the cold war ended in negotiated settlements? Are the key obstacles to the implementation of peace agreements political or economic? Peace agreements can end conflicts, but not necessarily violence. Discuss Readings: Call, Charles, Why Peace Fails: The Causes and Prevention of Civil War Recurrence (Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2012), esp. chapters 1, 2 and 8. Fortna, Page: Where have all the Victories gone?, (ISA paper, 2004) Hartzell, C. and M. Hoddie, Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Conflict Management Stedman, John: Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes, International Security, Vol. 22, No. 2, (Fall 1997) Walter, Barbara: The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement, International Organization, Vol. 51: No. 3 (Summer 1997), pp. 335-64. 13

Further Reading Darby, John and Roger MacGinty: Contemporary Peacemaking, 2 nd (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2008), chapters 2, 5, 11, 12. edition Hampson, Fen Osler: Nurturing peace: why peace settlements succeed or fail, (Washington D.C.: United States Institute for Peace, 1996). King, Charles: Ending Civil Wars, Adelphi Paper, (London: Routledge, 1997). Pearlman, Wendy: Spoiling Inside and Out: Internal Political Contestation and the Middle East Peace Process, International Security, Vol.33/3 (Winter 2009) John Stedman, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth Cousens (eds.): Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2002). Wallensteen, Peter and Margareta Sollenberg: Armed Conflicts, Conflict Termination and Peace Agreements, 1989-96, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 34: No. 3 (Fall 1997), pp. 339-358. Zartman, W. (ed.): Elusive Peace. Negotiating an End to Civil Wars, (Washington D.C.: Brookings, 1995), chapters l and 13. Week 3: The Role of Political Settlements What distinguishes political settlements from peace settlements, and from institutions? How are political settlements maintained? How do political settlements change? Reading: De Waal, Alex, Missions without End? Peacekeeping in the African Political Marketplace, International Affairs, Vol.85/1 (2009), 99-113. Laws, Edward, Political Settlements, Elite Pacts, and Governments of National Unity: a Conceptual Study, Developmental Leadership Programme, 2012. North, D., J. Wallis, and B. Weingast, Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History (Cambridge: CUP, 2009), especially chapter 1. ALTERNATIVELY: Read Douglass North et.al., Limited Access Orders in the Developing World: A New Approach to the Problem of Development, World Bank Policy Research Paper 4359, Washington D.C., September 2007. Parks, Tom, and William Cole, Political Settlements: Implications for International Development Policy and Practice, Bangkok, The Asia Foundation, 2010. 14

Further Reading: Arriola, Leonardo R. Patronage and Political Stability in Africa, Comparative Political Studies, Vol.42/10 (2009), 1339 1362. Acemoglu, Darren, and James Robinson, Why Nations Fail (London: Profile, 2012). Call, Charles, Why Peace Fails (Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2012). Lindeman, Stephan, Do Inclusive Elite Bargains Matter? A Research Framework for Understanding the Causes of Civil War in Sub-Saharan Africa, CSRC Discussion Paper 15, London, LSE, 2008. Kahn, Mushtaq, Political Settlements and the Governance of Growth-Enhancing Institutions, Unpublished Working Paper, available at http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/9968/ OECD/DAC, From Power Struggle to Sustainable Peace: Understanding Political Settlements (Paris: OECD/DAC, 2011). Reno, William, Anti-corruption efforts in Liberia: Are they aimed at the right targets?, in Christine Cheng and Dominik Zaum (eds.), Corruption and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Selling the Peace? (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), 126-43. Zaum, Dominik, Corruption, in Tim Sisk and David Chandler (eds.), Routledge Handbook of International Statebuilding (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013). Week 4: Building States to Build Peace? How does statebuilding support peacebuilding efforts? Can statebuilding fuel violence? How robust and analytically useful are the key insights from the liberal peace debate? Reading: Autessere, Severine, Hobbes and the Congo: Frames, Local Violence, and International Intervention, International Organization, Vol.63 (2009), 249-80. Mats Berdal and Dominik Zaum, Power after Peace, in Mats Berdal and Dominik Zaum (eds.), Political Economy of Statebuilding: Power after Peace (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012), 1-14. Paris, Roland and Tim Sisk, Understanding the contradictions of postwar statebuilding in Roland Paris and Timothy Sisk (eds.): The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Peace Operations (London: Routledge, 2009). Woodward, Susan, The IFIs and Post-Conflict Political Economy, in Mars Berdal and Dominik Zaum (eds.) Political Economy of Statebuilding: Power after Peace (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012), 140-57. Further Reading: 15

Barnett, Michael: Building a Republican Peace: Stabilizing States after War, International Security 30/4 (2006). Berdal, Mats, and Achim Wennmann (eds.), Ending Wars, Consolidating Peace: Economic Perspectives (London: IISS, 2010). Call, Charles, and Vanessa Wyeth (eds.): Building States to Build Peace Lynne Rienner 2008). Castillo, Graciana del: Rebuilding War-torn States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) Chandler, David: Back to the future? The limits of Neo-Wilsonian ideals of exporting democracy, Review of International Studies 32/3 (2006) Cousens, Elizabeth, Cheetar Kumar, and Karin Wermester: Peacebuilding as Politics: Cultivating Peace in Fragile Societies (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2001), esp. introduction. Doyle, Michael W., and Nicholas Sambanis: International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis American Political Science Review 94(4) (2000). Doyle, Michael W. and Nicholas Sambanis: Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006). Durch, William (ed.): 21 Century Peace Operations (Washington D.C.: USIP Press, 2007). Especially introduction. Englebert, Pierre, and Dennis Tull: Postconflict Reconstruction in Africa: Flawed Ideas about Failed States, International Security Vol.32/4 (2008). Fukuyama, Francis, State Building: Governance and World Order in the 21 st Century (London: Profile books, 2004). Paris, R.: At War s End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2004). Paris, Roland, Saving Liberal Peacebuilding, Review of International Studies, Vol.36/2 (2010), 336-65. Rubin, Barnett Constructing Sovereignty for Security, Survival, vol. 47 no. 4 (2005) pp. 93 106. Soares de Oliveira, Ricardo, Illiberal Peacebuilding in Angola, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.49/2 (2011), 287-314. Zaum, Dominik, The Sovereignty Paradox: The Norms and Politics of International Statebuilding (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). Zaum, Dominik, Statebuilding and Governance: The Conundrums of Legitimacy and Local Ownership, in Devon Curtis and Gwinyayi A. Dzinesa (eds.), Peacebuilding, Power, and Politics in Africa (Athens, Oh: Ohio University Press, 2012), 47-62 Week 5: READING WEEK 16

Week 6: Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration What have been the main obstacles to successful DDR measures? Is reintegration best understood from an economic or a political perspective? Readings: Humphreys, Macartan, and Jeremy Weinstein, Demobilization and Reintegration, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.51/4 (2007), 531-67. Özerdem, Alpaslan, Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration, in Roger MacGinty (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Peacebuilding (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013), 225-36. Spears, Joanna, Disarmament and Demobilization, in S.J. Stedman et.al., (eds.), Ending Civil Wars: The implementation of peace agreements (Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner, 2002), 141-82. Further Reading: Annan, Jeannie et.al., Civil War, Reintegration, and Gender in Northern Uganda, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.55/6 (2011), 877-908. Berdal, Mats, Disarmament and Demobilisation after Civil Wars, Adelphi Paper 303 (London: IISS, 1996). Berdal, Mats and David Ucko, Reintegrating Armed Groups after Conflict (Abingdon: Routledge, 2009) De Vries, Hugo, and Nikkie Wiegink, Breaking up and Going Home? Contesting Two Assumptions in the Demobilization and Reintegration of Former Combatants, International Peacekeeping, Vol.18/1 (2011), 38-51. Muggah, Robert, No Magic Bullet: A Critical Perspective on Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration and Weapons Reduction in Post-Conflict Contexts, The Round Table, Vol.94/397 (2005), 239-52. Muggah, Robert, Innovations in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration policy research: reflections on the last decade, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo, 2010. Schulhofer-Wohl, Jonah, and N. Sambanis, Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration: An Assessment, Folke Bernadotte Academy Research Report, Stockholm, August 2010. Walter, Barbara, Designing Transitions from Civil War: Demobilization, democratization, and commitments to peace, International Security, Vol. 24/1 (1995), 127-55. 17

Week 7: Community-driven reconstruction and development Can Community Driven Reconstruction and Development contribute to Statebuilding? CDD projects risk elite capture and future conflict. Discuss. Reading Manzuri, G. and V. Rao, Community-Based and Community-Driven Development: A Critical Review. World Bank Research Observer, Vol.19/1 (2004), 1-39. Cliffe, Sarah, Scott Guggenheim and Markus Koster, Community-Driven Reconstruction as an Instrument in War-to-Peace Transitions, World Bank CPR Working Paper, Washington D.C., August 2003. Chopra, Jarat, and Tanja Hohe, Participatory Intervention, Global Governance, vol.10 (2004), 289-305. Further Reading Fearon, James et.al. Can Development Aid Contribute to Social Cohesion after Civil War? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Post-Conflict Liberia, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, Vol.99/2 (2009), 287-91. Mansuri, Ghazala, and V. Rao, Localizing Development: Does Participation Work? (Washington D.C.: World Bank, 2013). Moxham, B. The world Bank s Land of Kiosks: Community-Driven Development in Timor-Leste, Development in Practice, Vol.15/3-4 (2005), 522-8. Platteau, Jean-Philippe, Monitoring Elite Capture in Community-Driven Development, Development and Change, Vol.35/2 (2004), 223-46. Stewart, Frances, and M. Wang, Do PRSPs empower poor countries and disempower the World Bank, or is it the other way round? QEH working paper, Oxford, 2003. Wong. Susan, What have been the Impacts of World Bank Community Driven Development Programs? (Washington D.C.: World Bank, 2012) Week 8: Regulating Conflict Commodities What are the main challenges to regulating the trade in conflict commodities? How successful have commodity- and country-specific regimes to regulate conflict commodities been? Reading Carbonnier, Gilles, The Global and Local Governance of Extractive Resources, Global Governance, Vol.17/2 (2011), 135-47. Le Billon, Philippe, Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts (London: IISS, 2001), chapter 3. 18

Le Billon, Philippe, Resources for Peace? Managing Revenues from Extractive Industries in Post-Conflict Environments, PERI Working Paper, University of Massachusetts, April 2008. Wennmann, Achim Breaking the Conflict Trap: Addressing the Resource Curse in Peace Processes, Global Governance, Vol.17/2 (2011), 265-79. Further Reading: Benner, Thorsten, and Ricardo Soares de Oliveira, Statebuilding and the political economy of the extractive industries in post-conflict states, in Mats Berdal and Dominik Zaum (eds.), Political Economy of Statebuilding: Power after Peace (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012), 94-108. Collier, Paul, Natural Resources, Development and Conflict: Channels of Causation and Policy Interventions, World Bank Working Paper, 2003. Gillies, Alexandra, Reputational Concerns and the Emergence of Oil Sector Transparency as an International Norm, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.54/1 (2010), 103-26. Gillies, Alexandra, and Page Dykstra, International Campaigns for extractive industry transparency in post-conflict settings, in Christine Cheng and Dominik Zaum (eds.), Corruption and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Selling the Peace? (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), 237-56. Lujala, Paivi et.al., Valuable Natural Resources in Conflict-Affected States, in Mats Berdal and Achim Wennmann (eds.), Ending Wars, Consolidating Peace: Economic Perspectives (London: IISS, 2010), 121-36. DZ, 27 September 2013 19