Political Science 317 The Politics of European Integration Spring 2004

Political Science 317 The Politics of European Integration Spring 2004 Mondays 3:15-5:05 pm Encina Hall West, Room 202 http://polisci317.stanford.edu Prof. Tim Büthe Dept. of Political Science Encina Hall West, Room 415 (650) 736-1224; buthe@stanford.edu office hours: Mon 2-3 pm Purpose PS 317 is a research seminar focusing on the politics and current institutions of the European Union (EU) and the historical process that led to it. Like an international organization, the EU was originally founded through a series of treaties between six West European nation states, represented by their governments, and the member states retain the final say on many issues. But much also has changed since the 1950s. Eight former East European countries are joining the EU on May 1, 2004, bringing the total number of member states to twenty-five. Discussions are underway to replace the treaty with a "constitution," and the EU already has a quasi-constitutional court, as well as a parliament, organized along party lines. Moreover, meeting in the "European Council" or "Council of Ministers," national governments take binding decisions on an increasing number of issues by majority vote rather than unanimity, and they share executive powers with a supranational European institution, the European Commission. Is the EU thus a state in the making? How might we understand the current politics and policies of the European Union as well as the historical process that led to it? In this seminar, we will examine a range of theoretical perspectives that might help us explain the EU and the process of European integration. We will read the classics of integration theory, but also examine the EU comparatively as an instance of more common political phenomena, drawing on general theories of international relations, state formation, and comparative (domestic) politics. Empirically, assigned readings focus on the history and current institutions of the EU and cover a few key policy areas in general; for the research papers, student should conduct empirical analyses of a particular aspect of the process of European integration or analyses of EU politics in a specific issue area. PS 317 is an upper level undergraduate seminar, open to graduate students. Basic familiarity with theories and research methods of International Relations (equivalent to PS1) and/or Comparative Politics (equivalent to PS4) is recommended, though not required. Students who are not Political Science majors should see me before enrolling in the course. Requirements Course requirements are writing a research paper on a topic of your choosing (subject to my approval) and active participation in seminar discussion, based on the assigned readings. Participation: Active and thoughtful class participation, based on having read (and thought about) the assigned chapters and articles is crucial. It allows you to probe your own understanding as well as benefit from your peers' insights. I might ask individual students or small groups to start off our discussion once or twice during the quarter. In assigning a participation grade, I heavily weigh the quantity of participation by the quality of contributions. Research Paper: The research paper should be 15-20 pages in length (about 5,000 words ±20%, including all notes and references). I encourage you to see me early and often to discuss possible paper topics. At the end of the second class meeting (April 12), we will have an introduction to the EU Documents collections at Stanford library. In addition, looking through recent issues of EU-specific journals such as the Journal of Common Market Studies, the Journal of European Integration, or European Union Politics, as well as browsing EU-related sections in the library (e.g. shelves with call numbers starting with JN1 - JN50 and HC241.2 in the LC number section of the library) might also help you in selecting topics. By May 3, you must hand in a memo that states clearly (1) what your topic is, (2) why this is interesting to you and should be interesting to others, (3) what your key analytical questions are,

Spring 2004 PS317: The Politics of European Integration 2 and very importantly (4) how you will go about answering them. I will return one copy with comments by the end of that week. For graduate students, the paper must be 30 pages (8,000 words ±20%). In addition, graduate students should read the full original article whenever an abbreviated version or summary is assigned. For all students, the final grade for the course will be based on: research paper: 60% research presentation: 10% class participation: 30% Readings Many of the required readings are available to you via Stanford's e-journal collections or similar sources; the syllabus on the course website links directly to those readings (marked "" below). Some other readings have been placed on physical (Green library) and/or electronic (linked to the course website); those readings are marked "" below. Access may be restricted to students registered for the course; students registered for the course receive a 20MB increase in personal disk space. All other required readings are contained in the books listed below, which are available for purchase at the Stanford Bookstore. N&S: Nelsen, Brent F. and Alexander Stubb, eds. The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration. 3 rd edition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003. NN: Nugent, Neill. The Government and Politics of the European Union. 5th edition. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003. WM: Mattli, Walter. The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. AM: Moravcsik, Andrew. The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. P&B: Peterson, John and Elizabeth Bomberg. Decision-Making in the European Union. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. s s s s s P&B 1. European Integration & the EU: International or Domestic Politics? (Mon, April 5) Rosamond, Ben. "Introduction." [and] "Integration Theory and Social Science." Theories of European Integration. New York: Palgrave St. Martin's Press, 2000: 1-19, 186-197. Cornett, Linda and James A. Caporaso. "'And Still It Moves!' State Interests and Social Forces in the European Community." In Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, edited by James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992: 219-249. Hix, Simon. "The Study of the European Community: The Challenge to Comparative Politics." West European Politics vol.17 no.1 (January 1994): 1-30. Hurrell, Andrew and Anand Menon. "Politics Like Any Other? Comparative Politics, International Relations and the Study of the EU." West European Politics vol.19 no.2 (April 1996): 386-402. Hix, Simon. "CP, IR, and the EU! A Rejoinder to Hurrell and Menon." West European Politics vol.19 no.4 (October 1996): 802-804. Risse-Kappen, Thomas. "Exploring the Nature of the Beast: International Relations Theory and Comparative Policy Analysis Meet the European Union." Journal of Common Market Studies vol.34 no.1 (March 1996): 53-80. Peterson, John and Elizabeth Bomberg. "Making Sense of EU Decision-Making." In Decision-Making in the European Union. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999: 4-30.

Spring 2004 PS317: The Politics of European Integration 3 Smith, Steve. "International Relations Theory and European Integration." In International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration: Power, Security, and Community, edited by Morten Kelstrup and Michael C. Williams. London: Routledge, 2000: 33-56. Jupille, Joseph and James A. Caporaso. "Institutionalism and the European Union: Beyond International Relations and Comparative Politics." Annual Review of Political Science vol.2 (1999): 429-444. Ebbinghaus, Bernhard. "Europe Through the Looking-Glass: Comparative and Multi-Level Perspectives." Acta Sociologica (Copenhagen) vol.41 no.4 (1998): 301-313. 2. The Early Years: Functionalism and the Founding of the European Communities (Mon, April 12) NOTE: We will end seminar discussion early today and walk over to Green library together, where Chuck Eckman, the international agencies documents librarian, will give us an introduction to the documents in the EU Depository collection at Stanford from 4:50pm to 5:20pm (meeting & tour begins in SSRC seminar room). Rich, Paul. "Visionary Ideas of European Unity after World War I." In Visions of European Unity, edited by Philomena Murray and Paul Rich. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996: 21-34. N&S Mitrany, David. A Working Peace System: An Argument for the Functional Development of International Organization. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1943. Reprinted in The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration, edited by Brent F. Nelsen and Alexander Stubb. 3 rd edition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003: 99-119. N&S Nelsen, Brent F. and Alexander Stubb, eds. Sections on Winston Churchill ("The Tragedy of Europe"), Robert Schuman ("Declaration"), Jean Monnet ("A Ferment of Change"), and Charles de Gaulle ("A Concert of European States"). In The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration. 3 rd edition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003: 7-11, 13f, 19-26, 27-44. Dinan, Desmond. "Introduction." [and] "Reconstruction, Reconciliation, and Integration, 1945-1957." Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration. 2nd edition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1999: 1-6, 9-35. [+ skim 1 of:] Gillingham, John R. "A German Solution to Europe's Problems? The Rise and Decline of Monnetism." [and] "More or Less Liberal Europe: The Institutional Origins of Integration." In European Integration, 1950-2003: Superstate or New Market Economy? New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003: 16-33, 34-52. AM Moravcsik, Andrew. "Finding the Thread: The Treaties of Rome, 1955-1958." In The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998: 86-158. Milward, Allen S., with George Brennan, and Federico Romero. "The Treaties of Rome." In The European Rescue of the Nation-State. 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 2000: 196-223. Milward, Allen S., with George Brennan, and Federico Romero. "The Lives and Teachings of the European Saints." The European Rescue of the Nation-State. 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 2000: 318-344. AM NN 3. Intergovernmentalism, Realist and Liberal Variants (Mon, April 19) Milward, Allen S., with George Brennan, and Federico Romero. "The Post-War Nation State." In The European Rescue of the Nation-State. 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 2000: 21-45. Grieco, Joseph M. "The Maastricht Treaty, Economic and Monetary Union and the Neorealist Research Program." Review of International Studies vol.21 no.1 (January 1995): 21-41. Moravcsik, Andrew. "Theorizing European Integration." In The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998: 18-85. Nugent, Neill. "The European Council." [and] "The Council of Ministers." In The Government and Politics of the European Union. 5th edition. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003: 178-196, 150-177.

Spring 2004 PS317: The Politics of European Integration 4 Gillingham, John R. "All or Nothing? The Founding of the EEC and the End of an Era, 1958-1966." In European Integration, 1950-2003: Superstate or New Market Economy? New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003: 53-72. Pedersen, Thomas. "Introduction." "Europe's Cooperative Hegemony." [and] "Tactical Differentiation: The Single European Act." In Germany, France, and the Integration of Europe: A Realist Reinterpretation. New York: Pinter, 1998: 1-12, 196-208, 88-119. [+ skim:] Dinan, Desmond. "The Transformation of the European Community, 1985-1988." In Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration. 2nd edition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1999: 103-126. [more intergovernmentalism:] Hoffmann, Stanley. "Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe." Daedalus vol.95 no.3 (Summer 1966): 862-915. Hoffmann, Stanley. "Reflections on the Nation-State in Western Europe Today." Journal of Common Market Studies vol.21 no.1/2 (Special Anniversary Issue, Sep/Dec 1982): 21-37. Wallace, Helen. "National Politics and Supranational Integration." In Regionalism and Supranationalism: Challenges and Alternatives to the Nation-State in Canada and Europe, edited by David M. Cameron. Montreal, Quebec: Institute for Research on Public Policy and Policy Studies Institute, 1981: 111-126. Bulmer, Simon. "Domestic Politics and European Community Policy Making." Journal of Common Market Studies vol.21 no.4 (June 1983): 349-363. Baun, Michael. "The Maastricht Treaty as High Politics: Germany, France, and European Integration." Political Science Quarterly vol.110 no.4 (Winter 1995-96): 605-624. [critiques & debates:] Garrett, Geoffrey and George Tsebelis. "An Institutional Critique of Intergovernmentalism." International Organization vol.50 no.2 (Spring 1996): 269-299. Diez, Thomas. "Riding the AM-track through Europe; or, The Pitfalls of a Rationalist Journey through European Integration." Millennium: Journal of International Studies vol.28 no.2 (1999): 355-369. Moravcsik, Andrew. "The Future of European Integration: Social Science or Social Theory?" Millennium: Journal of International Studies vol.28 no.2 (1999): 371-391. 4. Neofunctionalism: Changing Interests and Identities? (Mon, April 26) Haas, Ernst B. [Selections from:] The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces 1950-1957. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958. : [pages TBA]. N&S Deutsch, Karl W. et al. [Selections from:] Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957. Reprinted in The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration, edited by Nelsen, Brent F. and Alexander Stubb. 3 rd edition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003: 121-143. P&B Peterson, John and Elizabeth Bomberg. "Institutions, Rules, Norms." In Decision-Making in the European Union. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999: 31-59. N&S Stone Sweet, Alec and Wayne Sandholtz. "Integration, Supranational Governance and the Institutionalization of the European Polity." In European Integration and Supranational Governance, edited by Sandholtz and Stone Sweet. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998: 1-26. Reprinted in The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration, edited by Nelsen, Brent F. and Alexander Stubb. 3 rd edition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003: 215-238. Schmitter, Philippe. "Neo-Neofunctionalism: Déjà Vu, or All Over Again?" In European Integration Theory, edited by Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004 (forthcoming): 45-74. [http://www.iue.it/sps/people/faculty/currentprofessors/pdffiles/schmitterpdffiles/neoneofunctionalism.pdf] Haas, Ernst B. "Does Constructivism Subsume Neo-Functionalism?" In The Social Construction of Europe, edited by Thomas Christiansen, Knud Erik Jørgensen, and Antje Wiener. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1991: 22-31. NN Nugent, Neill. "European Union Law and the Courts." In The Government and Politics of the European Union. 5th edition. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003: 235-258.

Spring 2004 PS317: The Politics of European Integration 5 Burley, Anne-Marie and Walter Mattli. "Europe Before the Court: A Political Theory of Legal Integration." International Organization vol.47 no.1 (Winter 1993): 41-76. Alter, Karen J. and Sophie Meunier-Aitshalia. "Judicial Politics in the EC: Cassis de Dijon Decision." Comparative Political Studies vol.26 no.4 (January 1994): 535-561. [more neofunctionalism:] Tranholm-Mikkelsen. "Neo-Functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC." Millennium: Journal of International Studies vol.20 no.1 (Spring 1991): 1-22. Pierson, Paul. "The Path to European Integration: A Historical Institutionalist Analysis." Comparative Political Studies vol.29 no.2 (April 1996): 123-163. Niemann, Arne. "The PHARE Programme and the Concept of Spillover: Neofunctionalism in the Making." Journal of European Public Policy vol.5 no.3 (September 1998): 428-446. [more on European Court of Justice:] Stein, Eric. "Lawyers, Judges, and the Making of a Transnational Constitution." American Journal of International Law vol.75 no.1 (January 1981): 1-27. Alter, Karen J. "Who are the Masters of the Treaty? European Governments and the European Court of Justice." International Organization vol.52 no.1 (Winter 1998): 125-152. 5a. Marxist, Feminist, and Constructivist Perspectives (Mon, May. 3) N&S RESEARCH PAPER MEMO DUE AT THE BEGINNING OF CLASS! Cocks, Peter. "Toward a Marxist Theory of European Integration." International Organization vol.34 no.1 (Winter 1980): 1-40. Grahl, John and Paul Teague. "The Cost of Neo-Liberal Europe." New Left Review no.174 (March/April 1989): 33-50. Hansen, Lene. "Gendered Communities: The Ambiguous Attraction of Europe." In International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration: Power, Security, and Community, edited by Morten Kelstrup and Michael C. Williams. London: Routledge, 2000: 131-148. Pollack, Mark A. and Emily Hafner-Burton. "Mainstreaming Gender in the European Union." Journal of European Public Policy vol.7 no.3 (Special Issue: Women, Power and Public Policy in Europe, September 2000): 432-456. Checkel, Jeffrey T. "Social Construction and Integration." Journal of European Public Policy vol.5 no.4 (1999): 545-560. [Also in Nelson & Stubb 2003: 351-360.] Kohler-Koch, Beate. "Beyond Amsterdam: Regional Integration as a Social Process." In European Integration After Amsterdam: Institutional Dynamics and Prospects for Democracy, edited by Karlheinz Neunreiter and Antje Wiener. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000: 68-92. 5b. Social Science Research and Writing (Mon, May 3) Van Evera, Stephen. "What Are Case Studies?" In Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997: 49-88. Gleason, Andrew et al. [Selections from:] Quantitative Reasoning Requirement: Data Text. Cambridge, MA: Harvard College Core Curriculum, 1991: 17-22, 26-39. [=Sections 1.4 ("Summary Statistics") & Sections 2.1-2.4 from chapter 2 ("Uncertainty")] Lewis-Beck, Michael S. "Bivariate Regression: Fitting a Straight Line." In Applied Regression: An Introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1980: 9-19. : Hall, Peter A., with adaptations by Tim Büthe. "Writing an Analytical Paper in Political Science." Mimeo. Harvard University, 1994 and Stanford University, September 2003.

Spring 2004 PS317: The Politics of European Integration 6 WM 6. Generalizing Beyond Europe: Regional Integration and State Formation Perspectives (Mon, May 10) Sbragia, Alberta M. "Thinking about the European Future: The Uses of Comparison." In Euro-Politics: Institutions and Policymaking in the 'New' European Community, edited by Alterta M. Sbragia. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1992: 257-291. Hintze, Otto. "Military Organization and the Organization of the State." In The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze, edited by Felix Gilbert. (First presented as a lecture at the Gehe Stiftung, Dresden in 1906). New York: Oxford University Press, 1975: 178-215. Spruyt, Hendrik. "Introduction." [and] "Organizational Variation and Selection in the International System." The Sovereign State and Its Competitors. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994: 3-7, 22-33. Mattli, Walter. "Introduction." [+ Table 2.1 and] "Explaining Regional Integration." In The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999: 1-18, 20, 41-67. Hooghe, Liesbet and Gary Marks. "The Making of a Polity: The Struggle Over European Integration." In Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism, edited by Herbert Kitschelt, et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999: 70-97. Nugent, Neill. "The European Parliament." The Government and Politics of the European Union. 5th edition. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003: 197-234. Hix, Simon. "Legislative Politics." The Political System of the European Union. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999: 56-98. Alesina, Alberto and Romain Wacziarg. "Is Europe Going Too Far?" Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy vol.51 (December 1999): 1-42. N&S N&S N&S WM 7. Interests & Power in the EU: National Prerogatives or European-Level Domestic Politics? (Mon, May 17) Pollack, Mark A. "Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the EC." International Organization vol.51 no.1 (Winter 1997): 99-134. [Also in N&S 2003: 255-279.] Ciavarini Azzi, Giuseppe. "The Slow March of European Integration: The Implementation of Directives." In European Integration After Amsterdam: Institutional Dynamics and Prospects for Democracy, edited by Karlheinz Neunreiter and Antje Wiener. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000: 52-67. Hooghe, Liesbet and Gary Marks. [Selections from:] Multi-Level Governance in the European Union. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001. Reprinted in The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration, edited by Brent F. Nelsen and Alexander Stubb. 3 rd edition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003: 281-311. Jachtenfuchs, Markus. "The Governance Approach to European Integration." Journal of Common Market Studies vol.39 no.2 (2001): 245-264. Reprinted in The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration, edited by Brent F. Nelsen and Alexander Stubb. 3 rd edition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003: 335-348. Büthe, Tim. "The Domestic Politics of European Integration: Public Opinion, Referenda, and EU Membership." Mimeo, Stanford University, 2004. Sedelmeier, Ulrich. "East of Amsterdam: The Implications of the Amsterdam Treaty for Eastern Enlargement." In European Integration After Amsterdam: Institutional Dynamics and Prospects for Democracy, edited by Karlheinz Neunreiter and Antje Wiener. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000: 218-237. Neunreiter, Karlheinz. "Political Representation in the European Union: A Common Whole, Various Wholes, or Just a Hole?" In European Integration After Amsterdam: Institutional Dynamics and Prospects for Democracy, edited by Karlheinz Neunreiter and Antje Wiener. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000: 129-149. Mattli, Walter. "Integration in Europe: The European Union." In The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999: 68-108.

Spring 2004 PS317: The Politics of European Integration 7 8. EMU/Common Currency and Common Foreign & Security Policy (Mon, May 24) McNamara, Kathleen. "Introduction," "The Puzzle of Exchange Rate Cooperation" [and] "The Drive toward Economic and Monetary Union." In The Currency of Ideas: Monetary Politics in the European Union. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998: 1-42, 159-178. Cohen, Benjamin J. "Are Monetary Unions Inevitable?" International Studies Perspectives vol.4 no.3 (August 2003): 275-292. Wæver, Ole. "The EU as a Security Actor: Reflections from a Pessimistic Constructivist on Post- Sovereign Security Orders." In International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration: Power, Security, and Community, edited by Morten Kelstrup and Michael C. Williams. London: Routledge, 2000: 250-294. Smith, Michael E. "Conforming to Europe: The Domestic Impact of EU Foreign Policy Co-operation." Journal of European Public Policy vol.7 no.4 (October 2000): 613-631. Chabot, Christian N. Understanding the Euro: The Clear and Concise Guide to the New Trans-European Economy. New York: McGraw Hill, 1999. 9. Research Presentations (Time & Place TBA: makeup class since May 31 is the Memorial Day holiday) Mon, 7 June 2004, noon: RESEARCH PAPER DUE

Spring 2004 PS317: The Politics of European Integration 8 If we had more time X. The Market vs. Social Equality & the Environment: Varieties of Redistribution and Regulation Hall, Peter A. and David Soskice. "An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism." In Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, edited by Peter A. Hall and David Soskice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001: 1-68. Pollack, Mark A. "A Blairite Treaty: Neo-Liberalism and Regulated Capitalism in the Treaty of Amsterdam." In European Integration After Amsterdam: Institutional Dynamics and Prospects for Democracy, edited by Karlheinz Neunreiter and Antje Wiener. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000: 266-289. Hall, Peter A. "The Evolution of Economic Policy-Making in the European Union." In From the Nation State to Europe: Essays in Honor of Jack Hayward, edited by Anand Menon and Vincent Wright. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001: 214-245. Majone, Giandomenico. "The Rise of the Regulatory State in Europe." West European Politics vol.17 no.3 (July 1994): 77-101. Egan, Michelle. Constructing a European Market: Standards, Regulation, and Governance. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. + 1-2 READINGS ON STRUCTURAL & REGIONAL FUNDS (from Toukalis 1997?). Y. Varieties of Institutional Perspectives Hall, Peter A. and Rosemary C. R. Taylor. "Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms." Political Studies (Oxford) vol.44 no.5 (December 1996): 936-957. Pierson, Paul. "The Path to European Integration: A Historical Institutionalist Analysis." Comparative Political Studies vol.29 no.2 (April 1996): 123-163. Bulmer, Simon J. "New Institutionalism and the Governance of the Single European Market." Journal of European Public Policy vol.5 no.3 (September 1996): 365-386. Putnam, Robert D. "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games." International Organization vol.42 no.3 (Summer 1988): 427-460. Patterson, Lee Ann. "Agricultural Policy Reform in the European Community: A Three-Level Game Analysis." International Organization vol.51 no.1 (Winter 1997): 135-165. Scharpf, Fritz W. "The Joint Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration." Public Administration vol.66 no.3 (Autumn 1988): 239-278.