The Student Network - 2015 French Revolution AOS 1 - Exam Revision By Charlie McMillan Summons Pre-Revolutionary France Farmers General: Collected taxes for the crown (which had no central treasury) Loaned the money to the crown with interest while taking some ( 2/3 ) Taxes: 1. Taille-------------------------Land tax-----------------direct---------------------third Estate 2. Vingtieme--------------------5% on income-----------direct---------------------everyone 3. Capitation--------------------Tax per person----------direct---------------------everyone 4. Gabelle-----------------------Salt tax------------------indirect-------------------everyone 5. Octrois-----------------------Customs tax-------------indirect-------------------everyone 6. Corvee-----------------------Forced labour (public works/lord's land)------------peasants 7. Banalities----------------------Peasants must use their lord's over mill etc.---------peasants 8. Tithes-------------------------Fee paid to the Church-----------------------------Third Estate Pillars of absolutism: 1. Dynastic authority (long line, no thought of change) 2. Perception of competence (people expected it) 3. Command of the Army (kept order, traditional role) 4. Divine Right (98% catholic, King subject only to god) 5. Protector of Law (=lawful, fair) 6. Perception of Benevolence (cared for people) 7. Command of Favour (King could help people) 8. Appearance (show of power) 9. Versailles (show of power and wealth) First Estate (clergy): Plurality and Absenteeism Tithes Tax Exemption Power/position (=resentful of change) Some rich Many poor Education + aid Mass, marriage, funeral, divorce Don gratuity to government (free gift) which showed how well government was doing Second Estate (nobility):
Noble of the robe (venal office) Noble of the sword (old family) -->sometimes poor Noble of the court (Versailles) -->always rich Not meant to make money Bourgeois but nobility then stop working = bad for economy Traditionally protected France with army (no longer the case) Privileged (tax exemptions, exclusive legal rights) Culture of deference to them Not taxed = less money for the king Social mobility Third Estate (bourgeois, peasants, urban workers): Not a unified class No political input Peasants 85% of the total population (24 million) Bore burden of tax system Subsistence farming Bourgeoisie were many in maritime trading towns Bourgeoisie aimed to buy nobility Had to pay deference to other estates Bourgeoisie have very little social mobility Overlapping Jurisdictions: 39 Provinces with governors 36 Generalities with Intendants 13 Ressorts controlled by 13 Parlements (Paris is main one) Internal customs barriers & different weight and measures Pays d'etat & Pays d'election have different laws and taxes Intendants given "lettres de cachet" by King (they have enormous power) Backward Economy: Traditional methods in agriculture which meant subsistence farming Taxes paid in grain & no investment = no diversification of crops or advancement in technique Land subdivided between children when a farmer died = tiny lots (inefficient) Manufacturing still run on traditional guild system = no competition Marseilles, Bordeaux, Nantes boom with maritime trade (slaves, coffee, sugar) No central treasury, corrupt system = King didn't receive what he was meant to Venal offices = short term money, long term loss (nobles don't pay tax or earn income) Parlements: Law courts which issued administered laws passed by the King (made up of nobles of the robe) No law could be applied unless passed by the Parlements Parlements had the right to send a law back for review King could automatically pass a law with "lit de justice" hated by the people The Enlightenment: Philosophes spread new ideas throughout Europe and France
They criticised the existing authority, notably the Church and absolutism Diderot edited "Encylopedie" (collection of Enlightenment writings; distributed around France) Voltaire attacked the Church (Calas Affair); he believed it should be subject to the government Rousseau: All men born equal, General Will, Social Contract Montesquieu believed in the end of absolutism (preferred constitutional monarchy), Separation of Powers The Enlightenment didn't have a big impact: 1. All philosophes died before the Revolution 2. They did not call for a revolution (didn't give a guide for revolution) 3. Ideas didn't oppose King 4. Not everyone could read & understand the ideas 5. They said reform can come without a revolution Cafe Culture: 1. People began discussing the political ideas in cafes and salons 2. Coincided with expected political utility of the emerging bourgeoisie (unfulfilled class expectations) 3. It was cool to know about the Enlightenment and politics 4. Duc d'orleans' Palais Royal was a bastion of ideas in Paris 1740: - Start of the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) 1756: - Seven Years' War (1756-1763) furthers financial issues 1774: - Louis XVI crowned at Reims & Turgot made Controller-General of Finance (1774-1776) 1776: - Jacques Necker becomes Director-General of France (he is protestant) after Turgot 1778: - France joins American War of Independence against British (1776-1783) - Soldiers (8,000 freedom fighters) brought back American revolutionary ideals (no taxation without representation) - General Lafayette becomes a hero (he is well-known) - Worsens debt - Brings ideas of liberty, equality, representation, accountability/transparency 1781: - Necker releases Compte Rendu au Roi (sells 20,000 copies) - Showed 10 million livres surplus but didn't include foreign expenditure (war) - This gave banks confidence so Necker raised 520 million in loans - He refused to raise taxes, gave transparency to finances & produced 'surpls' = loved by the people - Necker fired by Louis for Compte Rendu and seeking reform 1781-1783: - Joly de Fleury becomes Controller-General (takes out 252 million in loans) 1783: - 1/3 of France's income was spent paying interest on loans - Calonne becomes Controller-General (1783-1787) and takes out 653 million in loans
1785: - Diamond Necklace Affair discredits Marie Antoinette - People blame her extravagant expenses for financial crisis Fiscal Crisis 1786: - Eden Treaty with Britain ruined textile industry and raised bread prices - Calonne informs Louis XVI that the royal finances are insolvent and the Assembly of Notables is convoked 1787 (Revolt of the Nobles) Feb: - 144 of the most notable men in France meet at Assembly of Notables - The King & Calonne want their support to pass reforms (abolition of corvee, provincial assemblies) - Notables' support would give reforms popular support and pass them through the Parlements - Assembly distrust Calonne to begin with --> they were meant to be pliable but proved intractable - They opposed Calonne's Land Tax ('territorial subvention') - Birth of public opinion meant events at Assembly were publicly known Effect: [1]. The Assembly of Notables confirmed that there were issues with the finances [2]. Difficulty of reform suggested the regime could solve its own problems [3]. Assembly of Notables was a breakthrough in the abolition of tax privilege [4]. Assembly of Notables called for representation of the people (through AoN and/or Estates-General) [5]. Wanted accountability and transparency in government and finances (Compte Rendu) March: - Calonne refuses to do a Compte Rendu & publishes instead an 'avertissement' to attack the AoN April: - It backfires and he is dismissed (along with Miromesnil (Minister for Justice)) - Replaced by Lomenie de Brienne (Archbishop of Toulouse) --> Lamoignan new Minister for Justice - Assembly of Notables calls for convoking of an Estates-General May: - Assembly of Notables is dissolved (May 25, 1787) June/July: - Brienne can either call Estates-General or pass reforms through Parlements - Brienne tries to pass reforms through Parlements - They pass provincial assemblies and new customs barriers - They reject new territorial subvention (changed from Calonne's policy) - Public support behind Parlements August: - King passes reforms through 'lit de justice' - Parlement declare this illegal (d'empremesnil & Adrian Duport are main parlementaires) - King exiles the Paris Parlement to Troyes (keeps them away from reformist Parisian influence)
September: - Brienne secures return of Paris Parlement in a deal - Terms: no territorial subvention, prolonging of vingtiemes, 520 million in anticipation loans, and Estates General in 1792 November: - Royal Session used to pass loans (lit de justice in all but name) - Duc d'orleans questions the legality of this - King: "It is legal because I will it" - Seen as despotic = public hatred towards King 1788 Jan-May: - Opposition to King grows as people want representation (Estates-General) May 1788-April 1789: - 4,000 individual pamphlets published in the Pamphlet War May: - Fundamental Laws set out by the Parlements - Included: new taxes must be approved by Estates-General & lettres de cachet were unconstitutional - King responds with May Edicts (removed any power from the Parlements) June: - A month of hailstorms cause the worst harvest in 40 years - Parlement in Grenoble decides to hold an Estates in the Dauphine region - "Day of Tiles" in Grenoble as the King's troops try to arrest the Parlement (7 June) - People hurl tiles at soldiers -->3 people shot dead but soldiers are repelled - Showed that the masses could take on the army when together July: - Mounier holds Estates in Vizille (allowed to by commander of troops from Day of Tiles) - It acts as a precursor to the real Estates-General but achieves nothing practical August: - 400,000 livres left in Royal Treasury (enough for one afternoon of functioning) - Brienne announces bankruptcy - Brienne resigns and is replaced by Necker - Compte Rendu released (useless) & Estates-General is moved to 1789 by Necker - Necker relaxes censorship (pamphlets) and is loved even more - Clergy give embarissingly low "don gratuit" = King is ruling poorly September: - Parlement of Paris says Estates-General (E-G) should convene like in 1614= lost their support instantly, especially from bourgeoisie November: - Duport forms "Society of thirty" at his house (political clubs banned) - They canvass for "Doubling of the Third" - Mostly nobles (50 out of 55) - Second Assembly of Notables convened to decide whether to double the Third Estate's deputies - It achieves nothing (dissolved in December) December: - Necker doubles the third = more popularity for him - Coldest winter of Louis XVI's reign (average of -5 degrees celsius)
- Wolves enter the streets of Paris - Eden Treaty & poor harvest raise bread prices 1789 Jan-May: - Bread costs 90% of worker's wage - Cahiers drawn up - Politicisation & growth in expectation (pamphlets, cahiers, voting issue, agricultural problems) January: - Abbe Sieyes publishes the "What is the Third Estate?" pamphlet (most famous pamphlet) - Called for a constitution, end of privilege, vote by head (political representation, liberty - Defined 3rd Estate and gave a guide of what to do - Politicised ideas & introduced idea of a national assembly April: - Reveillon Riots occur at Jeux Baptiste Reveillon's wallpaper factory in Paris - He suggested a maximum on bread but workers thought he wanted lower wages - Workers also disgruntled by high food prices & low wages - 25 people shot by troops = it was a precedent of the Bastille Lead-up to the Estates-General: [1] Voting: Doubling of the Third granted December 1788 Voting per head still not resolved (traditionally 1 vote per estate) [2] Cahiers: Intended by King to prevent discontent but merely showed more problems Instructions to guide elected representatives They improved people's expectations about what would occur Nobility proved more radical than expected Peasant had more material grievances (no political demands) Bourgeoisie edited these out in place of political ideals) [3] Economic issues: High bread prices Low wages Cold winter & bankrupt government [4] Pamphlets: Pamphlet War (May 1788-April 1789) --> 4,000 individual pamphlets published Politics became the new topic of conversation Composition of the Estates-General: First Estate: - Most deputies were priests not bishops = wanted meritocracy in Church, no system of deference and more liberal - Bishops expected to be elected and thus didn't attend elections (only 3 absentee bishops elected) Second Estate: - 1/4 liberal but otherwise conservative (old, traditional nobles) Third Estate: - One peasant deputy - Inexperienced in politics - Filled with patriot ideals (liberal bourgeoisie)
- Mostly lawyers and civil servants May: - Mirabeau publishes his "Letters to his Constituents" informing people about what is happening at the Estates-General May 4: - Estates-General parade - Social distinctions enforced by the King = seems he is despotic and not open to change - 3rd Estate must wear black while 1st and 2nd wear full regalia - Duc d'orleans walks with 3rd Estate --> brought back by the King later - Anti-royal family (against wastefulness) Church sermon = King is defensive next day May 5: - Opening of the Estates-General - King addresses each estate separately (upholding traditional deference) - 1st estate in Hall of Mirrors (closed) for address, 2nd Estate with doors ajar, 3rd in lesser salon May 6: - Necker gives 3 hour speech on finances --> loses his voice - People thought Marie Antoinette altered it when someone else read it out (she hated Necker) - King's and Barentin's (Keeper of the Seals) speeches are conservative May: - Stalemate over voting & verification of credentials (3rd want it done together) Stalemate because... - Third Estate have no experience in politics or running a country = they couldn't take it over yet - Deputies still arriving until the end of May = Paris deputies most radical but not there yet - Nervous about taking on the King (dangerous as they still wanted a monarch) End of May: - Bailly elected leader of the 3rd Estate - 2nd Estate leave to decide on issue of common verification alone + Paris deputies arrive June 4: - Louis Joseph (the Dauphin) dies of tuberculosis aged 7 - King retreats distraught, no heir, distracted by grief for 1 month June 10: - Abbe Sieyes convinces 3rd Estate to send final invitation to 1st and 2nd Estate June 11: - Invitations sent June 12: - Third Estate verification begins with no reply June 13: - 3 cures from Poitou join Third Estate = floodgates are open June 14: - 16 more priests join - 3 days of discussion on name of new body June 17: - Sieyes suggests National Assembly - It is voted for (90 vote against) and Nat. Assembly breaks away (popular sovereignty) June 19: - First Estate joins the National Assembly (NA) June 20: - NA is locked out by guards, note scheduling a Royal Session for 23rd of June is on door - It is raining so the deputies go to a nearby tennis court (indoors) - Bailly and Sieyes suggest 'Tennis Court Oath (written by Mounier & Barnave) - All but one sign: "we won't disband until there is a constitution"
June 23: - Royal Session (Necker doesn't attend = people wary) - Kings says NA is void & orders the estates to meet separately - Follows with concessions: no corvee, no lettres de cachet, equal taation - No one listens to these - 1st and 2nd Estate leave at the end - Mirabeau (along with 3rd Estate) refuses to leave unless "at bayonet point" - King leaves them there=validates the existence of the NA in the minds of those who remain June 24: - 151 deputies from the 1st Estate join the 3rd Estate June 25: - 47 deputies (plus Duc d'orleans) from 2nd Estate join 3rd Estate June 27: - Louis concedes and orders all estates to meet as the NA July 1: - Louis recruits 20,000 troops (some foreign mercenaries) - Bread prices at 88% of a worker's wage - The troops surround Ile de France (Paris) = noticeable, cause of fear of oppression for people July 11: - Necker is dismissed by the King = gives the people a reason to riot July 12: - News of Necker's dismissal reaches Paris & Desmoulins urges on riots by speaking at Palais Royal - St Lazare monastery (converted into prison) looted of grain = rumours of grain hoarders develop - Crowds attack 40 out of 50 customs houses & begin to arm themselves (NA becomes worried about violence July 13: - National Guard formed by electors - King orders the arrest of Mirabeau and other leaders July 14: - Hotel des Invalides looted for weapons, guards join the people - Bastille stormed (symbol of despotism) and 7 prisoners rescued - Launay (Governor of Bastille) and Flesselles (Mayor of Paris) are lynched and killed - Crowd realised they could achieve things together (with violence) - They thought that they had saved the Revolution as well as the NA July 15: - Bailly made mayor of Paris - Lafayette made commander of the National Guard July 16: - Necker recalled & troops pull out of Paris July 22: - de Sauvigny (Intendant of Paris) & Foulon (new Controller-General of Finances) killed by crowds At the same time... Rural Revolt & The Great Fear (20th July-6th August) Peasants revolt against culture of deference --> due to: events in Paris, bread prices, desire for change Peasants burn chateaux and seigneurial contracts, and loot grain stores Nobles flee the violence --> peasants think they are leaving to hire mercenaries=great Fear Great Fear: peasants afraid of brigands sent by nobles to crush uprisings Rural revolt caused Great Fear = Great Fear exacerbated Rural Revolt
August 4: - Night of Patriotic Delirium - National Assembly wanted to restore order (bourgeoisie want to end urban & rural revolts) - Estates tried to out-do each other by giving up more privileges August 11: - August Decrees (published changes from Night of Patriotic Delirium) - Toned down from extremity of Night of Patriotic Delirium 10 Mark Questions Plans: E.g. Using three or four points, explain how X contributed to the development of the Revolution/ revolutionary situation. Abbe Sieyes [1] "What is the Third Estate?" Pamphlet war (along with cahiers=expectation) Society of thirty (include doubling of the third) Patriot ideals (American spirit + Enlightenment) [2] Deputy at Estates-General Urged on hesitant Third Estate deputies Suggested the name "National Assembly" Invitation to other estates (galvanised into action) Led Third Estate into direct conflict with the King Set in motion events [3] Tennis Court Oath Suggested it (expand with information/dates) This led to Royal Session This led to the urban revolt (Bastille) Compte Rendu [1] Love for Necker It asked for Assembly of Notables Created popular support for Necker (he supposedly produced no debt even in war) Limited effectiveness of other Controller-Generals (they couldn't raise taxes to save the economy because Necker didn't and it seemed as if he had saved the economy) His popularity meant his dismissal triggered the urban revolt [2] Financial Crisis into Fiscal Crisis More loans (40% of government expenditure spent on repaying loans) False sense of security Led to Assembly of Notables & Parlements clash Led to bankruptcy [3] Political Crisis Brienne vs. Parlements situation (with lit de justice) Calls for the Estates-General arose Social utility of the bourgeoisie Cahiers (exacerbated the problem & created more expectation)
Bastille/Dismissal of Necker [1] Urban Revolt St Lazare + custom houses (40 out of 50) attacked Bastille (describe event with info) Bastille/Dismissal of Necker triggered situation There was a precedent set by Reveillon Riots (pushed the situation further towards violence) [2] Rural Revolt Rural revolt (bread 88% of wage) Great Fear [3] Night of Patriotic Delirium Giving up privilege to stop unrest Progress in revolution Resolved (somewhat) the situation caused by the dismissal/bastille Assembly of Notables [1] Opposition to King Stopped reform and worsened economic issues Explain economic issues a lot [2] Led to battle with the Parlements Brienne is replacement (he suggests lit de justice Exile of Paris Parlement to Troyes Calls for Estates-General & Fundamental Laws released [3] Estates-General Financial issues & question of tax equality and representation Showed that regime couldn't solve its own problems Fiscal crisis became a political one Problems prolonged by Assembly of Notables until the Estates-General Cahiers [1] Bourgeoisie political voice (what was in the cahiers) Want for a political voice & social utility Representation, tax equality, society of 30 Nobility were mostly traditional (some shared the same view as bourgeoisie) Nobility ready to give up tax privilege Liberal clergy deputies (there were few bishops) [2] Expectation Hunger because low bread supplies Patriot ideals + possibility for change Exacerbated the explosive/tense climate [3] Birth of Public Opinion + Freedom of Speech Opinion of the nation + proliferation of political ideas Along with pamphlet war (Sieyes' pamphlet) Palais Royal
Desire for change Necker relaxed censorship Parlement of Paris [1] No lit de justice Against the King and despotism Royal Session (Nov 1788) Leads into political crisis [2] Fundamental Laws (May 1788) Called for Estates-General "those who pay taxes should make them" (i.e. decide how much to pay) Amassed public support (Day of Tiles) [3] Denied Doubling of the Third Lost all support Added further tension Put the onus on the Third Estate to take over the push for change Hunger + cahiers + patriot ideas = revolutionary situation No doubling ended the revolt of the nobles By September, they had sparked a political crisis Calls for representation, popular sovereignty and reform at the Estates-General because of denial Social Distinctions at Estates-General [1] Separation of Third Estate Humiliating parade (different clothing) Separate audience with the King Showed King wasn't open to change [2] Voting Frustrated Third Estate (society of 30) Backward (traditions from 1614) Voting per head at Vizille (precedent) Stalemate in May = more frustration [3] Royal Session (23 June) Chastising Third Estate (King thought them to be subservient) Enforced distinctions & separations No notice taken of concessions American War of Independence [1] Massive debt Necker, de Fleury, Calonne loans (list figures) Exacerbated debt from other wards 1/3 of income spent servicing loans (huge problem for Controller-Generals after Necker's Compte Rendu [2] American Spirit "no taxation without representation"
Precedent: people vs. monarch + tyranny Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man" (1791) showed American Spirit ideas Showed that ideas could challenge royal power Linked with Enlightenment [3] Lafayette Liberal noble Compare to Duc d'orleans (Palais Royal) Society of 30 Public opinion (both figures well known) Actions at Estates-General and with National Guard Publications [1] Compte Rendu au Roi 20,000 copies sold Limited other Controller-Generals (because of adoration of Necker) False sense of security = more loans (financial crisis into fiscal crisis) [2] "What is the Third Estate?" Abbe Sieyes (society of 30) Pamphlet war Politicisation of ideas (from Enlightenment) National Assembly idea Ideas used by National Assembly [3] Cahiers Fuelled debate with what they said (grievances) Guided deputies Demonstrated failures of the King Created expectation (bread prices + pamphlet war + cahiers) Nobility [1] Assembly of Notables Intractable Wanted Compte Rendu (accountability) Calonne dismissed because of their pressure Forced the King to go to the Parlements [2] Parlements Not passed by Brienne Exile to Troyes Day of Tiles Royal Session [3] Estates-General Duc d'orleans in parade Mirabeau (Tennis Court Oath & Royal Session) 2nd Estate joined the National Assembly Society of 30 mostly filled with nobles
Mirabeau [1] Society of 30 & Letters to his Constituents Doubling of the Third Letters to his Constituents kept people informed of events Public opinion and politicisation of ideas (he added to these) Debates on representation & King's actions known [2] Estates-General Noble but Third Estate deputy Against the King's authority Involved in the creation of the National Assembly Signed the Tennis Court Oath [3] Royal Session His quote at the end of it This effectively validated the National Assembly Led to 156 clergy joining (24 June) Led to 48 nobles joining (25 June) Duc d'orleans [1] Royal Session (Nov 1787) Used to pass 520 million in loans Duc questions the legality King seen as a despot Led to further calls for the Estates-General [2] Palais Royal Birth of public opinion Bastion of ideas (no police allowed inside) Idea of social utility for bourgeoisie Desmoulins' actions on 12 July Spread ideas of American Spirit + Enlightenment (link to cafe culture) [3] Estates-General Walked back with Third Estate in parade Brought 47 nobles to National Assembly on 25 June Led to King giving in (27 June) Louis XVI [1] Social Distinctions at Estates-General Angered and humiliated Third Estate deputies Actions at parade (as well as its traditions) He made verification separate King didn't concede anything All this led to the stalemate in May (frustrated the Third Estate further) [2] Lack of activity in June 1789 Death of Dauphin Third Estate saw stubbornness of King
Led to formation of National Assembly (with Mirabeau, Bailly, Sieyes) Letter to his Constituents informed the people about the King's conduct [3] Royal Session Tried to shut down the National Assembly = Tennis Court Oath (describe it) Scolded the National Assembly at the Royal Session Reforms forgotten & Necker not there Let National Assembly stay (Mirabeau quote) = let it re-form Dismissed Necker & troops in Paris by July 1 Cost of Living [1] Tax System Financial into fiscal crisis Third Estate's burden Taxes from wars (name and date them) + tax names Eden treaty with Britain [2] Harvest Hail in summer 1788 (worst harvest in 40 years) Bread 90% of a worker's wage Combined with other issues/pressures (pamphlet war, cahiers etc.) [3] Reveillon Riots Caused by growing tensions in poor economic state Urban revolt after dismissal of Necker Dismissal triggered frustrated people They acted based of precedent of Reveillon Riots Failure of Reform [1] Compte Rendu Showed no need for reform Instilled false sense of security (exacerbated financial crisis) People expected more transparency/accountability [2] Assembly of Notables & Parlements Revolt of the nobles (nothing achieved and blocked the King's attempts to change) Parlements failed to pass reforms Calls for Estates-General resulting [3] King at Estates-General Doubling of the Third issue (resolved by Necker) Voting issue Showed he was adverse to change Went against the National Assembly (traditional) Attempted use of force Actions of the Royal Family [1] Duc d'orleans Assembly of Notables Question legality of Royal Session (Nov 1788)
Society of Thirty Estates-General [2] Louis at beginning of Estates-General Parade (enforcing social distinctions) Separate verification, voting issue Stalemate in May Led to formation of National Assembly (Sieyes) [3] Tennis Court Oath & Royal Session onwards Went against Necker (with Artois + ministers) Shutdown National Assembly = Tennis Court Oath (describe it) Scolded the National Assembly then gave concessions Concession forgotten and Necker absent Troops in Paris (20,000) Dismissal of Necker Unfulfilled Class Expectations [1] Before Estates-General Venal offices (only method of social mobility) Lack of social mobility (restrictions) Lack of political voice Calls for political representation [2] Impasse at Estates-General (mainly during May Separate halls Social distinctions in parade Verification frustration Refusal of 1st and 2nd Estate Led to creation of National Assembly [3] Tennis Court Oath & Royal Session Led to Tennis Court Oath (necessity to take action) Then led to Royal Session Because of lack of progress + expectation still unfulfilled Clergy [1] Brienne Archbishop of Toulouse Battle with Parlements Lit de justice --> Royal Session --> Fundamental Laws [2] Society of Thirty & Sieyes (+Talleyrand & Rabaut) Sieyes in Society of Thirty + pamphlet Canvass for Doubling of the Third (granted) Explain "What is the Third Estate?" + pamphlet war Led to expectation (pamphlets + society) [3] Role at Estates-General Sieyes was Third Estate deputy + radical clergy
Suggests invitations on 10 June Suggests the name 'National Assembly' on 17 June 3 cures from Poitou move on 13 June 16 priests on 14 June 1st Estate on 19 June 151 clergy on 24 June Tennis Court Oath [1] Solidified ideas/progress Achieved expectation (dashed by social distinctions etc.) First achievement after the May stalemate (describe it) i.e. set scene of Estates-General into Tennis Court Oath into Royal Session [2] People wanted to protect progress Explain oath (suggested by Sieyes and Bailly, written by...) Urban revolt --> Bastille 20,000 soldiers & Foulon + Sauvigny deaths Great Fear & Rural Revolt [3] August 4th Night of Patriotic Delirium necessary to stop unrest Ended Great Fear & Rural Revolt Led to end of privilege Tennis Court Oath forced them to begin making decisions Bourgeoisie [1] Social Utility and Patriot Ideals Ideas spread with the birth of public opinion Want for social mobility and utility Rise of patriot ideals (popular sovereignty, representation) More radical cahiers = expectation [2] At Estates-General to Tennis Court Oath Social distinctions = no possibility of change Led to frustration = defiance of King Tennis Court Oath suggested by Bailly (bourgeoisie) & Sieyes Written by Mounier & Barnave (bourgeoisie) Advanced revolutionary situation [3] Royal Session causing Urban Rebolt Remained with Mirabeau at Royal Session Led to National Assembly being verified (27 June) People defended it with Urban Revolt National Guard set up by bourgeoisie electors (13 July) Desmoulins (bourgeoisie) incited crowds (12 July) Marie Antoinette [1] Diamond Necklace Affair Erosion in confidence
Desacralisation Blamed for financial crisis [2] Early Estates-General Thought to have altered Necker's speech (6 May) Continued to oppose him Created bad sentiments (she was spat at in the parade) Absent with Louis after death of Dauphin [3] Dismissal of Necker Sided with Comte de Provence & Breteuil in firing Necker Caused urban revolt Led to rural revolt and Great fear Constantly working to get Necker removed