qalta uflebebis istoriuli aspeqtebi

socialur mecnierebata seria qalta uflebebis istoriuli aspeqtebi saleqcio kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisatvis Tamar sabedasvili Tbilisi 2006

socialur mecnierebata seria mtavari redaqtori: enobrivi redaqtori: marine CitaSvili lia kawarava dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi socialur mecnierebata centri, 2006 Center for Social Sciences, 2006 q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10 el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebata centris~ (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI Zug, budapestis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umarlesi ganatlebis mxardaweris programis (HESP) finansuri xelsewyobit The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest. ISBN: 99940-871 - 0 - X

Sinaarsi kvira 1.... 4 1. kursis `qalta adamianis uflebebi: samartlis genderul-istoriuli aspeqtebi~ Sesavali, mizani, Sinaarsi, motxovnebi da struqtura.... 4 2. ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikoni... 5 3. vistvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samartlis subieqtis sakitxi, gviani Sua saukuneebis debatebi.... 16 kvira 2... 18 1. vistvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samartlis subieqtis sakitxi, qalebi da safrangetis revolucia... 18 2. ufleba aircio da iyo arceuli pirveli talris feministebis yvelaze xangrzlivi brzola... 22 kvira 3... 23 1. ufleba aircio da iyo arceuli pirveli talris feministebis yvelaze xangrzlivi brzola (gagrzeleba)... 23 2. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli bolsevikuri saxelmwifos dros sabwota kavsiri 1918-1936 wlebsi.... 29 kvira 4... 30 1. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli bolsevikuri saxelmwifos dros sabwota kavsiri 1918-1936 wlebsi (gagrzeleba).... 30 2. qalta uflebebi da saertasoriso organizaciebi... 36 kvira 5... 37 1. qalta uflebebi da saertasoriso organizaciebi (gagrzeleba)... 37 2. qalta uflebebi da saertasoriso organizaciebi... 37 kvira 6... 56 1. rogor sruldeba saertasoriso valdebulebebi: saqartvelos gamocdileba qalta uflebrivi mdgomareobis kutxit 1991-2004 wlebsi... 56 2. qalta uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqartvelosi: izulebit gadaadgilebuli qalebi... 69 kvira 7... 74 1. sqesobrivi diskriminacia samusao adgilze debatebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi... 74 2. rogor davaregulirot ojaxuri Zladoba, gasatvaliswinebeli gamocdileba... 77 kvira 8... 87 1. saarcevno kanonmdebloba sakanonmdeblo organosi qalta warmomadgenlobis zrdastan dakavsirebuli sakitxebi... 87 2. kursis ZiriTadi Temebisa da sakitxebis Sejameba. konsultaciebi saboloo esses dasawerad... 97 bibliografia... 98 WOMEN S HUMAN RIGHTS: GENDER ASPECTS OF HISTORY OF LAW... 102 3

kvira 1. 1. kursis `qalta adamianis uflebebi: samartlis genderul-istoriuli aspeqtebi~ Sesavali, mizani, Sinaarsi, motxovnebi da struqtura. literatura: Nicholson, Linda (ed.) Introduction, Early Statements in The Second Wave: A reader in Feminist Theory, New Yourk, Routledge, 1997, 1-10. Moscow Center for Gender Studies, Glossary, available on-line at: <http://www.gender.ru/russian/glossary/index.shtml>, last viewed on 6 February 2005. kursis arwera: samartlis genderuli aspeqtebis warmosacenad kursi studentebs stavazobs istoriul eqskurss qalta uflebebis damcavi samartlebrivi azrovnebis ganvitarebis Sesaxeb, dasavletsa (dasavlet evropa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) da sabwota kavsirsi. kursis dasawyissi mimovixilavt im istoriul garemoebebs, romlebmac xeli Seuwyo qalta uflebriv diskriminacias, davsvamt kanonsemoqmedis obieqturobis, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da damokidebulebis sakitxebs. qalta samartlebrivi mdgomareobis mimoxilvas daviwyebt safrangetis burjuaziuli revoluciidan da davasrulebt XX saukunis miwurulis monacemebit. qalta politikuri uflebebistvis brzolas (feministta pirveli talra), XIX saukunidan moyolebuli vidre XX saukinis 20-ian wlebamde davutmobt gansakutrebul yuradrebas, rogorc qalta uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis istoriul safuzvels. kursis farglebsi dawvrilebit SevCerdebiT im Zalisxmevaze, romlebsac saertasoriso organizaciebi (erta liga da gaero) mimartavdnen qalta uflebrivi mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad, aseve im procesebze, romlebic Tan axlda qalta uflebebis damcavi saertasoriso dokumentebis adgilobriv kanonmdeblobasi asaxvasa da danergvas. kursis am nawilsi CavuRrmavdebiT qalta konvenciis musaobis praqtikas saqartvelosi (1994 wels Cveni qveyana SeuerTda konvencias qalta diskriminaciis yvela formis armofxvris Sesaxeb). davsvamt kitxvebs im mizezebisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb, rac axlavs tranziciuli saxelmwifoebis mtavrobebis mier saertasoriso adamianis uflebebis damcav samartlis dokumentebtan miertebas. gavamaxvilebt yuradrebas im araxelsayrel Sefardebaze, romelic arsebobs qalta de faqto da de iure mdgomareobas Soris sazogadoebasi fesvgadgmuli diskriminaciuli tradiciebis gamo da, romelic nateli dadasturebaa imisa, rom kanonmdebloba ar aris yovlissemzle da universaluri sxvadasxva vitarebasi myofi adamianebis dasacavad. kursi studentebis yuradrebas miapyrobs samarlebrivi regulirebis iset aspeqtebze, sadac kanonmdeblebisa da kanonmdeblobis genderuli mgrznobeloba gadamwyvetia qalta uflebebis dasacavad. aseti gansakutrebit mnisvnelovani sferoebia abortisa da ojaxuri Zaladobis regulireba. gavecnobit am kutxit amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleti da centraluri evropis qveynebis mdgomareobas. kursis bolos SevCerdebiT im urtiertdamokidebulebaze, rac arsebobs saarcevno kanonmdeblobas, saarcevno sistemasa da qalta politikur warmomadgenlobas Soris 4

sakanonmdeblo organosi anu imaze, Tu realurad ra Sansebi aqvt qalebs sakanonmdeblo organosi gawevrianebisatvis da ras SeiZleba nisnavdes es gawevrianeba qalta politikuri da samartlebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. kursis bolos aseve SevajamebT kursis mimdinareobisas gamokvetil ZiriTad sakitxebs. kursis mizani: kursis mizania warmoacinos Tu ra gavlenas axdenda, erti SexedviT `neitraluri~ da `obieqturi~ kanonmdebloba qalebisa da mamakacebis uflebriv mdgomareobaze istoriulad, amarldes studentebis cnobiereba samartlis istoriuli da genderuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb. studentta Sefasebis metodebi: kursi studentebisagan moitxovs leqciebsa da seminarebze daswrebasa da aqtiur monawileobas. pirveli saati daetmoba leqciasa da msjelobas. meore saati, seminari, daetmoba studentebis mier momzadebul ZiriTadi da damxmare sakitxavi literaturis zepir prezentaciebs. amas garda. studentebs daevalebat prezentaciebis Semdgomi diskusiisatvis kitxvebis SemoTavazeba. kursis bolos studentebs moetxovebat 10-11 - gverdiani saboloo esse. Sefasebisas TiToeuli zemoxsenebuli komponenti ase ganawildeba: leqcia-seminarebze daswreba da aqtiuri monawileoba - 25% zepiri prezentaciebi da diskusiisatvis SemoTavazebuli kitxvebis xarisxi 35% saboloo esse 40% 2. ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikoni ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikonsi konteqstualurad ganvmartavt im terminebs, romlebmac didi gavlena iqonia feminizmis Teoriebis Camoyalibebaze da am Teoriebis Semadgenel nawilebad iqca. seve, ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikonis mizania studentebs kursis dasawyissive Seuqmnas nateli warmodgena im mnisvnelovani cnebebisa da terminebis Sesaxeb, romlebic uxvadaa gamoyenebuli kursis ama Tu im TemaSi. TumcaRa, konteqstidan gamomdinare, Temebis mixedvitac moxdeba gansakutrebit mnisvnelovani terminebis ganmeorebiti ganmarteba da damatebiti terminebisa da cnebebis Semotana. feminizmi Tavdapirvelad daviwyot TviT feminizmit, feminizmi politikuri mozraoba da doqtrinaa, romelic Caisaxa dasavlet evropasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. is miznad isaxavs qalta da mamakacta Tanabaruflebianobas da emsaxureba qalta uflebebis dacvas. gamomdinare iqidan, qalta uflebebis dacvastan ertad, samyaros kidev rogor 5

xedvasa da ideebs iziareben feminizmis ama Tu im frtis warmomadgenlebi. arsebobs mravali saxis feminizmi: radikaluri, liberaluri, ekofeminizmi, marqsistulsocialisturi da sxva. mati saerto maxasiatebeli da gamaertianebeli RerZi ki qalta da mamakacta Tanabaruflebianobis motxovna da zogadad sazogadoebistvis, mat Soris TviT qalebistvisac, cnobierebis amarlebaa sqesta Soris arsebuli utanasworobasa da am diskriminaciis gamomwvevi istoriuli, socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu politikuri faqtorebis irgvliv. feminizmis istoriasi, mkvetrad gamoxatulia pirveli da meore talra (mesame talris raobisa da arsebobis Sesaxeb feministta wreebsi azrta sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs, amitom Cven ZiriTadad kursis farglebsi pirveli da meore talris feministta saqmianobasa da ideebs SevexebiT). pirveli talris feministebi, romlebmac TvalsaCino aqtivoba XIX saukunesi daiwyes (Tumca XVIII saukunesic arsebobda qalta uflebebisatvis brzolis momentebi) TavianT amocanad qalebisatvis politikuri uflebebis anu arcevnebsi (aqtiuri da pasiuri) monawileobis uflebis mopovebas isaxavdnen. 1 vinaidan miacndat, rom qalebis CarTva aucilebeli iyo kanonsemoqmedebit procesebsi mat es qalta emansipaciis umtavres amocanad miacndat. martalia istoriam dagvanaxa, rom politikuri uflebebis mopoveba ar armocnda sakmarisi qalta mimart diskriminaciis armosafxvrelad, mainc, pirveli talris feministta saqmianoba qalta uflebebisatvis brzolis qvakutxedia. feministta pirvel talras, romelic XX saukunis ocian wlebsi dasrulda, mohyva meore, romlis dasawyisad zogierti mkvlevari 1949 wels miicnevs, anu wels rodesac cnobilma frangma moazrovne qalma simon de bovuarma gamoaqveyna Tavisi wigni `meore sqesi~. mkvelvarta sxva nawili ar etanxmeba am TariRs im mosazrebit, rom Tavad simon de bovuari ar miicnevda Tavis nasroms feministta meore talris agorebis sataved da am arguments amyareben imit, rom meore talris feministta aqtivoba samociani wlebis dasawyisidan gaxda TvalsaCino. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa wignis daweridan 27 wlis Semdeg simon de bovuaris Jurnalist jon gerasistvis micemuli interviu, romelic 1976 wels Jurnal `sosiatis~ (Society) ianvar-tebervlis nomersi daibewda. `gerasi: ukve TiTqmis ocdaxuti weli gavida `meore sqesis~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg. bevri adamiani, gansakutrebit amerikasi, miicnevs am wigns Tanamedrove qalta mozraobis dasabamad. Tqven... bovuari: me ase ar vfiqrob. Tanamedrov feministuri mozraobisatvis [70-iani wlebis], romelic mzlavrad sul rarac xuti eqvsi wlis win daiwyo, Tavdapirvelad naklebad cnobili iyo es wigni. ukve Semdeg, mozraobis gazlierebastan ertad, mozraobis zogiertma liderma gamoiyena wigni TavianTi Teoriebis safuzvlad. `meore sqess~, aravitar SemTxvevaSi miucia bizgi da qalta mozraobis sawyisi ar yofila. amjamad qalta mozraobasi CarTuli qalebis umetesoba 1949-50 wlebsi anu, roca wigni gamovida Zalian axalgazrdebi iyvnen, ase rom igi matze gavlenas ver iqoniebda. me msiamovnebs is, rom mat igi mogvianebit armoacines. ra Tqma unda, zogoert ufros qals magalitad beti fridans, romelmac Tavisi wigni `qalurobis mistika~ (The Feminine Mistique) me momizrvna wakitxuli hqondat wigni da man SesaZloa garkveuli gavlenac ki iqonia mat Semoqmedebaze, magram sxvebze amas ver vityvit. agalitad, qeit mileti ertxelac ar axdens Cems citirebas Tavis wignsi. es qalebi SesaZloa gaxdnen feministebi im mizezebis gamo, romlebsac me arvwer Cems `meore sqessi~, 1 meti informacia pirveli talris feministta qalta politikuri uflebebisatvis brzolis Sesaxeb ixilet meore da mesame kviris masalebsi. 6

magram mat es mizezebi sakutar cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasi armoacines da ara Cems wignsi.~ 2 feministta meore talra, gansakutrebit samocdaatian wlebsi gamoirceoda radikalizmit. feministebi cdilobdnen revoluciuri ideebis agitaciita da zogadad revoluciis gzit daemxot patriarqaluri sazogadoeba, romelic, mati azrit, mxolod mamakacebs azlevda xels da qalebs imonebda. qalta diskriminacia universaluria! - ambobdnen meore talris dasawyisis feministebi. meore talris feminizmi ar unda ganvixilot rogorc ertiani unificirebuli mozraoba, romelic sxvadasxva drosa da sivrcesi ertgvarad mimdinareobda. piriqit, meore talristvis damaxasiatebelia azrta radikluri sxvaoba TviTon feministebs Soris, gansakutrebit otxmocian da otxmocdaatian wlebsi. mosazrebebi gansxvavdeboda aseve dasavlur da armosavlur, Crdilour da samxretul qalta jgufebs Soris. rogorc zemot avrnisnet, feministebi ertiandebian qalta uflebebisa da zogadad sazogadoebasi mati mgdomareobis gaanalizebisa da gaumjobesebis irgvliv. TumcaRa, meore talris postmodernistma feministebma wamowres qalebisa da qalta problemebis unificirebis, gaertianebis problemurobis sakitxi. vinaidan qalebi rogorc interesta jgufi diversificirebulia etnikuri, religiuri, klasobrivi e.i. socialur-kulturuli maxasiateblebis mixevdit. mgvarad, mnisvnelovania qalta Soris gansxvavebebis danaxva da ase brzola feminizmis politikuri miznebis misarwevad. genderi genderi ewodeba socialuri sqess. genderi rogorc termini qalta kvlevebsi gamocnda samociani wlebis miwuruls. igi Semovida latinur enebsi gramatikuli sqesis armnisvneli sityva gender-isgan da SeiZina socialuri sqesis mnisvneloba. genderis rogorc terminis Semotana sawiro gaxda imitom, rom analizisas mkvlevrebs ertmanetisgan gaemijnat biologiuri sqesi, romlis mixedvitac adamianebi mamrobiti an mdedrobiti sqesis arsebebad ibadebian (SeisaZloa adamiani orsqesianic daibados, rac plastikuri CareviT regulirdeba), socialuri sqesisgan (genderisgan) anu sazogadoebrivi urtiertobebisa da faseulobebis sistemisgan, romelic mat qalebad da mamakacebad ayalibebs. genderisa da genderuli kvlevebis popularizacias imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom igi ar fokusirdeba marto qalebze, aramed kacebzec, ara mxolod imitom, rom mati mdgomareobis qalebis mgomareobistvis Sedarebis xarjze moxdes qalebis diskriminaciis demonstrireba, aramed TviT mamakacurobis rogorc socialur-kulturuli fenomenis Sesaswavladac. genderi aris socialuri kategoria, romelic istoriulad arsebobs da epoqebisa da konteqstis gatvaliswinebit mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis. qalta adamianis uflebebi miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebebis dacva saertasoriso ariarebul prioritetad iqca meore msoflio omis Semdeg, gansakutrebit ki gaertianebuli erebis organizaciis Seqmnis Sedegad da adamianis uflebebis dasacavad Seiqmna mravali saertasoriso dokumenti, qalebis adamianuroba ar armocnda sakmarisi mizezi 2 Targmani: Tamar sabedasvili 7

imisatvis, rom matac efeqturad esargeblat am saertasoriso adamianis uflebata damcavi instrumentebit. amgvarad, gaeros sistemasive sawiro gaxda specialuri saertasoriso meqanizmebis Seqmna, romlebic usualod qalebis adamianuri uflebebis dacvas moemsaxureboda, kursis msvlelobisas Cven mimovixilavt am meqanizmebs. sityva `adamiani~ istoriulad imdenad iyo kacuri Sinaarsobrivi datvirtvis matarebeli. miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom TanamedroveobaSi es sityva orive sqesis arsanisnavad gamoiyeneba, qalebtan mimartebasi misi gataviseba ar amowurula. gaeros `adamianta uflebebis sayoveltao deklaraciis~ mirebisas qalebs Zalian `gaumar- TldaT~, rom isinic moiazres deklaraciis konteqstsi wina saukuneebis mnisvnelovan dokumentebtan SedarebiT. 3 TumcaRa, CarTvam ver uzrunvelyo qalebi adamianis uflebebita da mati dacvit. qalebis CarTva am SemTxvevaSi migvanisnebs gaeros mier qalebis adamianebad ariarebaze, magram es ariareba ver izens praqtikul mnisvnelobas, vinaidan de faqto qalebi dresac ganicdian uflebriv Seviwrovebas kacebtan SedarebiT. amgvarad, termini `qalta adamianis uflebebi~ aqcents svams ertis mxriv, im istoriul diskriminaciaze, romlis Sedegadac qalta moazreba warmatebulad ver moxerxda adamianis uflebata koncefciasi, xolo, meores mxriv xazs usvams adamianis uflebata damcavi meqanizmebis qalebze gavrcelebaze da praqtikulad aregulirebs qalta sxvadasxva jgufis (gatxovili qalebi, etnikuri umciresobis qalebi, gogonebi da sxva.) uflebebs. feministi mkvlevrebi ver Tanxmdebian qalta adamianis uflebebis artikulaciisa da danergvis strategiebze, zogierti matgani, magalitad, selina romani fiqrobs, rom qalta uflebebi ufro Zlieri da mravlismomcveli iqneba, Tu mat gamotqvamen qalebis da ara adamianis uflebebis arsebul diskurssi, romelic mamakacuri dominirebis gamo ar aris sakmarisad mgrznobiare qalebis problemebisadmi. sxvebi, magalitad, hilari Carlsvorsi miicnevs, rom adamianis uflebebis diskursi im formit ra formitac arsebobs ukve moicavs berketebs qalta uflebebis dasacavad, gansakutrebit iset sazogadoebebsi sadac, qalebis uflebebis mzime darrvevebi xdeba. 3 arc erti Semdegi dokumenti ar moixsniebs da Sesabamisad ar exeba qalebs: kacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia (mirebuli safrangetis erovnuli asambleis mier 1789 wlis 26 agvistos); virjiniis uflebebis deklaracia (Seqmnili jorj meisonis mier da ertxmad mirebuli virjiniis delegatta konventis mier 1776 wlis 12 ivniss); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobis deklaracia (1776, 12 ivlisi); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bili uflebebis Sesaxeb (ratificirebuli 1791 wlis 15 dekembers). 8

genderi da globalizacia 4 globalizaciis genderul aspeqtebze saubrisas Sexebis ramdenime ZiriTadi sakitxia arsanisnavi: (1) saertasoriso safinanso organizaciebis zemoqmedebit mtavrobebis mier ganxorcielebuli struqturuli cvlilebebis genderulad disagregirebuli gavlena mosaxleobaze, (2) warmoebebis internacionalizaciita da gafartoebit gamowveuli qalta SromiTi pirobebisa da uflebebis sakitxi da (3) Cveni drois monoba trefikingi, romelic qartulad `adamianebit vawrobis~ saxelitaa cnobili. kargadaa Seswavlili struqturuli cvlilebebis Sedegebi qalebis mdgomareobaze. bevr qveynebsi socialuri momsaxurebebis Semcirebis xarjze gazrdilma saeqsportod momgebianma warmoebam gamoiwvia is, rom gaizarda qalebis Sroma dabalanazraurebad dargebsi, gansakutrebit ki, soflis meurneobasi, masin, roca Sesabamisad Semcirda qalebistvis sargebeli da xelmisawvdomoba socialur momsaxurebebze. amis mizezi isicaa, rom proporciulad msoflios masstabit mamakacebi akontroleben, warmoebis momgebian sferoebs, qalebi ki ZiriTadad dabalanazraurebad samusaos asruleben. 5 globalizaciis seriozuli genderuli aspeqti ukavsirdeba dasaqmebis sferos. es sakitxi mravali feministi mkvlevris mieraa Seswavlili da isini ertxmad arnisnaven, rom ganvitarebad qveynebsi globalizaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili mxolod is mravalricxovani samusao adgilebia qalebistvis gankutvnili, romlebic yvelaze dabalanazraurebadia. didi saertasoriso sawarmoebi, iaf musa xelze da sawarmoo resursebze daxarbebulebi Svilobil kompaniebs xsnian ganvitarebad qveynebsi da Zalian xsirad asaqmeben qalebs, romelta SromiTi uflebebic, gansakutrebit ki usafrtxo samusao pirobebis ufleba irrveva da minimaluri anazraurebis gamo isini vneben TavianT janmrtelobas. 4 globalizaciis rogorc terminis gansazrvrebebi SeiZleba orgvarad davajgufot erti, teqnikuri da meore - politikuri saxis ganmartebebi. teqnikuri ganmartebebi garkveuli saertasoriso ekonomikuri procesebis arwerit asaxaven Tanamedroveobis iset procesebs, romlebic sasualebas azlevs adamianebs gaadvilebuli gzebit daukavsirdnen ertmanets da awarmoon biznesi saertasoriso doneze, wamebsi gaavrcelon da moipovon informacia. arian iseti mkvlevrebic, romlebic saertod ar ariareben globalizacias rogorc TanamedroveobisaTvis simptomur, gansakutrebul movlenas. mati mtkicebit saertasoriso doneze informaciis gacvla da sxvadasxva saxis urtiertobebi gansakutrebit ki, vawroba oditganve arsebobda, Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove epoqasi globalizaciaze ki ara, teqnologiis daxvewaze unda visaubrot mxolod, romelmac amgvari procesebi bevristvis xelmisawvdomi da masstaburi gaxada. TumcaRa, amgvari mosazrebis mqone mecnierebis ricxvi dritidre mcirdeba da sul ufro meti adamiani ariarebs globalizaciis, rogorc axali, Tanamedrove fenomenis arsebobas. globalizaciis ganmsazrvrel meore tipis ganmartebebs mati ideologiuri datvirtvis gamo, SeiZleba ufro politikuri ganmartebebi vuwodot. politikuri ganmartebebis mixedvit, sakmarisi araaa globalizaciis mxolod, rogorc ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri progresisa da TanamedroveobisaTvis damaxasiatebeli procesebis amsaxveli neitraluri cnebis arwera, radgan globalizacia warmoadgens didi politikuri muxtis matarebel processac, romelic saertasoriso arenaze myof zogiert qveyanasa da mis moqalaqeebs ufro xelsayrel vitarebasi ayenebs, vidre sxvebs. globalizaciis politikur ganmartebas Cveulebriv antiglobalistebi izlevian. ert-erti aseti ganmartebis mixedvit, globalizacia aris ekonomikurad susti qveynebis eqspluatireba msoflios ekonomikuri sistemebis dakavsirebis gzit, da mati izuleba daemorcilon da damokidebulic ki gaxdnen dasavlur kapitalistur weswyobilebaze. antiglobalizmi ki, Sesabamisad warmoadgens xalxis mozraobas, mimartuls imisaken, rom daitrgunos globalizaciuri procesebi, romlebic udavod politikuri nisnis matarebelia da utanasworoba moaqvs. (antiglobalizaciis Sesavali, gansazrvreba da resursebi, Introduction to Anti- Globalization Definition and Resources, ixilet internetsi Semdeg misamartze: <http://www.anti-marketing.com/antiglobalization.html>) arsebobs adamianta mteli rigi vinc antiglobalistobisgan an globalistobisgan gadaixara alternatiuli igive alterglobalistobisken. am jgufsi ertiandebian is mkvlevrebi, romlebic miicneven, rom SeuZlebelia globalizaciis SeCereba an Sewyveta, SesaZlebelia mxolod misi Secvla, ise, rom igi socialurad orientirebuli da maqsimalurad humanuri anu adamianebistvis sargeblis momtani iyos. 5 keri, joana da karolin svitmani (red.), qalebi xelaxla igoneben globalizacias, gv. 4. Joanna Kerr and Caroline Sweetman, Women Reinventing Globalisation, Oxfam GB 2003, 4. 9

am TvalsazrisiT, sagulisxmoa meqsikuri eqsportis gadamamusavebeli zonebis e.w. makiladorebis gamocdileba, romlebic ertgvari `Tavisufali~ savawro zonebia meqsikis teritoriaze, meqsika-amerikis sazrvris gayolebit, sadac mravali meqsikelia dasaqmebuli, gansakutrebit ki, qalebi. amjamad meqsika amerikis sazrvarze 4 000-mde makiladoris qarxana-fabrikaa ganlagebuli, romlebsic daaxloebit erti milioni adamiani musaobs. 6 msxvili amerikuli kompaniebi, gansakutrebit, `zeniti~, `jonson kontrolsi~, `karlisl plastiksi~ da sxvebi aizuleben qalebs orsulobis testi Caitaron (sisxlisa da Sardis analiztan ertad) samsaxursi misarebad, fexmzimoba, ki ganixileba rogorc dasaqmebaze uaris Tqmis ert-erti mnisvnelovani motivi. SeiniSneba fexmzimobis gamo qalebis gatavisuflebis an daqveitebisa da xelfasis daklebis SemTxvevebi. 7 fabrika-sawarmoebsi qalebis musaobastan dakavsirebit wamowril debatebsi xsirad gaismoda mowodeba qalebis am sferodan datxovis Sesaxeb, gansakutrebit, dasavletsi, sadac musebis SromiTi uflebebis dacvis sakitxebi saukuneebis ganmavlobasi etapobrivad, ZiriTadad mainc mamakacze morgebulad Camoyalibda, vinaidan swored mamakaci moiazreboda da bevr qveyanasi dremde moiazreba idealur musa-mosamsaxured, romelsac Sesabamisad ar mouxdeba dekretsi gasvla, ar Seawuxebs ojaxuri sazrunavi Svilebze, iqneba fizikurad ufro Zlieri da gonebrivad ufro koncentrirebuli. TumcaRa, qalebma daamtkices, rom rogorc ganatlebis aseve dasaqmebis sferosi mat SeuZliaT seriozuli warmatebebis mirweva, da is faqti, rom samusao pirobebi SesaZloa mattvis naklebad xelsayreli iyos, vidre mamakacebistvis damqraveblisa da SromiTi kanonmdeblobis dauxvewaobis bralia. anu es ukanasknelni arasakmarisad mgrznobiareni arian qalebis mdgomareobis mimart da amis gamo mat diskrminirebas axdenen mamakacebtan SedarebiT, visze morgebuladac moxda mati Camoyalibeba. globalizaciis uaryofit Sedegad SeiZleba mivicniot XX saukunis monobis, trefikingis problemac. komunikaciis gaadvilebuli sistema xels uwyobs kriminaluri qselebis Seqmnasa da adamianebis gabmas amgvar qselebsi. trefikingi exeba rogorc mamakacebs, aseve qalebsac. xsiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac emigrant mamakacebs abamen monur SromaSi, arrveven mat SromiT uflebebs da uryeven janmrtelobas. magram ufro xsiria qalebis trefikingis SemTxvevebi, xolo Sedegad miyenebuli zarali ara marto janmrtelobis, aramed sicocxlis fasic ki SeiZleba dajdes. mzardi ekonomikuri utanasworoba, romelsac gansakutrebit uaryofiti gavlena aqvs gogonebsa da qalebze, iwvevs ukiduresad Rataki qalebisa da gogonebis motivacias gaaketon yvelaferi gadarcenisatvis. saertasoriso doneze qalebi da bavsvebi iyidebian, rata daakmayofilon motxovnileba seqsualuri momsaxurebis da monuri, uaiafesi Sromis bazarze. gaeros monacemebit adamianebit vawrobis globaluri industria yovelwliurad 5-7miliard amerikuli dolaris odenobis mogebas izleva, yovelwliurad sul mcire 700 000 adamianis damonebis xarjze. 8 adgilobrivi seqsualuri industria globalur doneze gavida da dasavletis qveynebi aavso yofili sabwota qveynebidan, aziidan Tu afrikidan wamosuli gogonebit. 6 Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, maria patricia fernandes-keli, The Silence of Free Trade: Mexican Maquiladoras and Globalization. dumili Tavisufali vawrobis irgvliv: meqsikuri makiladorebi da globalizacia. Rutgers University Press, 2001. 7 LaShawn R. Jefferson, lasaun r. jefersoni, Urge U.S. Companies to Stop Sex Discrimination in Mexican Maquiladoras, moviwodot amerikul kompaniebs sqesobrivi diskriminaciis Sewyvetisken, Human Rights Watch Women s Rights Project, 1997. 8 gaertianebuli erebis monacemi moyvanili p. arlacis nasromsi msoflio danasaulis winaarmdeg, 2000. P. Arlacchi, Against all the godfathers: the revolt of the decent people in The World Against Crime, Special Issue of Giornale di Sicilia, 7. 10

mat prostituciasi Casabmelad fartod gamoiyeneba interneti, xsirad gogonebs stavazoben xelsayrel samusaos barebsa da restornebsi, kazinoebsi, an kerzo momsxurebis sferosi, bavsvebis momvlelad da sxva, xolo sinamdvilesi ankess wamogebul msverpls artmeven passports da piradobis damadasturebel sxva sabutebs, xsirad atusareben da acveven narkotikebs da rac kidev ufro damangrevelia mati fsiqikuri da sulieri mdgomareobistvis aizuleben prostitucias da seqsualuri momsaxurebidan mirebuli Semosavlis mxolod 5%-s Tu ubruneben. arian iseti mandilosnebic, vinc nebayofilobit Tanxmdeba migraciaze prostituciasi CarTvis miznit, TumcaRa matma umravlesobam ar icis im rtuli vitarebis Sesaxeb, ra vitarebasic mat mouwevt cxovreba da musaoba. arc is ician, rom prostituciit mirebuli Semosavlis udidesi nawili mati ar iqneba. umetes qveynebs, TviT ganvitarebul qveynebsac, msxverplta dacvis susti meqanizmebi aqvt, xsirad trefikingis msxverpls romc mieces sasualeba Zalovan struqturebtan dakavsirebis, is Tavs Seikavebs, vinaidan zustad ar icis ra uflebebi aqvs da ramdenad SeuZlia kanons misi dacva, Tu kidev ufro meti zianis miyeneba (aris gamocdileba gogonebis dapatimrebis, deportaciis, rodesac isini kriminalebis devnisa da SantaJis msxverplni xdebian). TumcaRa, globalizacia ara marto negatiur gavlenas axdens qalebis mgomareobaze, TviTon is faqti, rom Cven dres vsaubrobt genderis da globalizaciis kvetis aspeqtebze da Sedegad wamowril sirtuleebze, aseve globalizaciis Sedegia. globalizaciis Sedegia, aseve is gazrdili yuradreba, rasac adamianis uflebata damcvelebi utmoben igive globalizaciit gamowveul uflebadarrvevebs. telekomunikaciisa da internetis swrafma ganvitarebam, msoflio bazrebis da biznesebis dakavsirebam da urtiertdamokidebulebam SesaZlebeli gaxada meti da meti informaciis gavrceleba da cnobierebis amarleba im sazogadoebebsi, visi interesebic ilaxeba da eqspluatirebac xdeba. globalizaciis `wyalobit~ aseve SesaZlebeli gaxda anti-globalizaciuri qselebisa da adamianis uflebata da garemos davciti organizaciebis gaertianeba, 9 romlebic miznad isaxaven saertasoriso doneze daayenon globalizaciis Sedegad wamowrili problemebi da sakitxebi. TumcaRa, ertia sakitxebis dayeneba, xolo meorea am sakitxebis mitana gadawyvetilebis mimreb doneebamde da lobireba sasurveli Sedegis dadgomisatvis, rac Zneli misarwevia, rodesac xsirad processi CarTuli mxareebis mamozravebel Zalas, mat Soris kriminaluri elementebis mamozravebel Zalasac, ekonomikuri daintereseba da sargebelis mirebis survili warmoadgens da Zalian mciria im adamianebis raodenoba, visac aqvs survilic da SesaZleblobac globaluri procesebi Semoabrunos adamianebis uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisa da sxva humanuri miznebis mirwevisaken. sxeuli dasavluri 10 azrovneba istoriulad ganasxvavebda sxeuls gonebisagan. gonebas saxavda privilegirebulad ( vazrovneb, masasadame varsebob ) da racionalur arsebastan mamakactan aigivebda, masin rodesac sxeuli, iracionaluri da emociuri, 9 globalizaciis ganmarteba, Definition of Globalisation ixilet internetsi Semdeg misamartze: <http://www.investorwords.com/2182/globalization.html> 10 dasavleti, dasavluri nasromsi gamoiyeneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikasi arsebuli msoflmxedvelobebisa da tradiciebis arsanisnavad 11

qalis simbolos warmoadgenda. vinaidan am logikit qalebi materiastan ufro daaxloebul arsebebs warmoadgendnen, mati ganivteba ufro advili warmosadgeni da gansaxorcielebi gaxda, vidre mamakacebisa. vinaidan Tavisi sxeulit qali bunebastan igivdeba iudeo-qristianul azrovnebasi mamakacebs matze mflobelobis ufleba aqvt. penisis arqonis gamo froidis fsiqologia mat moazrebs mamakacebze ufro dabali moraluri da mentaluri ganvitarebis arsebebad. mati reproduqciuli funqciis gamo, mat orsul sxeulebs da menstrualur cikls mravali kultura saxavs rogorc mistikurs, tabuirebuls an sasiss. mgvarad, warsulsi da zogan dresac sazogadoebebi qalebs miakutvneben `kerzo~ - ojaxur da ara `sazogadoebriv~ ojaxs garet arsebul sferos da uars eubnebian mat ganatlebaze, dasaqmebaze, da samoqalaqo cxovrebaze zogadad. mgvarad, anatomiuri, sxeulebrivi anu sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi qalebsa da kacebs Soris iqca mnisvnelovan maxasiateblebad, romlebmac gadamwyveti roli itamasa sqesta sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis (privilegirebuli - mamrobit sqesis, naklebad privilegirebuli da zog konteqstsi askarad diskriminirebuli mdedrobit sqesis SemTxvevaSi) Camoyalibebisas. epistemologiebi codna aris informacia, faqtebis, Teoriebis, gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis mesveobitac sazogadoeba an kultura gansazrvravs ra aris mnisvnelovani da swori, ra warmoadgens mis warsuls da rogor esmis bunebisa da sazogadoebis sirtuleebi. im faqtma, rom qalebi da sxva gariyuli, marginalizebuli jgufebi ar monawileobdnen codnis Seqmnisa da dagrovebis processi gamoiwvia is, rom isini cxovroben `realobasi~, romelic mat ar ekutvnit. feministuri epistemologia miznad isaxavs qalebis codnita da informaciit Seavsos msofliosi saukuneebis manzilze privilegirebuli mamakacebis mier dagrovili codna. es sawiroa, rata samyaro ar iqnes danaxuli da arqmuli mxolod erti kutxidan, calmxrivi, mamakacuri perspeqtividan. esensalizmi/ socialuri ageba / gansxvavebuloba feminizmis Teoriis gansazrvrasi didi roli Seasrula azrta Widilma or mosazreabas Soris; pirveli - arsebobs istoriulad mdgradi da maradi mamakacuri da qaluri arsi, buneba da meore, sapirispiro mosazreba, rom aranairi mamakacuri da qaluri sawyisi da arsi ar arsebobs. `mamkacuroba~ da `qaluroba~ socialurad agebuli anu konstruirebuli procesebia. `qalurobisa~ da `mamakacurobis~ socialuri ageba gulisxmobs kulturuli, socialuri, fizikuri da istoriuli gansxvavebebis rtul sistemas, rac sabolood ayalibebs adamianebis genderul Semecnebasa da socialur rolebs. mattvis, visac qaluri da mamakacuri arsisa da bunebrivi sawyisis swams sqesobrivi gansxvaveba Sinagani, bunebrivi da mdgradia, xolo mat visac genderuli rolebis socialuri agebadobis swams, miacniat, rom adamiani ki ar ibadeba qalad an kacad, aramed igi asetad yalibdeba socialuri da kulturuli procesebis wyalobit. isini aqve ganasxvaveben biologiur sqessa (mdedrobiti da mamrobiti) da socialur sqess anu genders (qali da mamakaci). aqve ar unda daviviwyot iseti adamianebi, romlebic imyofebian rogorc biologiuri, aseve socialuri sqesis zrvarze, isetebi rogorebic arian or-sqesiani, transseqsuali da transvevstiti adamianebi. 12

1990-ian wlebsi feminizmis Teoretikosebma, mat Soris, rut hubardma da tereza de lauretisma protesti gamotqves arsebuli dilemis Sesaxeb. hubardi miicnevs, rom biologiuri da socialuri faqtorebi adamianis formirebisas aratu ertmanets ewinaarmdegeba, an ertmanetisgan damoukideblad arsebobs, aramed gamudmebul urtiertqmedebasi imyofeba da avsebs ertmanets. etic, biologiuri sqesi gadajawvulia socialur sqesze. tereza de lauretisma, hubardisgan gansxvavebit, wamoayena mosazreba, rom feminizmis sagani aris ara `qali~, aramed `qaluri sxeulis mqone socialuri arseba~ da is Tavis qalurobas mteli cxovrebis manzilze imecnebs. genderis, rasisa da klasis gadakveta yuradrebis gamaxvileba rasaze, klasobriv kutvnilebaze, erovnebaze, religiasa da tradiciebze gvazlevs sasualebas gavaanalizot, Tu ra gavlenas axdens es kategoriebi adamianis cxovrebaze sqesisa da genderis paralelurad. adamianta uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaanalizebisas, mati dajgufeba ar SeiZleba mxolod sqesobrivi nisnit. rasisa da klasis integrirebis sakitxi feminist mkvlevrebs aqtiurad daudgat mas Semdeg, rac afrikuli warmosobisa da/an musata klasis warmomadgenelma qalebma isini arasolidarulobasi da metic, mati problemebisadmi sibrmavesi daadanasaules, im argumentit, rom meore talris adreuli nasromebi ZiriTadad ajrerebda, mxolod sasualo klasis qalebis problemebs. ena sityvebi, romlebsac Cven yoveldriurad viyenebt asaxavs Cvens kulturasa da Semecnebas da amavdroulad gadaecema momaval Taobas. ena inaxavs da warmoacens Cvens warmodgenebs genderze, magalitistvis: `kacis tvini aqvs~ nisnavs Wkviania, `kacurad ar movkalatdi /gamovizine a.s.~ nisnavs gemrielad, xarisxianad anu gabatonebuli arsebistvis damaxasiateblad. `bati~, `Wuki~, `Steruka~, `qalia ra unda motxovo?~ miutitebs naklebi avtoritetisa da ganvitarebis individze. qartuli ena, sxva enebis msgavsad, bevrs saubrobs sazogadoebasi arsebul genderul stereotipebze. nebismieri teqsti, iqneba es poeturi nawarmoebi Tu samartlebrivi aqti, SeiZleba atarebdes genderuli TvalsazrisiT Zalian mnisvnelovan informacias im sociumis Sesaxeb, saidanac igi gamomdinareobs, amitomac lingvistebs teqstebis genderul WrilSi gaanalizebis Semdeg sazogadoebasi arsebuli genderuli stereotipebis Taobaze didi informaciis mowodeba SeuZliaT. enis anu ufro farto gagebit satqmelis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, mnisvnelovania is garemoebac, rom istoriulad qalebs ar ezleodat TavianTi pirovnebisa da satqmelis pirdapiri, sityvieri Tu werilobiti gzit gadmocemis sasualeba (ganatlebis, sazogadoebasi sityvit gamosvlis akrzalvis gamo). amitom isini cdilobdnen TavianTi satqmelis gaxmaurebas ara sityvieri formebit, aramed sxva, xsirad ufro SemoqmedebiTi formebit: xalicebis qsova, kerva, qargva, saxlis mortva, kulinaria. zogjer mati garemocvistvis Zalian ucveulo formebitac, jadoqroba, mkitxaoba, xilvebis qona da a.s. ris gamoc inkvizicia mat sastikad uswordeboda. 13

Zalaufleba Zalauflebisa da Sromis ganawileba aris socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis genderuli nisnit gadawyvetili ori umtavresi faqtori. qalta mdgomareobis nebismieri analizi Zalauflebis asimetriuli gadanawilebis (mamakacebis sasargeblod)analizia. Zalaufleba rceba feminizmis Teoriis udidesi interesis sagnad. Tanamedrove msoflmxedveloba gmobs Zalauflebis gamoyenebas batonobisa da eqspluataciiis gawevis miznit, masin rodesac Zalauflebis gamoyeneba imisatvis, rom gqondes Tanabari politikuri, samartlebrivi da ekonomikuri uflebebi qalta mozraobistvis misarebia. feministebi xsirad akritikeben `sajaro~ anu sazogadoebriv sferosi Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas, romelic gamoixateba militarizmsi, ekonomikur eqspluataciasi, kolonializmsi. aseve akritikeben `kerzo~ sferosi Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas, gamoxatuls gaupatiurebasi, ojaxur ZaladobaSi (fizikuri, fsiqologiuri, sqesobrivi, ekonomikuri) da incestsi. feministi mkvlevrebi, aseve svamen kitxvas imis Taobaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara Zalauflebis cnebis xelaxali gaazreba, ise, rom qalebmac miiron am processi monawileoba. mat jerjerobit warmatebit moaxerxes is, rom (Zala)ufleba viracaze batonobisa SeecvalaT ama Tu im uflebit sakutari Rirsebis dasacavad. iseti uflebebit rogorebicaa qmedebis, sityvis, arcevanis, cvlilebis motxovnis ufleba. Sromis sqesobrivi gadanawileba Sromis sqesobrivi gadanawileba anu Sromis gadanawileba genderulad gansaz- Rvrul `kerzo~ (saojaxo) da `sazogadoebriv~ (sajaro anu ojaxs garet) sferoebsi anu produqciisa da reproduqciis sferoebsi Teoriulad damusavda gansakutrebit marqsisti, materialisti da socialisti feministebis mier XIX da XX saukuneebsi. mati analizi efuzneba fridrix engelsis Sromas `ojaxis, kerzo sakutrebisa da saxelmwifos warmosiba~ (1884), romelmac Semoitana reproduqcia da qalis Sroma marqsis zogadad genderulad brma Sromis gadanawilebis analizsi. Tanamedrove feministebis mravalma kvlevam daadastura, rom msoflio masstabit qalis Sroma (miuxedavad misi xasiatisa) naklebad fasobs, vidre mamakacis. engelsis mixedvit, zedmeti qonebis dagrovebam, ramac kerzo sakutrebis gacena ganapiroba, gamoiwvia aseve qalis seqsualobis kontroli, radgan memkvidreoba ar gadasuliyo sxvis xelsi. aman qali miajawva ojaxs. Sromis amdagvari gadanawileba kargad emsaxureba industriul kapitalizms, radgan kerzo anu ojaxis sferosi qalis aunazraurebeli Sromis xarjze xdeba kapitalis dazogva, musaxelis Senaxva da gamravleba. kerzo da sazogado sferoebi istoriulad adamianuri cxovrebis or `sazogado~ (public) da `kerzo~ (private) sferoebad gayofa udidesi mnisvnelobis armocnda genderuli kvlevebistvis sqesta Soris arsebuli diskriminaciis gasaanalizeblad. qartulad ufro kargad rom gavitavisot, Tu ras gulisxmobs `sazogado~ da `kerzo~ sferoebi genderuli analizisatvis sawiroa mati uket axsna. `kerzo~ sfero Seexeba ojaxur cxovrebasa da urtiertobebs, romlis monawile da romelsi, gamomwyvdeuli armocnda qali saukuneebis manzilze. `sazogado~ 14

sfero ki Seexeba adamianuri cxovrebis im nawils romelic ojaxs garet mimdinareobs aq moiazreba politikuri, ekonomikuri da, zogadad, sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba, romelic tradiciulad mamakacebis saqmianobas warmoadgenda da aseve ufro meti faseulobis (mat Soris, finansuri anazraurebis TvalsazrisiT) matarebeli iyo, vidre ojaxuri saqmeebi, romelsac `kerzo~ sferosi gamoketili qalebi asrulebdnen (ojaxis wevrebis movla, saojaxo saqmeebis gazrola). aseve tradiciulad samartlit regulirdeboda is `sazogado~ sfero, romelic xasiatdeboda meti monawile pirebita da mat Soris arsebuli urtiertobebis mravalferovnebit. ojaxuri anu `kerzo~ sfero ki, tradiciulad kanonebit ufro mwirad reguldeboda da ZiriTadad iset momentebsi, romlebic sawirboroto da mnisvnelovani iyo `sazogado~ sferos mtavari moqmedi pirisatvis mamakacistvis. magalitad, saukuneebis manzilze gatxovebistanave qali da misi sakutreba, rogorc iuridiuli piri qreboda, iseve rogorc Tavad qali, romelic qmris mflobelobasi gadadioda. es gayofa `kerzo~ da `sazogado~ sferoebs Soris ufro simboluri gaxlavt, vidre realuri. vinaidan rac ar unda saxlsi gamoketilad warmovidginot qali igi, mainc axerxebda saukuneebis manzilze pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gzebit sazogadoebriv aqtivobas. irebda aseve monawileobas produqciis warmoebasi Sida moxmarebistvis, Tu ojaxur biznessi gare moxmarebistvis. amakaci, aseve ar iyo sruliad mowyvetili ojaxur sferos, CarTuli gaxldat ojaxur saqmeebsi da warmoadgenda gadawyvetilebis mimrebs. (TumcaRa, qalebi aseve monawileobdnen gadawyvetilebis mirebasi pirdapiri, Tu iribi gzit). mgvarad, ar arsebobs konkretuli da mkvetri demarkaciis xazi `kerzo~ da `sazogado~ sferoebs Soris. ar arsebobs aseve am sferoebis iseti gansazrvreba, romelic universaluri iqneboda droisa da sazogadoebebis mixedvit, es ori simboluri sfero, romelsac ZiriTadad saxelmwifo gansazrvravs da adamianuri urtiertobebi avsebs cvalebadia droisa da konteqstis mixedvit da inarcunebs, mxolod zogad maxasiateblebs. am maxasiateblebis mixedvit `sazogado~ sferosi yofna da morvaweoba ufro faseuli da mnisvnelovania da aq mtavar motamaseebs mamakacebi warmoadgenen, xolo `kerzo sferosi gaweuli Sroma naklebad dafasebuli da anazraurebulia da am sferosi gamwev Zalad qalebi rcebian. feministi mkvlevarebi problemurad saxaven am ori sferos arsebobasa da urtiertqmedebas, Sesabamisad, meore talris feministta lozungma: `ersonal is political!~ `piradi mnisvnelobis sakitxebi politikuri mnisvnelobisaa!~ udidesi datvirtva SeiZina, vinaidan am gzit gadawyda `sazogado~ sferos dris wesrigsi `kerzo~ sferosi wamowrili problemebis dayeneba. aqve unda arvnisnot is garemoeba, rom zemo Tqmulidan gamomdinare, kurssi Cven ar ganvixilavt qalebs rogorc ertian aradiversificirebul kategorias. magalitad, Sua saukuneebsi marali wrisa da mdidari ojaxis wevri qali gacilebit meti privilegiita da uflebit sargeblobda, vidre Rataki da dabali fenis warmomadgeneli mamakaci. aseve, Tu SemovitanT egret wodebul rasobriv maxasiatebels davrwmudnebit, rom amerikis feradkaniani mosaxleoba rogorc mamakacebi, iseve qalebi istoriulad gacilebit meti diskriminaciisa da uuflebobis mdgomareobasi imyofebodnen, vidre dabali fenis TeTrkaniani qalebi, romlebsac Tavis mxriv, Tavisive fenis TeTrkaniani mamakacebi jabnidnen. Sesabamisad, klasebs Soris adamianta uflebrivi mdgomareoba mkvetrad gansxvavdeboda, magram klasebs SigniT qalebi tradiciulad ufro SezRudul mdgomareobasi imyofebodnen, vidre mamakacebi. mnisvnelovania imis gatvaliswinebac, rom msjelobisas ar vgulisxmobt konkretul qalebs, aramed ama Tu im epoqisa da sazogadoebisatvis damaxasiatebel qalurobasa da mamakacurobas. moviazrebt genderul rolebs istoriul- 15

samartlebriv rakurssi. vafasebt mirebuli da sazogadoebrivad gamartlebuli genderuli rolebis xelsayrelobasa da uflebriv mdgomareobas qalebisa da mamakacebisatvis. 3. vistvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samartlis subieqtis sakitxi, gviani Sua saukuneebis debatebi. literatura: Gisela Bock, «Querelle des femmes: A European Gender Dispute» in Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 1-31. zogadi Sesavlis (kursis arwerisa da ZiriTad terminta leqsikonze saubris) Semdeg gadavidet kursis konkretul sakitxebze. pirveli aseti Tema dagvexmareba Cveni genderul-istoriuli eqskursis dawyebasi. Sua saukuneebis dasavlet evropasi sqesta Sesaxeb arsebuli debatebis mimoxilva sasualebas mogvcems warmovidginot is garemo da Rirebulebebi, romlis memkvidrec Tanamedrove evropuli sazogadoeba da azrovnebaa. Sua saukuneebidan dawyebuli istoriuli eqskursi dagvexmareba im gzisa da progresis gaazrebasi, rac qalebma rogorc sociumis wevrebma gamoiares. qalta uflebrivi SezRudvis mizezs rogorc Sua saukuneebsi, aseve mas Semdeg didi xnis manzilze warmoadgenda is faqti, rom rogorc kanonmdebeli anu samartlis subieqti ise kanondebuli anu samartlis obieqti gaxldat mamakaci. Zogadad, samartali iqmneboda mamakacebis mier mamakacebisatvis da is Zalian mkafiod ireklavda Tanamedrove sazogadoebis genderul warmodgenebsa da privilegiebs. safrangetis burjuaziuli revoluciis gaxseneba, nisandoblivi da mravlismtqmelia am argumentis gasazliereblad. am miznit, Sua saukuneebis debatebis mimoxilvis Semdeg yuradrebas gavamaxvilebt qalebis rolze safrangetis burjuaziul revoluciasi. gviani Sua saukuneebidan evropul sazogadoebas da moazrovneebs gacxarebuli kamati hqondat sqesta raobaze, qalisa da mamakacis adgilsa da rolze sazogadoebasi. jovani pikom Tavisi epoqis umnisnelovanes nasromsi `mamakacis Rirsebis Sesaxeb~ 1486 wels arnisna, rom RmerTi esaubreboda mxolod adams, amitom mamakacebs ufleba ezleodat Tavisuflad ganesazrvrat TavianTi buneba da ecxovrat sakutari survilebis Sesabamisad. mamakacis Rirsebis postulati daupirispirda Zvel pap inokent III-is droindel `adamianuri cxovrebis sacodaobis postulats~, romelic qalebs saxavda, rogorc evas STamomavlebs, romlebsac wvlili miuzrvit mamakacta dacemasi, aigivebda mat seqsualobasa da codvastan. tertulianistvis qalebi esmakis karibwes warmoadgendnen (janua diaboli), xolo augustine col-qmars Soris sqesobriv cxovrebasac ki, codvad miicnevda. sulis gadarcenisatvis mebrzol mamakacebs unda daecvat Tavi qalebisagan, xolo sulis gadarcenisatvis mebrzol qalebs sakutari Tavisagan. Tu aristotele qalebs bunebis Secdomas uwodebs, toma aqvineli mat dausrulebel, moumtavrebel mamrebad ixseniebs. amgvari moazrovneebi sqesta sakitxze werisas ariarebdnen, rom qalebs didi roli aqvt saojaxo saqmeebsi, TumcaRa ojaxis Tavi da meurve mamakacia da qalebs saertod araferi esaqmebat sazogadoebriv 16

cxovrebasi. Sua saukuneebis mwerlebis umetesoba mamakacebi iyvnen da isini qalebs adarebnen mamakacebs, privilegirebul da armatebul arsebebs. iyo mcire ricxvi iseti moazrovneebisa (ramdenime mamakaci, umetesad ki qalebi), romlebic icavdnen qalta interesebs; martalia galeaco flavio kapram 1525 wels dawera nasromi `qalta armatebulobisa da Rirsebis Sesaxeb~, 11 magram miuxedavad amisa, gviani renesansis nasromta umetesoba mainc qaltmozule, mizogenuri teqstebia. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom 1595 wels anonimma avtorma pirvelad germaniasi latinurad gamoaqveyna `axali msjeloba qalebis winaarmdeg, romelic amtkicebs, rom isini adamianebi ar arian~. 12 am nasromma friad daainteresa masindeli sazogadoeba. igi itargmna da gamoica sxva evropul qveynebsi. 13 ukve nasromis satauri gvazlevs sasualebas gaviazrot avtoris Tanamedrove sazogadoebis damokidebuleba sqesta Tanasworobisa da Tanabaruflebianobis mimart anu epoqisatvis damaxasiatebeli msjelobis Tematika migvanisnebs, rom qalebs rogorc kategoriasa da jgufs iudeoqristianuli kultura uketes SemTxvevaSi moixseniebda gansxvavebulad, xolo umetes SemTxvevaSi dabali donisa da ganvitarebis adamianebad. xsirad ki, mati adamianurobac kitxvis nisnis qves eqceoda. zemoxsenebuli Sua saukunebrivi debatebi kargi wanamzrvrebia imis gasaazreblad, Tu vis xelsi iqneboda kanonmdeblis Zalaufleba, anu vis eqneboda Zalaufleba daewesebina samartali da moewesrigebina urtiertobebi adreul epoqasi. monarqiuli wyobisas samartlis wyaroebi emsaxureboda arsebuli wyobis SenarCunebasa da ganmtkicebas, magram aseve aregulirebda sazogadoebriv urtiertobebs, sadac xsirad qali mamakacis sakutrebad cxaddeboda, romelsac mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi ezleoda qmartan gayris ufleba, ekrzaleboda ganatlebis mireba da aqtiuri monawileoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebasi. imis gamosavlenad Tu rogor eguebodnen qalebi amdagvar uuflebo mdgomareobas adreuli Suasaukuneebidan gadmovinacvlot XVIII saukunis evropasi da ganvixilot safrangetis burjuaziuli revoluciis peridi. revoluciasi monawileobit qalebma mkvetri ganacxadi gaaketes sakutari uflebebis gafartoebis motxovnis TvalsazrisiT. 11 Galeazzo Flavio Capra, Della eccellenza e dignita delle donne. wyaro: Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 3. 12 Disputatio nova contra mulieres qua probatur eas hominess non esse. 13 wyaros msjelobisa Suasaukuneebis teqstebis Sesaxeb warmoadgens Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 1-31. 17

kvira 2 1. vistvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samartlis subieqtis sakitxi, qalebi da safrangetis revolucia. literatura: Gisela Bock, «The French Revolution: the Dispute is Resumed» in Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 32-81. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789. Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791. safrangetsi qalta statusma mnisvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada 1789-1804 wlebsi. 1792-93 wels mat imasac ki miarwies, rom qorwineba msoblis nebartvis garese SeeZloT, SeeZloT aseve gayris procesis wamowyeba, qorwinebis garet gacenili bavsvis mamis saxelis dasaxeleba, Secdenis asanazraureblad fuladi kompensaciis motxovna da sakutrebis qona. Zalian sainteresoa rogor moaxerxes qalebma am yvelafris mopoveba da ufro mnisvnelovani, isev dakargva? parizeli qalebi tradiciulad monawileobdnen qucis politikasi, gansakutrebit masin, roca saqme sarcos mopovebas Seexeboda. es aqtiuri parizeli qalebi gamotqvamdnen TavianT azrebsa da motxovnebs, peticiebis, demonstraciebis da TviT `saxalxo dabegvris~ (taxation populaire) gzitac (rodesac qalebis didi jgufi Tavs esxmoda movawres, itacebda mis saqonels an/da samartlian fasad yidulobda da Semdgom urigebda gawirebul parizelebs). revoluciam ertiatad gaacxara parizel qalta politikuri aqtivoba, isini medgrad amoudgnen mxarsi meurleebs da TavianTi socialuri klasis Sesabamisi problemuri sakitxebis mogvarebisatvis daiwyes brzola. bazarsi momusave qalebi itxovdnen TavianTi uflebebis dacvas, Sua sakuneebsi arsebuli savawro gildiebis ardgenis gzit, Ciodnen TavianTi samusao pirobebis gausazlisobis gamo, binzuri saavadmyofoebis gamo da imis gamo, rom mat gamudmebit, Sesvenebis garese uxdebodat Sroma, masin roca sxvebi gadasaxadebisa da qonebidan mirebuli procentebis xarjze udardel da fuqsavat cxovrebas eweodnen. musata klasis warmomadgeneli qalebisagan gansxvavebit, aristokratiuli klasis warmomadgeneli qalebi moitxovdnen samoqalaqo uflebebis gazrdas: xmis uflebas, warmomadgenlobas xelisuflebasi, Tanasworobas qorwinebisas da gayris procesis wamowyebas. sadac, interesta ori sfero gadaikveta am ori sxvadasxva socialuri statusis mqone qalta motxovnebi iyo ganatlebisa da prostituciis sferoebi. qalebi ertxmad arnisnavdnen, rom ganatlebis mirebis sasualebas moklebuli qalebi izulebulebi iyvnen Tavi prostituciit ercinat. prostitucias ki uarresad damakninebel profesiad miicnevdnen, romelic imavdroulad ojaxis siwmindes da stabilurobas uqmnida safrtxes da amis gamoc iyo miurebeli qalebisatvis. ase rom qalebma TavianTi motxovnebi ganatlebaze revoluciis Sedegad mosul xelisuflebas Semdegnairad warudgines: Cven ganatleba da dasaqmeba imitom ki ar gvinda, rom umarles sqess (mamakacebs) SevejibroT, an im qalebistvis ki ar vzurnavt, vinc uzrunvelyofilia, visac hyavs ojaxi da bavsvebi visac misi energia da gulisyuri Wirdeba, aramed, im dacemuli qalebisatvis, vinc gaunatleblobisa da gawirebis gamo ircevs prostitucias da amit safrtxes uqmnis ojaxis siwmindesa da stabilurobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi imsaxurebdnen da SeeZloT ufro argumentirebuladac wamoeyenebinat ganatlebis xelmisawvdomobis motxovna, am epoqis qalta umetesobas 18

sjeroda, rom mati adgili saxlsia da nebismieri codna, romelsac isini SeiZenen unda gamoiyenon imistvis, rom naklebi qali Caebas prostituciasi. mat unda asiamovnon qmrebs, arzardon Svilebi gonivrulad. aset midgomasi ukve natlad Cans sirtule im drois da qalta vitarebisa, rodesac isini elementaruli uflebebis mosapoveblad (rogoricaa ganatlebis mirebis ufleba) manevrireben da cdiloben iseti mizezi moenaxat Tavisi motxovnis dasacavad, rac xelsayreli da pirdapir Znelad SesawinaaRmdegebi iqneba kacebisatvis. bevri mkvlevari miicnevs, rom amgvarma gaazrebam qalebis mdgomareobisa Tavad qalebis mier xeli SeuSala revoluciuri safrangetis qalta mozraobis warmatebas. safrangetis revoluciis istoriis arwerisas ZiriTadi aqcenti mamakacebis qmedebazea dasmuli, TumcaRa qalebma aseve Seasrules mnisvnelovani roli. am periodis safrangetsi gansakutrebit ki, parizsi SeiniSneboda ara ertiani, avtonomiuri qalta mozraoba, aramed qalta mozraobebi. revoluciis dreebsi qalebi aqtiurad moqmedebdnen, 1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombers eqvsma atasma parizelma qalma erovnuli dacvis TanxlebiT fexit gaiara versalamde, rom moetxova puri lui XVI-isa da dedofal mari antuanetisatvis. es msvleloba sxvadasxva socialuri warmomavlobis qalebis ertiani ZalisxmeviT Sedga. eqvsi atasidan qalta udides procents bazarsi momusave qalebi warmoadgendnen, aseve mat Soris iyvnen msaxiobebi da diasaxlisebi. mat Seuties monarqis samyofels da ramdenime misi Svedi damcvelis darupvis Semdeg bazarsi momusave qalta mcire delegaciam miarwia audiencias mefesa da erovnul asambleastan. mati sacivari Semdegi iyo: mdidrebi agroveben xorbals, roca xalxs puri enatreba da Tu iyideba sadme puri, uzomod Zvir fasad. mefe lui XVI Sehpirda qalebs purs da uflebac misca mat gamohyolodnen mas, mis ojaxsa da samefo kars versalidan parizsi. revoluciis ukve am adreul stadiaze iyo mcdeloba revoluciasi qalta rolisa da monawileobis dakninebis. oqtombris dreebis samtavrobo kvlevam daiwyo ertgvari konspiraciis Teoriis propaganda. vitomda versalis svlasi monawile qalebi mamakacebma moisyides da kacebi xelmzrvanelobdnen am marss da ufro metic, rom eqvsi atas qals Soris bevri iyo qalad gadacmuli mamakaci. revoluciis adreuli dreebidanve iwyeba massi qalta rolis gaufasureba, TumcaRa es arc unda iyos gasakviri im mentalitetisa da vitarebis fonze, romelic am drois safrangetsi sufevda, roca qalebs ganatlebaze xelmisawvdomobis uflebis motxovnis gamartleba im argumentebit uxdebodat, rom am gzit ufro metad gamoadgebodnen TavianT ojaxebs da Tan aranair konkurencias ar gauwevdnen mamkacebs. 1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombris parizel qalta msvleloba versalsi rogorc mati Tanamedrove, aseve drevandeli istoriografebistvis revoluciis adreul fazasi qalta gamokvetil aqtivobad rceba. masin, roca 14 ivlisis bastiliis areba ZiriTadad mamakacebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebaa da revoluciasi mati wvlilis ukvdamyofelad gvevlineba 5-6 oqtombris marsi revoluciasi qalebis mier gaweuli wvlilis simbolod iqca. safrangetis revoluciis qalta mozraobis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli gaxldat olimpia de guji, parizeli scenaristi qali, romelmac dawera `qalta uflebebis deklaracia~ 1971 wels. es dokumenti warmoadgenda safrangetis revoluciis mtavari dokumentis `mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebebis deklaraciis~ pasuxs, romelmac mosaxleoba aqtiur da pasiur moqalaqeebad dayo, simdidris, socialuri warmosobis, klasisa da sqesis mixedvit. am dokumentis mixedvit, mamakacta garkveuli fenebis uflebebi SeizRuda da ra gasakviria, rom qalebi pasiur moqalaqeta rigebsi armocdnen. de guji monarqisti gaxldat, igi ar iyo tradiciuli franguli monarqiis damxobis momxre. amitom igi ibrzoda qalebis uflebebis dasacavad da ara revoluciis interesebisatvis zogadad. 19