Demcratic-Republicans (Jeffersn) Adulterer Fathered mulatt children with his slave (later it wuld cme ut that it was specifically Sally Hemings) Liberal religius views = atheism Federalists (Adams) Built up the military Large natinal debt Increased taxes
Electin f 1800 Electral Cllege Vte: Adams came in 3rd place - ut f the running T clse a call between TJ and Aarn Burr, bth Dem-Reps HR vtes 34 times, each resulting in a tie: -A factin f the Federalists kept vting fr Aarn Burr t blck TJ -Finally, Hamiltn tld Federalists t elect TJ as president Result: Federalists lse cntrl f bth huses f Cngress t the Dem-Reps, TJ wins Revlutin f 1800 why?
In 1801, the Federalist majrity in Cngress was nearing the end f their term Passed the Judiciary Act f 1801: Created 16 new federal judges Current (Federalist) president, Jhn Adams, appinted all Federalists judges t these psitins Called the Midnight Appintments Suppsedly Adams stayed up signing appintments until midnight n his last day f ffice
Marbury v. Madisn (1803) -Jeffersn s administratin cmes int ffice -New Secretary f State James Madisn desn t deliver the cmmissins appinting Federalist midnight judges -William Marbury, a judge suppsedly getting said cmmissin sues Madisn t deliver the cmmissin -Jeffersn shut dwn the Supreme Curt t prevent Marshall frm hearing any cases -Marshall ruled that althugh the cmmissins were valid, the part f the Judiciary Act f 1789 (writ f mandamus) that wuld frce Madisn t give the cmmissins was uncnstitutinal because Cngress gave t much pwer t the SC t make this decisin when it shuldn t have been given in the first place -Supreme Curt gave itself the pwer f Judicial Review (the ability t declare any law uncnstitutinal)
The mst imprtant judicial appintment made by Adams was Jhn Marshall, Chief Justice f the Supreme Curt Marbury v. Madisn Remained in the psitin fr 34 years Marshall increased the pwer f the Supreme Curt with his decisin in Marbury v. Madisn (1803) Ruled part f the Judiciary Act f 1789 t be uncnstitutinal Significance: 1 st time the Supreme Curt asserted the pwer f Judicial Review The pwer t decide whether laws passed by Cngress abide by the Cnstitutin, and allws them t strike dwn thse that d nt Supreme Curt Justice Jhn Marshall
Jeffersn s Administratin Believed Washingtn and Adams had acted t much like ryalty Tried t create a less frmal style: Rde hrseback instead f in carriages Entertained at smaller parties with rund tables instead f large, frmal receptins
Repealed Judiciary Act f 1801 led t Marbury v. Madisn case Repealed the excise tax n whiskey Called fr the impeachment f Justice Samuel Chase fr supprting the Alien & Seditin Acts Supprted the repeal f the Alien and Seditin Acts Cut gvt spending and defense spending n standing army in peacetime nly U.S. Navy needed t patrl cast Kept the natinal bank
Jeffersnian Demcracy -Jeffersn ppsed industrializatin -Believed the U.S. shuld be a natin f small farmers r small shpkeepers -BUT believed that nly the educated shuld run gvt West Pint Military Academy -Established in 1802 -Jeffersn distrusted a standing military -Wanted the military t be trained t take rders frm a civilian president t prevent military dictatrship
Danbury Letter - 1801 -Jeffersn was written a letter by a cngregatin that feared that the CT state gvt may deny them their religius beliefs -In reply, Jeffersn didn t address state level views n religin, but federal level views f religin -Quted the establishment clause f the 1 st Amendment -Used the phrase separatin f church and state in the letter -Cncept later addressed in Supreme Curt cases in the 1960s and 1970s
Tecumseh and Harrisn -Established a Cnfederacy (a military alliance f tribes) t unite against the white presence in the Ohi Valley -His brther, The Prphet, started a revival f NA culture and religin -Headquartered in Prphetstwn, alng the Tippecane River in Indiana -1800-1811: General William Henry Harrisn was made Gvernr f Indiana Territry and tld t bserve Tecumseh
King f Spain ceded the Trans-Mississippi regin f Luisiana and New Orleans t France Pinckney s Treaty becmes invalid; lss f navigatin and warehusing rights affects Western farmers mst Jeffersn cncerned abut having t g thrugh Naplen t regain access
The Luisiana Purchase Jeffersn believed that a republic culd nly survive if mst peple wned land: Led Jeffersn t supprt the idea f expanding the cuntry farther west In 1800 Naplen cnvinced Spain t give France the Luisiana territry in exchange fr assistance in a previus war
Jeffersn wrried because this deal gave France cntrl f the lwer Mississippi Wrried that France in America wuld frce the U.S. back int an alliance with England, whm he despised Jeffersn sent Rbert Livingstn t France t try t blck the deal, r t gain rights fr the U.S. Naplen had begun plans t cnquer Eurpe (Including England) France was wrried abut a U.S./England Alliance France was shrt n Funds Haiti Why wuld Naplen want t make an agreement with the U.S.?
30 April 1803 Naplen ffered t sell all f the Luisiana Territry, as well as New Orleans t the U.S. Jeffersn bught fr $15m Mre than dubled the size f the U.S. Added 524,000,000 acres t the U.S. Hw much des this mean the United States paid per acre? 3 cents(ish)/acre
Lewis and Clark Jeffersn asked Cngress t fund an expeditin int the Luisiana territry t find a rute t the Pacific Ocean Meriwether Lewis (Jeffersn s private secretary) William Clark Expeditin f 20 called Crps f Discvery Set ff in May 1804-1806 Aided by Sacagawea (Native American wman wh led and translated)
Fund a path thrugh the Rcky Muntains and fllwed Clumbia River t the Pacific Ocean Prvided the U.S. with a claim t the Oregn territry
Zebuln Pike als explred the Luisiana Purchase Traveled in 1806 The Pike Expeditin Mapped much f the upper Mississippi River Traveled t Clrad, mapped the muntain nw knwn as Pike s Peak Mapped part f the Ri Grande, and suthern TX
The Dem-Rep Cngress then tried t remve ther Federalist judges thrugh impeachment Dem-Rep leaders believed impeachment f judges was ne f the checks and balances that Cngress held 1804: Huse impeached Supreme Curt Justice Samuel Chase: Huse mved t impeach, but the Senate refused t cnvict Set the precedent that judges culd nly be remved fr criminal behavir, nt just because Cngress disagreed with their decisins
The Essex Junt New England Federalists were wrried abut the Luisiana Purchase WHY? Large parcels f land meant they wuld have less influence A small grup f New England lawyers and merchants jined tgether t make a plan t pull New England ut f the Unin Grup knwn as the Essex Junt Grup asked Alexander Hamiltn t lead the mvement - he declined Grup then apprached the sitting VICE PRESIDENT, Aarn Burr, wh accepted the ffer t becme gvernr f NY in 1804
During the campaign, Hamiltn publically called Burr: A dangerus man, and ne wh ught nt be trusted with the reigns f gvernment Burr was ffended Challenged Hamiltn t a duel Met n 11 July 1804 Hamiltn refused t fire directly at Burr Burr sht and killed Hamiltn
The Burr Cnspiracy - 1806 -Jeffersn infrmed by an annymus persn that Burr wanted t verthrw the gvernment by making his wn Pr-British cuntry in TX and parts f the L.P. by starting a war with Spain -Jeffersn had Burr arrested in KY fr treasn -Jeffersn used executive privilege t nt testify r release the annymus nte as evidence -Henry Clay defended Burr and Burr was acquitted f treasn since it was nly a plan that never came t fruitin -Burr was nw a scial utcast, this helped shift supprt t Jeffersn and his plicies
Internatinal Tensins Barbary states n the nrthern cast f Africa had interrupted Mediterranean shipping Mrcc, Algiers, Tunis and Tripli Eurpean natins rutinely paid tribute s the ships wuldn t be bthered In 1795, the U.S. paid nearly $1 mil. fr the release f a ship and its crew frm Algiers Jeffersn refused t cntinue t pay 1801: Tripli declares war n the U.S. Jeffersn sent a naval squadrn t Mediterranean First freign military cnflict fr U.S. Lasts 4 years
By mid-1803, France and Britain were at war again At first, this was gd fr American merchants British seized French ships, s the American merchants began sending gds int French clnies British left American ships alne because the U.S. was neutral 1806: Britain began t require that all ships ging t Eurpe needed British licenses and wuld be searched fr cntraband Naplen declared that merchants wh beyed the British system wuld have their gds cnfiscated nce they reached Eurpe The U.S. was caught in the middle and wuld lse gds n matter what
British navy was shrt n recruits because f lw pay and bad cnditins British sailrs ften deserted t American merchant ships British began t stp ships t search fr deserters Wuld frce peple (including sme Americans) int service in the British Navy
Issue came t a head when the British ship HMS Lepard stpped the American ship USS Chesapeake t search fr deserters Captain f the Chesapeake refused British pened fire, killing three Americans Once the Americans surrendered, the British barded the Chesapeake and seized fur additinal sailrs
The Embarg f 1807 The attack n the USS Chesapeake enraged the public Americans called fr war Jeffersn didn t want t get America mixed int Eurpean prblems Asked Cngress t pass the Embarg Act f 1807 Wuld halt all trade between the U.S. and Eurpe Ended up hurting American merchants mre than it helped Repealed in March 1809