FACHTAGUNG Anerkennung von im Ausland erworbenen Qualifikationen und Arbeitsmarkt. Was lässt sich aus internationalen good practice Beispielen für die Situation in Österreich lernen? 23.09.2015 Veranstaltet von : Gefördert durch:
MIGRANT INTEGRATION POLICY INDEX 2015 Recognising & improving skills: Promoting labour market and refugee integration THOMAS HUDDLESTON, MIGRATION POLICY GROUP, 23.09.15
LATEST POLICY COMPARISONS: What are the trends and differences in integration policies in eight areas across Europe and the developed world? MONITORING STATISTICS: Which integration outcomes can and do different integration policies affect? Which immigrants can and do benefit from these policies? ROBUST EVALUATIONS: Which countries have robust evaluations of their policies effects on integration? Which policies are found to be most effective for improving integration outcomes?
LABOUR MARKET MOBILITY FAMILY REUNION EDUCATION OF CHILDREN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION PERMANENT RESIDENCE ACCESS TO NATIONALITY ANTI-DISCRIMINATION AND NOW HEALTH (in partnership with IOM and the COST/ADAPT research network).
ALL EU MEMBER STATES ICELAND; NORWAY; SWITZERLAND; TURKEY; JAPAN; KOREA; AUSTRALIA; CANADA; NEW ZEALAND; UNITED STATES and more
AT: 2 STEPS FORWARD, 1 STEP BACK +8 POINTS ON MIPEX SINCE 2007 DOMESTIC PRIORITY FOR AT: LABOUR MARKET MOBILITY EU PRIORITY FOR AT: ANTI-DISCRIMINATION WEAK PRIORITIES FAMILY REUNION, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, ACCESS TO NATIONALITY SIMILAR NEEDS AS OTHER COUNTRIES, BUT DEMANDING WITHOUT SUPPORTING PUBLIC OPINION & POLICIES (MIPEX) EVOLVE TOGETHER IN HARMONY LINKS BETWEEN SPECIFIC POLICIES & OUTCOMES ACROSS EU MISSING CULTURE OF EVALUATION IN AT
INTEGRATION POLICIES WHO BENEFITS? Lower brain waste & increase access to AT training, degrees & public sector jobs Restrictive policies keep apart AT s small number of transnational families Schools slow to respond to migrant pupils specific needs & opportunities Regional migrant health practices yet to come together as coherent national policy Non-EU citizens disenfranchised & disengaged in this exclusive democracy Restrictive & outdated policies keep many from becoming permanent residents & citizens Poor awareness of discrimination/rights & weak support undermine access to justice
LABOUR MARKET MOBILITY SIMILAR NEEDS 1/3 OF TCN ARE NEET GOING IN RIGHT DIRECTION NEW TARGETED SUPPORT TOO NEW & SMALL TO REACH THOSE IN NEED? TRAINING, DEGREES, PUBLIC SECTOR OUT OF REACH OF MANY INTEGRATION OVER TIME GREATER EMPLOYMENT GAPS & BRAIN WASTE FOR EDUCATED
LABOUR MARKET MOBILITY International trends Targeted support is major weakness: general services rarely address specific needs of the foreign-trained, very low-educated, young arrivals or migrant women Few bridging/requalification: sector-specific top-up courses/mentors/practice (DE, AU/CA/NZ/US) Targeted (mostly language) job-specific/based trainings in 10 (see DE, SE, AU/NZ) Few grants for vocational training with (subsidised) private sector work experience (Integration benefits in Nordics and IL) Pilot employment mentors/coaches in 12 (Nordics, AT, BE, FR, DE, JP, KR, PT)
LABOUR MARKET MOBILITY International trends Equal labour market access for reunited families & permanent residents in most (gaps for labour migrants and asylum-seekers) Equal access to public sector jobs in 15 countries Equal access to education and training in most, but to study grants only in 10 Full access to social security in 14 countries (CA & Western Europe) Few/new efforts for equal, rapid and accessible procedures to recognise academic & professional qualifications (AU/NZ/UK, DE, DK/NO/SE) But few one-stop-shops to receive (and process) applications Few/uneven on non-formal/informal learning (European Inventory, Cedefop)
LABOUR MARKET MOBILITY International trends Key points from OECD chapter on labour market integration (Liebig & Huddleston 2014) Qualification recognition increasing required for labour migration requirements, but not for introduction programmes for other immigrants (not even in FR, DE, Nordics) Few apply for qualification recognition and few adult immigrants coming for nonstudy reasons acquire a higher degree in their new country Applications mostly limited to international students and medical field Documentation and costs are not the only reasons why immigrants do not apply
LABOUR MARKET MOBILITY Reflections for Austria Increase applications for recognition in all skilled sectors One-stop-shops to receive (and decide on) applications Guarantees for short procedures Create paths to quick requalification: sector-specific top-up courses/mentors/practice Expand work-specific/based language courses Grants for vocational training with (subsidised) private sector work experience Dissuasive sanctions for discrimination and effective positive actions: Diversity labels, supplier diversity, public sector access/targets For all programmes, pilot & evaluate through randomised experiments! (DE & Nordics)
LABOUR MARKET MOBILITY Key goals for refugee integration Relocation from integration perspective based on individual background & needs Recognise skills and start language training ASAP during asylum procedure Full labour market access as soon as possible for those likely to receive international protection (EC President Juncker s State of Union speech) Remove all obstacles & create alternatives to documentation (qualification recognition, VET/job requirements, family reunification, citizenship) Create a sufficient integration benefit/grant (income & housing) for (subsidised) work &/or language/vet courses leading to a domestic degree Create qualified volunteer/mentor scheme to build their social/professional networks Short period to both permanent residence & naturalisation
INTEGRATION POLICIES WHO BENEFITS? Thank you for your attention. thuddleston@migpolgroup.com
FAMILY REUNION SIMILAR NEEDS SMALL # SEPARATED COUPLES ONE OF MOST RESTRICTIVE FEW OTHERS WITH AGE LIMITS, PRE-ENTRY TESTS, QUOTAS CLICHES ON FAMILY MIGRANTS FEW, DIVERSE, ONLY NUCLEAR LOWEST FAMILY REUNION RATE ONLY 1 FOR EVERY 100 TCN POLICIES LIKELY KEY FACTOR
EDUCATION SIMILAR NEEDS GROWING # (MAJORITY IN VIENNA) AT/DE/CH SLOW TO RESPOND TOGETHER AT, BUT WHAT ELSE? WHO GETS THE NEEDED SUPPORT? FEW IN OUT-OF-SCHOOL COURSES TOO NEW & SMALL TO MATTER? TO IMPROVE OUTCOMES ACROSS COUNTRY & SCHOOLS MANY LOW-ACHIEVERS WITH LOW- EDUCATED MOTHERS; PROGRESS? 1 ST /2 ND GENERATION, NON-MIGRANT; INEQUALITIES IN SCHOOL SYSTEM
HEALTH LEADING FEDERAL STATES VIENNA & SALZBURG, WHO ELSE? TOO NEW & SMALL TO REACH THOSE IN NEED? TRAINING, DEGREES, PUBLIC SECTOR OUT OF REACH OF MANY ACCESS TO NATIONALITY INTEGRATION OVER TIME GREATER EMPLOYMENT GAPS & BRAIN WASTE FOR EDUCATED
PERMANENT RESIDENCE GREATER NEEDS 87% ELIGIBLE (5+ YEARS IN AT) EQUAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC RIGHTS REQUIRED BY EU LAW ONE OF MOST DEMANDING WITHOUT SUPPORTING INCOME, COURSE, B1 GERMAN SECURE RESIDENCE FOR HALF 48% PERMANENT RESIDENTS 2 ND CLASS CITIZENS LONG-SETTLED & 2 ND GENERATION
ANTI-DISCRIMINATION SIMILAR NEEDS # OF POTENTIAL VICTIMS PROGRESS: +19 POINTS SINCE 2007 REQUIRED BY EU LAW A CHOICE TO BE WEAK DEFINITIONS, ENFORCEMENT, BODY ONLY 21% KNOW THEIR RIGHTS POOREST INFORMED PUBLIC IN EU FEW TAKE 1 ST STEP TO JUSTICE NON-REPORTING IS NORM IN EU
GREATER NEEDS 2/3 ELIGIBLE, INCL. 2 ND GENERATION (MOST POTENTIAL CITIZENS IN EU) MOST RESTRICTIVE IN WESTERN EUROPE LONG, & DEMAND W/OUT SUPPORT BEHIND EU REFORM TRENDS DUAL NATIONALITY, IUS SOLI, VOTING, NATIONAL IMMIGRANT BODY & FUNDS 100% TCN ARE DISENFRANCHISED 6.4% ADULTS IN AT (LARGEST IN EU) & 24% IN VIENNA ONE OF MOST EXCLUSIVE DEMOCRACIES LOWEST NATURALISATION RATE, LOW LEVEL POLICIES MATTER FOR ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP & OTHER INTEGRATION OUTCOMES
100% TCN ARE DISENFRANCHISED 6.4% ADULTS IN AT (LARGEST IN EU) & 24% IN VIENNA ONE OF MOST EXCLUSIVE DEMOCRACIES LOWEST NATURALISATION RATE, LOW LEVEL THESE POLICIES MATTER FOR NATURALISATION & POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND MAY BOOST OTHER INTEGRATION OUTCOMES (LABOUR MARKET, EDUCATION, HOUSING, ANTI-DISCRIMINATION, INCLUSIVE POLICIES) NATURALISATION RATE IN 2012 LATEST EUROSTAT DATA, NON-EU FOR EU COUNTRIES IMMIGRANT CITIZENS SURVEY (2013) MOST WANT TO VOTE & BE DUAL NATIONALS; NATURALISED SAW BENEFITS FOR BELONGING & SOMETIMES JOB, STUDIES, COMMUNITY LIFE; + DIVERSITY IN POLITICS BOOSTS BELONGING
1 ST & 2 ND STEPS TO IMPROVE ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP OUTCOMES IN AUSTRIA: 1 ST : REFORM DUAL NATIONALITY (25/38: SE/FI, LU, DK) 2 ND GENERATION (18/38: DE VS. GR) DEMAND & SUPPORT (13/38: DE, DK/FI/NO, AU/CA/NZ) VOTING RIGHTS (21/38: HU, SK, SI) IMMIGRANT BODIES/FUNDS (13/38, EESC study) 2 ND : CAMPAIGNS TO NATURALISE, VOTE, BE ACTIVE 1-STOP-SHOP WEBSITES 1-STOP-SHOP EVENTS/PILOTS INDIVIDUAL SUPPORT SERVICES CEREMONIES FOR PUBLIC & ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP Coalition of authorities, service-providers, immigrant-run NGOs Models for best practice: US, NZ, DE, IE, LU