Forum on Global Violence Prevention May 12, 2016 Keck Center Arturo Cervantes, MD

Forum on Global Violence Prevention May 12, 2016 Keck Center Arturo Cervantes, MD

Nothing new around the sun 1. Rudolf Virchow, 1850 s 2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 3. Health for all, primary health care, Almá Ata, 1978 4. Ecology of human development, Bronfenbrenner, 1979 5. Salutogenesis, Antonovsky, 1979

Celebrating SDG Goal 16: targets 4 8 Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies 4. By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime 5. Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms 6. Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels 7. Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decisionmaking at all levels 8. Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance

Relatively new around the sun 1. Typology of violence, neuroscience 2. Ecological risk and protective factors 3. Social determinants, lifecourse 4. Integrated, collaborative implementation 5. Science based, measurement, cost-effective

Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. Martin Luther King

Corruption and impunity In MEXICO

MEXICO IN THE WORLD Regional position of Mexico according to the Corruption Perception Index 2014 REGION MEXICO S RANKING TOTAL COUNTRIES WORLD 103 175 AMERICA 22 32 OECD 34 34 BRICS + MEXICO 5 6 Source: Casar, M.A., Anatomía de la corrupción, CIDE - IMCO, México 2014. Transparency International, 2014.

CORRUPTION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR To what extent do you believe corruption is a problem in the public sector in your country? IT S A SERIOUS PROBLEM IT S A PROBLEM IT S A SMALL PROBLEM IT S NOT A PROBLEM 14% 93% 1% 5% 1% IT S NOT A PROBLEM AT ALL 79% Source: Casar, M.A., Anatomía de la corrupción, CIDE - IMCO, México 2014. Global Corruption Barometer 2013, Transparency International.

Corruption is a NATIONWIDE PROBLEM Public perception of corruption in the public sector, by state: 95.3 85.3 65.0 Distrito Federal Jalisco Michoacán Morelos Tabasco Puebla Sinaloa Estado de México Guerrero Durango Guanajuato Oaxaca Chihuahua Zacatecas Sonora Nuevo León National average Baja California Sur Veracruz Chiapas Quintana Roo Baja California Tamaulipas San Luis Potosí Coahuila Tlaxcala Hidalgo Nayarit Colima Campeche Aguascalientes Yucatán Querétaro Percent of citizens that consider corruption to be frequent or very frequent in their state. Source: Casar, M.A., Anatomía de la corrupción, CIDE - IMCO, México 2014. Encuesta Nacional de Calidad e Impacto Gubernamental, INEGI (2013).

A NATIONWIDE PROBLEM? Perception of corruption among personal social circles: Relatives 4% 13% 33% 43% Neighbors 5% 14% 32% 38% Coworkers 6% 20% 34% 20% Corruption occurs VERY OFTEN OFTEN RARELY NEVER Source: Casar, M.A., Anatomía de la corrupción, CIDE - IMCO, México 2014. Encuesta Nacional de Calidad e Impacto Gubernamental, INEGI (2013).

CITIZENSHIP AND CORRUPTION We consider ourselves very honest people but there are more than 200 million registered acts of petty corruption that cost $165.00 per event 33,000,000,000.00 MX$ 1,833,333,333.00 US$ Source: Índice Nacional de Corrupción y Buen Gobierno, 2010. Transparencia Mexicana

Citizenship and legality Deficient culture of legality Citizens must always obey the law, even if it is unfair. I TOTALLY DISAGREE 2% 5% I DISAGREE 37% 9% I AGREE 56% I TOTALLY AGREE I DON T KNOW/DIDN T ANSWER 47% Source: Casar, M.A., Anatomía de la corrupción, CIDE - IMCO, México 2014. Encuesta Nacional sobre Cultura y Prácticas Ciudadanas, Secretaría de Gobernación (2012)

Economic costs of corruption Estimated loss from cost of corruption is around 5% of GDP = $906,785,320,000.00, which amounts to 7 times the budget cuts announced in February 2016 (130 billion pesos). 204 times the budget of all Mexican anti-corruption institutions.* 89 times the budget of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. 17.5 times the budget of Mexico s Justice Department. 3 times the budget of Mexico s Ministry of Public Education. 2015 GDP = $18,135,706,400,000.00* GDP cost estimates range between 2 and 10 % of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). * Gross Domestic Product, Current Mexican pesos Banco de México 2015.

Social costs OF CORRUPTION NEGATIVE IMPACT ON SOCIETY IMPEDIMENT TO INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE WELLBEING Corruption is a regressive and ilegal tax 14% of average household income is destined to extra-official payments; for those who earn up to the minimum wage, this amounts to 33% of their household income. Source: Casar, M.A., Anatomía de la corrupción, CIDE - IMCO, México 2014. Transparencia Mexicana, 2015.

politicalcosts of corruption REGARDING POLITICS, CITIZENS ARE: DISSATISFIED WITH DEMOCRACY In favor of democracy 48% Satisfaction with democracy 1 19% BELIEVE THERE IS AN CRISIS OF INSTITUTIONS 2 THINK THAT VIOLENCE IS RELATED 3 91% think that political parties are corrupt 83% think that politicians are corrupt 80% think that political institutions are corrupt Positive correlation between corruption and violence Source: Casar, M.A., Anatomía de la corrupción, CIDE - IMCO, México 2014. 1. Latinobarómetro 2015. 2. Global Corruption Barómeter 2013, Transparency International. 3. Institute for Economics and Peace, 2015

Business and corruption 44% of the companies in Mexico admit having paid a bribe Source: Casar, M.A., Anatomía de la corrupción, CIDE - IMCO, México 2014. Encuesta de Fraude y Corrupción en México, KPMG (2008).

BUSINESs AND CORRUPTION Reasons Mexican companies pay bribes: To take part in official bids To win contracts To stop authority abuse To obtain licenses and To ease procedures Source: Casar, M.A., Anatomía de la corrupción, CIDE - IMCO, México 2014. Encuesta de Fraude y Corrupción en México, KPMG (2008). 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 * The sum is > 100% because multiple options were allowed. 11% 16% 21% 32% 43%

Business and corruption Ethical behavior of private firms Uruguay (29) Chile (32) Costa Rica (50) Honduras (73) Brazil (92) Honduras (94) Panama (84) Guatemala (86) Peru (106) Colombia (109) Mexico (111) Ecuador (112) El Salvador (114) Bolivia (122) Nicaragua (128) Dominican Republic (130) Paraguay (137) 2,8 Argentina (138) 2,8 Venezuela (139) 2,8 Source: The Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016, World Economic Forum. 7= Best in the world 4,9 4,5 4,2 3,9 3,4 3,3 3,7 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,4 3,4 3,3 3,2 3,1 1= Worst in the world

ImpuNITY According to the Global Impunity Index *, Mexico ranks second worst among 59 countries. 46% of prison population have not yet received a sentence. Source: University of the Americas Puebla and Security and Justice Citizen Council of Puebla, 2015. In Mexico, there are enough police officers, but too few judges.

Impunity No complaint, no punishment 33,7 89.3% 96% 97% DARK FIGURE (NO COMPLAINT AT ALL) NO INQUIRY LEAST AT ALL IMPUNITY 3,6 2,4 1,1 COMMITTED CRIMES REPORTED CRIMES PRELIMINARY INQUIRIES CONCLUDED OR IN PROCESS INQUIRIES* 33.7 Million crimes, 2014. * In 1.3 million cases nothing happened or nothing is solved. Source: Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Percepción sobre Seguridad Pública, INEGI (2015).

trust in institutions Reporting: Six out of ten Mexicans don t report a crime to the authorities. The main reason is because they consider that it is not worth the effort or because they don t trust the authorities. Reasons why they don t report It is not worth the effort 63% I don't trust the authorities 52% Bad experiences from the past 40% Fear of reprisal from the offender It takes a lot of time 34% 32% I don't know where to go 22% Source: Casar, M.A., Anatomía de la corrupción, CIDE - IMCO, México 2014. Informe país sobre la calidad de la ciudadanía en México, IFE-Colmex (2014).

Corruption and impunity are an epidemic that: Fuels collective and interpersonal VIOLENCE Facilitates CRIME and strengthens DELINQUENCY Impedes ECONOMIC growth DELEGITIMIZES democratic institutions Increases INEQUALITY Their solution is fundamental to the survival of the State

Corruption and impunity are an epidemic that: Fuels collective and interpersonal VIOLENCE Facilitates CRIME and strengthens DELINQUENCY Impedes ECONOMIC growth DELEGITIMIZES democratic institutions Increases INEQUALITY Their solution is fundamental to the survival of the human race

believe that...

1. Mexicans can t stay arms crossed (impassive) against corruption and impunity. Mexico is not condemned to be a corrupt country.

2. Corruption is not an issue exclusive to governments and politicians, it pervades other sectors, activities and all social classes. We are all part of the problem and we are all part of the solution.

3. Corruption goes far beyond the abuse of public office for private gain it s every decision against the law or against regulations, in order to obtain an undue benefit.

Acts of corruption may be 4. prevented, corruption networks can be dismantled, by effective national policies, political will and civic leadership.

5. The fight against corruption requires action from the organized civil society and empowered citizens.

Based on these beliefs, in we are determined to

Our mission Contribute decisively in the fight against corruption and impunity, and for the establishment of the rule of law, as the prerequisite for democratic governance, and for the construction of a just and prosperous country.

1. Applied Research 5Weapons against corruption and impunity 2. Investigative journalism 3. Strategic litigation 4. Active citizenship 5. Social mobilization

MEXICO CAN T WAIT To delay justice is injustice. William Penn

The world CAN T WAIT If not now, when? If not us, who?

Something new around the sun? 1. Global violence is preventable 2. Corruption and impunity 3. Ecological common sense 4. Agenda 2030, science based 5. Are we up to the challenge? 6. International collaboration

IDENTIFYING THE ROLE OF VIOLENCE AND ITS PREVENTION IN THE POST-2015 GLOBAL AGENDA A WORKSHOP OF THE FORUM ON GLOBAL VIOLENCE PREVENTION Tweeting about our workshop? Use the following hashtags: Workshop and Forum: #fgvp16 SDG 16: #SDG16 SDGs: #GlobalGoals Violence Against Women: #VAW Violence Against Children: #ENDviolence

Forum on Global Violence Prevention May 12, 2016 Keck Center Arturo Cervantes, MD