CIVIL LAW GOLDEN NOTES 2011 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW MANILA

CIVIL LAW GOLDEN NOTES 2011 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW MANILA

Academic Year 2011 2012 CIVIL LAW STUDENT COUNCIL Lester John A. Lomeda Wilfredo T. Bonilla, Jr. Raissa S. Saipudin Bernadette Faustine C. Balao Marc Mikhaele J. Santos Victor Lorenzo L. Villanuea President Vice President Secretary Treasurer Auditor Public Relations Officer TEAM: BAR OPS 2011 Diane Camilla R. Borja Carlo Artemus V. Diaz Mary Grace L. Javier Ronn Robby D. Rosales Mark Arthur M. Catabona Angeli P. Albaña Vicente Jan O. Platon III Kimverly A. Ong Chairperson Vice Chairperson Secretary Logistics Committee Head Asst. Logistics Committee Head Finance Committee Head Hotel Accommodations Head Asst. Hotel Accommodations Head The UST GOLDEN NOTES is a student-edited work of the University of Santo Tomas, Faculty of Civil Law. It is updated annually. Communications regarding the NOTES should be addressed to the Academics Committee of the Team: Bar-Ops. ADDRESS: Team Bar-Ops Academics Committee Faculty of Civil Law University of Santo Tomas España, Manila 1008 TEL. NO.: (02) 731-4027 (02) 4061611 loc. 8578

2011 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE Lester Jay Alan E. Flores II Karen Joy G. Sabugo John Henry C. Mendoza Jeanelle C. Lee Theena C. Martinez Earl Louie M. Masacayan Chairperson Vice Chair for Academics Vice Chair for Academics Vice Chair for Administration and Finance Vice Chair for Layout and Design Vice Chair for Layout and Design CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE Alfredo B. Dimafelix II Karen Feliz G. Supnad Lamberto L. Santos III Paul Elbert E. Amon Alston Anarna Ozan J. Fulleros Cecilio M. Jimeno, Jr. Ismael Sarangaya, Jr. Loise Rae G. Naval Monica Jucom Civil Law Committee Head Asst. Civil Law Committee Head Asst. Civil Law Committee Head Member Member Member Member Member Contributor Contributor ADVISER Atty. Elmer T. Rabuya

FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS Academic Year 2011 2012 ACADEMIC OFFICIALS Atty. NILO T. DIVINA Dean Rev. Fr. ISIDRO C. ABAÑO, O.P. Regent Atty. ARTHUR B. CAPILI Faculty Secretary Atty. ELGIN MICHAEL C. PEREZ Legal Counsel UST Chief Justice Roberto Concepcion Legal Aid Clinic Judge PHILIP A. AGUINALDO SWDB Coordinator LENY G. GADIANA, RGC Guidance Counselor

Our deepest appreciation to our Mentors & Inspiration Justice Oswaldo D. Agcaoili Judge Myra B. Quiambao Atty. Augusto K. Aligada Jr. Atty. Alden Francis C. Gonzales Atty. Carla E. Santamaria Seña Atty. Rene B. Gorospe Atty. Irvin Joseph M. Fabella Atty. Teofilo R. Ragadio Atty. Vincent Z. Bolivar Atty. Alberto A. Palacios Atty. Elmer T. Rabuya For activating our magnets of curiosity, knowledge and wisdom and helping us understand the intricate sphere of Civil Law. Academics Committee 2011

D I S C L A I M E R The risk of use, non use and misuse of this material shall be borne solely by the user.

SYLLABUS FOR 2011 BAR EXAMINATIONS CIVIL LAW November 13, 2011 (Second Sunday, Morning) I. Effect and Application of Laws New Civil Code A. When law takes effect... 1 B. Ignorance of the Law. 2 C. Retroactivity of Laws.. 3 D. Mandatory or Prohibitory Laws.. 3 E. Waiver of Rights 3 F. Repeal of Laws. 4 G. Judicial Decisions.. 4 H. Duty to Render Judgment 5 I. Presumption and Applicability of Custom.. 5 J. Legal Periods. 5 K. Applicability of Penal Laws 6 L. Conflict of Laws.. 7 II. Human Relations New Civil Code A. NCC Art. 19 22, relative to breach of promise to marry... 9 B. Independent Civil Actions. 10 C. Prejudicial Questions.. 10 PERSONS I. Persons and Personality A. Capacity to Act.11 B. Domicile and residence of person, NCC 50 51 14 II. Marriage A. Requisites 14 B. Effect of Marriage celebrated abroad and foreign divorce.. 18 C. Void and Voidable marriages 20 III. Legal Separation A. Grounds, Art. 55, Republic Act. 9262, Anti Violence Against Women and Children. 31 B. Defenses..33 C. Cooling off Period.34 D. Reconciliation efforts.34 E. Confession of Judgment 35 F. Effects of Filing Petition.35 G. Effects of pendency.35 H. Effects of legal separation.36 I. Reconciliation.37 IV. Rights and Obligations Between Husband and Wife A. Essential Obligations..39 B. Family domicile 39 C. Support.39 D. Management of household 40 E. Effect of neglect of duty 40 F. Exercise of profession.40 V. Property Relations of the Spouses A. Marriage Settlements 40

B. Donations by Reason of Marriage 41 C. Void donations by the spouses.. 41 D. Absolute Community of property. 44 E. Conjugal Partnership of Gains. 48 F. Separation of Property of the Spouses and Administration of Common Property by One Spouse During the Marriage. 51 G. Regime of Separation of Property. 51 H. Property Regime of Unions Without Marriage. 52 VI. The Family A. The Family as an Institution.. 55 B. The Family Home. 56 VII. Paternity and Filiation A. Legitimate Children.. 57 B. Proof of Filiation 60 C. Illegitimate Children 62 D. Legitimated Children. 62 VIII. Adoption A. Domestic Adoption Law (RA 8552) 64 B. The Law on Inter Country Adoption (RA 8043). 67 IX. Support A. What it Comprises. 68 B. Who are Obliged.. 69 C. Support during marriage litigation 70 D. Amount 71 E. When Demandable.. 71 F. Options. 71 G. Attachment 71 X. Parental Authority A. General Provisions 72 B. Substitute and Special Parental Authority. 75 C. Effect of Parental Authority upon the Persons of the Children.. 75 D. Effects of Parental Authority upon the Property of the Children.. 76 E. Suspension or Termination of Parental Authority 77 XI. Emancipation 77 XII. Summary Judicial Proceedings in the Family Law 77 XIII. Final Provisions.. 78 XIV. Funeral. 78 XV. Use of surnames 79 XVI. Absence.. 83 A. Provisional measures in Case of Absence. 83 B. Declaration of Absence. 83 C. Administration of the Property of the Absentee 83 D. Presumption of Death 84 XVII. Civil Registrar A. Arts. 407 413.. 87 B. RA 9048; Clerical errors 87 C. Rule 108, Rules of Court 88

PROPERTY I. Characteristics.. 89 II. Classification.89 A. Hidden Treasure 89 B. Right of Accession.90 C. By Object 101 D. By Owner 104 E. By Nature 105 III. Ownership A. Right in general 106 B. Modes of acquiring ownership 110 C. Limitations..110 IV. Accession A. Right to hidden treasure.. 110 B. General Rules 110 V. Quieting of title to/interest in and removal/prevention of cloud over title to/interest in real property A. Requirement 115 B. Distinction between quieting title and removing/preventing a cloud 115 C. Prescription/non prescription of action.. 115 VI. Co ownership A. Characteristics of co ownership. 116 B. Source of co ownership. 118 C. Rights of co owners.. 120 D. Termination/extinguishment 120 VII. Possession A. Characteristics. 126 B. Acquisition of Possession...127 C. Effects of Possession.. 128 D. Loss or Unlawful Deprivation of a Movable 130 E. In concept of owner, holder, in one s own name, in name of another.. 132 F. Rights of the possessor.. 132 G. Loss/termination.. 134 VIII. Usufruct A. Characteristics. 134 B. Classification. 135 C. Rights and obligations of Usufructuary. 136 D. Rights of the owner. 140 E. Extinction/termination 141 IX. Easements A. Characteristics 141 B. Classification 143 C. Modes of Acquiring Easements.. 150 X. Nuisance.. 151 XI. Action to Quiet Title 153 XII. Modes of Acquiring Ownership A. Occupation 154 B. Donation 155

PRESCRIPTION I. Definition A. Acquisitive 166 B. Extinctive 170 II. No Prescription Applicable A. By Offender.. 171 B. Registered Lands 171 C. Art. 1143, NCC.. 171 D. Action to quiet title if plaintiff in possession.. 171 E. Void contracts. 171 F. Action to demand partition. 171 G. Property of public dominion.. 171 III. Prescription or Limitation of Actions A. To recover movables.. 171 B. To recover immovables 171 C. Other actions 171 IV. Interruption.. 172 V. Nuisance A. Definition 172 B. Classification 172 C. Remedies 172 OBLIGATIONS I. Definition. 173 II. Elements of an Obligation. 173 III. Different Kinds of Prestations. 173 IV. Classification of Obligations 174 V. Sources of Obligations.. 175 VI. Nature and Effect of obligations A. Obligation to give. 178 B. Obligation to do or not to do 179 C. Breaches of obligations 180 D. Remedies available to creditor in cases of breach. 186 VII. Kinds of civil obligations A. Pure. 188 B. Conditional. 188 C. Obligation with a period or a term.. 192 D. Alternative or Facultative 193 VIII. Joint and Solidary obligation A. Joint (divisible) obligation 195 B. Joint Indivisible Obligation.. 195 C. Solidary obligation.. 195 D. Divisible and Indivisible 197 E. Obligations with a Penal Clause 197 IX. Extinguishment of Obligations A. Payment.. 198 B. Loss of Determinate Thing Due or Impossibility or difficulty of performance 205 C. Condonation or Remission of Debt 206

CONTRACTS D. Confusion 207 E. Compensation.. 207 F. Novation 210 I. Essential Requisites.. 212 II. Kinds of Contracts A. Consensual. 216 B. Real 216 C. Formal or Solemn 217 III. Formality 217 IV. Defective Contracts A. Rescissible Contracts.. 218 B. Voidable Contracts 222 C. Unenforceable Contracts 225 D. Void Contracts. 226 V. Effect of Contracts. 227 SALES I. Introduction A. Definition of Sales.. 229 B. Essential Requisites of a Contract of Sale 230 C. Stages of Contract of Sale. 231 D. Obligations Created 235 E. Characteristics of a Contract of Sale. 236 F. Sale Distinguished From Other Contracts. 236 G. Contract of Sale/Contract to Sell. 237 II. Parties to a Contract of Sale A. Capacity of parties.. 238 B. Absolute incapacity..238 C. Relative incapacity: Married Persons.. 238 D. Special disqualifications 240 III. Subject Matter A. Requisites of a valid subject matter 241 B. Particular kinds.. 241 IV. Obligations of the Seller to Transfer Ownership A. Sale by a person not the owner at time of delivery. 242 B. Sale by a person having a voidable title 243 V. Price A. Meaning of price 243 B. Requisites for a valid price 243 C. How price is determined. 243 D. Inadequacy of price. 244 E. When no price agreed. 244 F. Manner of payment must be agreed upon.. 245 G. Earnest money vs. option money.. 245 VI. Formation of Contract of Sale.. 231

A. Preparatory.. 231 B. Perfection 234 C. Formalities of the Contract 230 VII. Transfer of Ownership A. Manner of Transfer. 247 B. When delivery does not transfer title.. 248 C. Kinds of delivery 249 D. Double Sales.251 E. Property Registration Decree.251 VIII. Risk of Loss A. General rule..252 B. When loss occurred before perfection 252 C. When loss occurred at time of perfection 252 D. When loss occurred after perfection but before delivery.252 E. When ownership is transferred 247 IX. Documents of Title A. Definition.253 B. Purpose of documents of title 253 C. Negotiable documents of title 253 D. Non negotiable documents of title 253 E. Warranties of seller of documents of title.253 F. Rules on levy/garnishment of goods.253 X. Remedies of an Unpaid Seller A. Definition of unpaid seller 254 B. Remedies of unpaid seller.254 XI. Performance of Contract A. Delivery of thing sold 255 B. Payment of price.. 256,257 XII. Warranties A. Express warranties.258 B. Implied warranties.258 C. Effects of warranties.258 D. Effects of waivers 260 E. Buyer s options in case of breach of warranty..262 XIII. Breach of Contract A. Remedies of the Seller..258 B. Recto Law: Sale of Movables on Installment..258 C. Remedies of the Buyer 263 XIV. Extinguishment of the Sale A. Causes 264 B. Period of redemption.264 C. Exercise of the right to redeem 265 D. Conventional redemption.265 E. Legal redemption 265 F. Equitable mortgage..266 G. Distinguished from option to buy 267 XV. The Law on Sale of Subdivision and Condominium (PD 957) 268 XVI. The Condominium Act (RA 4726) 272

SUCCESSION I. General Provisions A. Definition/What is transmitted.280 B. Succession occurs at the moment of death.280 C. Kinds of Successors..282 II. Testamentary Succession A. Wills.284 B. Institution of Heirs 299 C. Substitution of Heirs 302 D. Conditional Testamentary Dispositions and Testamentary Dispositions with a Term.305 E. Legitime 306 III. Legal or Intestate Succession A. General Provisions 321 B. Order of Intestate Succession..324 IV. Provisions Common to Testate and Intestate Succession A. Right of Accretion.324 B. Capacity to Succeed by Will or Intestacy..325 C. Acceptance and Repudiation of the Inheritance.328 D. Collation..329 E. Partition and Distribution of Estate..329 PARTNERSHIP I. Contract of partnership A. Definition.331 B. Elements 331 C. Rules to determine existence.333 D. How partnership is formed.334 E. Partnership term.335 F. Universal vs. Particular; General vs. Limited 338 G. Partnership by estoppels..340 H. Partnership v. Joint Venture..340 I. Professional partnership.341 J. Management..341 II. Rights and obligations of partnership..344 III. Rights and obligations of partners among themselves 344 IV. Obligations of partnership/partners to third persons.347 V. Dissolution..348 VI. Limited partnership A. Definition.353 B. How limited partnership is formed/amended 353 C. Rights and obligations of a limited partner..354 AGENCY I. Definition of agency 358 II. Powers..360 A. To bind principal 360 B. Exception.362 III. Express vs. Implied Agency.363

IV. Agency by Estoppel. 363 V. General vs. Special Agency..365 VI. Agency couched in general terms..365 VII. Agency requiring special power of attorney.365 VIII. Agency by operation of law 366 IX. Rights and Obligations of Principal..366 X. Irrevocable agency 369 XI. Modes of extinguishment 369 COMPROMISE I.Definition 373 II. Void Compromise..373 III. Effect.373 CREDIT TRANSACTIONS I. Loan 376 A. Commodatum vs. Mutuum.377 B. Obligations of Bailor and Bailee 380 C. Interest and the suspension of Usury Law 383 II. Deposit 386 A. Voluntary deposit 388 B. Necessary deposit..392 C. Judicial deposit.392 III. Guaranty and Suretyship A. Nature and extent of guaranty.392 B. Effects of guaranty C. Extinguishment of guaranty 399 D. Legal and judicial bonds.399 IV. Pledge A. Definition.403 B. Kinds.403 C. Essential requirements 403 D. Obligation of pledgee..404 E. Rights of pledgor.407 F. Perfection 407 G. Foreclosure 408 H. Pledge by Operation of Law..408 I. Distinguished from Chattel Mortgage..409 V. Real Mortgage A. Definition and characteristics 410 B. Essential requisites 410 C. Foreclosure.412 VI. Antichresis A. Definition and characteristics 420 B. Obligations of antichretic creditor.422 VII. Chattel Mortgage A. Definition and characteristics 418 B. Registration.419

VIII. Quasi Contracts A. Negotiorum Gestio 422 B. Solutio Indebiti.423 IX. Concurrence and Preference of Credits A. Meaning of concurrence and preference..424 B Classification of credits.424 C. Preferred Credits on Specific Movables D. Preferred Credit on Specific Immovables..424 E. Exempt Property.425 F. Order of preference of credits 427 X. Insolvency Law A. Definition of insolvency.427 B. Suspension of payments 427 C. Voluntary insolvency 430 D. Involuntary insolvency 431 LEASE I. Lease of things 440 II. Lease of work or services..445 III. Lease of rural and urban lands.446 A. Qualified persons 447 B. Registration.447 C. Prohibitions.447 IV. Rights and obligations of lessor and lessee.448 V. Special rules for lease of rural/urban lands.449 VI. Household service...451 VII. Contract of labor..451 A. Obligation in case of death/injury of laborers 452 VIII. Contract for piece of work 452 LAND TITLES AND DEEDS I. Torrens System..454 A. Concept and background..454 B. Certificate of Title..454 II. Regalian Doctrine A. Concept.460 B. Effects.460 C. Concept of native title, time immemorial possession..461 III. Citizenship Requirement A. Individuals and corporations..461 IV. Original Registration A. Who may apply 463 B. Registration process and requirements.. 466 C. Remedies..479 D. Cadastral registration..487

V. Subsequent Registration A. Voluntary dealings.489 B. Involuntary dealings.489 VI. Non Registrable Properties 492 VII. Dealings with Unregistered Lands 493 TORTS AND DAMAGES I. Principles A. Abuse of Right; Elements...500 B. Unjust Enrichment.500 C. Liability without Fault..500 D. Acts Contrary to Law 501 E. Acts Contrary to Morals.501 II. Classification of Torts A. According to manner of commission: intentional, negligent and strict liability.502 B. According to scope: general or specific..502 III. The Tortfeasor A. The Direct Tortfeasor..502 B. Persons Made Responsible for Others.503 C. Joint Tortfeasors (Art. 2194, Civil Code).511 IV. Act of Omission and Its Modalities A. Concept of Act...511 V. Proximate Cause A. Concept.511 B. Cause in Fact..512 C. Legal Cause.512 D. Efficient Intervening Cause.512 E. Cause vs. Condition 513 F. Last Clear Chance 513 VI. Legal Injury A. Concept.524 B. Elements of Right 524 C. Violation of Right or Legal Injury.514 D. Classes of Injury..514 VII. Intentional Torts A. General..515 B. Interference with rights to persons and property 515 C. Interference with relations..515 VIII. Negligence A. Concept.529 B. Good Father of a Family or Reasonably Prudent Man..530 C. Standard of Care.531 D. Unreasonable risk of Harm..532 E. Evidence.532 F. Presumption of Negligence..532 G. Defenses 533 IX. Special Liability in Particular Activities A. General..535

B. Products Liability.535 C. Nuisance NCC Arts. 694 707 536 D. Violation of Constitutional Rights 537 E. Violation of Rights Committed by Public Officers.537 F. Provinces, Cities and Municipalities..538 G. Owner of Motor Vehicle 538 H. Proprietor of Building or Structure or Thing 538 X. Strict Liability A. Animals..538 B. Nuisance C. Products Liability BOOK II DAMAGES I. General Considerations A. Classification..539 II. Actual and Compensatory Damages A. Concept...541 B. Requisites.541 C. Component Elements..542 D. Extent or scope of actual damages 543 III. Moral Damages A. Concept 544 B. When recoverable...544 IV. Nominal Damages A. Concept.546 B. When awarded.546 V. Temperate or Moderate Damages A. Concept.546 VI. Liquidated Damages A. Concept.546 B. Rules governing in case of breach of contract 546 VII. Exemplary or Corrective Damages A. Concept.546 B. When recovered..547 C. Requisites.547 VIII. Damages in Case of Death A. In crimes and quasi delicts causing death.547 IX. Graduation of Damages A. Duty of Injured Party 548 B. Rules.548 X. Miscellaneous Rules A. Damages that cannot co exists.549 B. Damages that must co exist 549 C. Damages that must stand alone..549 INDEX 550 BIBLIOGRAPHY...553