The Struggle for Control of North America Vs. Ms. Ross Socials 9 Name Block
THE STRUGGLE FOR CONTROL OF NORTH AMERICA Canada Revisited - Chapter 4 Crossroads 2 nd Edition - Chapter 2 Student Learning Outcomes I can: Explain how wars in Europe affected French and British colonies in North America Describe the strategic importance of the following fortresses and fortress towns: Louisbourg, Halifax, Quebec City, Montreal Explain what happened to Acadians when the region was controlled by the British Identify the 3 key locations of battle and describe the events in the Seven Years War Compare and contrast the key terms of the Royal Proclamation 1763 and the Quebec Act 1774 Vocabulary New France Acadia Oath of Allegiance Acadian Expulsion/Deportation Fortress of Louisbourg Fortress of Halifax citadel Fortress Town of Quebec Fortress Town of Montreal Ohio Valley Seven Years War General Montcalm General Wolfe Battle on the Plains of Abraham Treaty of Paris 1763 British Military Rule Canadiens Assimilation Bi-culturalism Proclamation of 1763 Governor James Murray Governor Guy Carleton Quebec Act 1774 2
THE FRENCH & ENGLISH ARE ALWAYS FIGHTING The French and the British are archrivals. In the past, their wars were limited to Europe; however, with the onset of colonialism fighting could also spread to the colonies, not to mention the opportunity to start a war within the colonies. In any war, the losers have to give up something to the winners. In the 1700s, this something was colonies. Over the span of 50 years, 3 wars were fought between France and England and the peace treaties to end each war always had an impact on the colonies in North America. So, why did the great powers of Europe want to control North America? For resources! If you controlled North America, you controlled the fur trade and fishing in the Atlantic. France had control of both for most of the 1600s and Britain wanted a cut of the profits. Since France was not willing to share and didn t like competition, the only way for Britain to get a stronghold into these 2 economies was to gain control of North America. European Territorial Claims following the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht European Territorial Claims following the 1763 Treaty of Paris 3
ACADIA BECOMES A BRITISH COLONY Use Canada Revisited pp. 67 to complete the summary and questions below. Queen Anne s War, also known as the War of the Spanish Succession, was fought in Europe from 1701 and 1713. When the war ended, the British were victorious over the French. In the peace agreement (Treaty of Utrecht), Britain was given control of Rupert s Land, Newfoundland, and most of Acadia. The British gave the Acadians year to leave the colony, yet many chose to stay and remain (will not fight for France or Britain if war breaks out again). The British wanted the Acadians to take an to Britain: the British felt this would ensure the Acadians side with them in the event of a war with. But this was the exact reason why Acadians didn t want to pledge an oath of allegiance: it would mean they would have to fight for, possibly against their own country! In the, it looked like there was going to be another war between France and Britain which would be fought both in Europe and in North America. The British wanted to ensure the Acadians would side with them and they were weary of the pledge Acadians had made 40 years ago to remain neutral; what if they changed their mind and attacked the British in their own colony?! When Governor demanded an oath of allegiance, the Acadians. What will happen now? What is the Acadians point of view? What do the Acadians think will happen if they don t swear an oath of allegiance? What is the British point of view? Brainstorm the different types of consequences Governor Lawrence could give: Now, predict which consequence you think the Acadians will be given: 4
THE DEPORTATION OF THE ACADIANS The British decided that if the Acadians did not swear allegiance to the British crown, they would be deported. In 1755, the British began the deportation. Initially, Acadians were taken prisoner and sent to Georges Island in Halifax harbor, where they would await their fate. Over time, the British simply placed people directly on ships for deportation. Acadians were placed on ships bound for the Thirteen Colonies, Louisiana, Britain, or France. As they were leaving, they saw their homes being burned and all of their property confiscated by the British. The lives these people had created in North America were destroyed. During the deportation, many families were split apart, never to find each other again. Conditions on the British ships were horrible: many didn t survive the journey. There were some Acadians who fled to Ile St. Jean (PEI) and New France, but they were not safe their either. Over the next 7 years, the British seeked to expel all Acadians from the region. It is estimated that 11,000 Acadians were impacted by this forced expulsion. In December 2003, Queen Elizabeth and the Canadian government offered regret for the treatment of the Acadians from 1755-1762. 5
FORTRESS OF LOUISBOURG When France lost the colonies of Acadia and Newfoundland (Treaty of Utrecht 1713), they were left with the islands of Ile St. Jean (PEI), St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Ile Royale (Cape Breton). They wanted to have a strong presence in the region so they could control the fishing trade: they chose to build a fortress on Ile Royale in 1720. Louisbourg would become a military and naval base, as well as a fishing station. This fortress would guard the entrance to the St. Lawrence River and New France. Louisbourg was designed in a star shape: this provided many vantage points from which to look for invaders and shoot down upon enemies. With 2.4 metre thick and 9 metre high walls, this fortress was rumoured to be impregnable. Unfortunately, the rumour was just that a rumour. The damp climate deteriorated the walls so they constantly had to be fortified. There were surrounding hills from which the enemy could attack and the fortress was easily approached by boat. In 1745 and 1758, Louisbourg was captured by the British. After both occupations, the fortress was returned to French control. Only in 1763 did Britain gain control of the fortress for good. Within its walls, there was always a bustle of activity. Inns and taverns housed merchants, naval officers, labourers, and servants. Food was farmed within the fortress and there was even a bakery to provide everyone with their rations of bread. You social status determined what loaf of bread you received from the baker! Everyone had to watch their pennies you only got paid once per year! 6
FORTRESS OF HALIFAX The British saw Louisbourg as a threat to their control in North America, so they decided to build their own fortress at Halifax in 1749. This fortress would protect British settlers from French and First Nation attacks. The fortress was also built in a star shape, but it differed from Louisbourg in that it was built on a citadel which provided much more defense. While it was situated on a hilltop, the fortress was still close to the harbor. One of the jobs of soldiers at the Citadel was to communicate what ships were coming and going. Since not everyone was literate the easiest way to notify people if their goods were in port was to raise a flag. The soldiers used a different flag pole to communicate secret messages amongst themselves regarding enemy activity and possible threats. 7
THE FIGHT FOR THE CONTINENT In 1756, the Seven Years War broke out in Europe. Like previous conflicts, this war would be fought on two continents: Europe and North America. The French and the English used different strategies to win the war: France kept most of their soldiers in Europe and had only a small contingent in North America. The French thought that if the few French soldiers could occupy the large number of British forces in North America, they would quickly defeat the British in Europe and win the war. Britain sent 7-8 times more soldiers to North America compared to the French. The British thought they would have more success if they won the war in North America. The British attacked the French on 3 fronts: Louisbourg, Ohio Valley, and Quebec. Why would the British attack at these locations? Complete this chart to find out. LOUISBOURG WHY DID THE BRITISH WANT CONTROL? WHAT WERE THE EVENTS OF THE BATTLE? OHIO VALLEY QUEBEC 8
WHAT HAPPENED AFTER THE BRITISH WERE VICTORIOUS ON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM? After the French were defeated at Quebec they retreated to Montreal. The St. Lawrence River was now frozen for the winter, so nothing could be done until the spring of 1760. In April, the French marched to Quebec and forced the British to retreat behind the fortified walls of the city this is known as the Battle of Ste. Foi. The French bombarded the British who were unable to escape or launch their own offensive because they had few supplies. The outcome would all depend on whether the first ship down the St. Lawrence River was French or British. Well the first ship to arrive at Quebec was a British vessel stocked with reinforcements and supplies. The French were forced to retreat back to Montreal. In September 1760, the British marched on Montreal. Governor Vaudreuil realized the French could not defeat the British: he surrendered to the British who now controlled North America. LIFE IN NEW FRANCE UNDER BRITISH MILITARY RULE Read pp. 78-79 in Canada Revisited to finish these statements. 1. The period of British rule in New France from 1760-1763 was known as. 2. The British ( did / did not ) cause disruption to the Canadien way of life and made ( few / many ) changes during this 3 year period. 3. When the Canadien militia was allowed to go home, they discovered. 4. The Canadiens wondered if they would suffer the same fate as the : forced to swear an oath of allegiance or face deportation. 5. The Canadiens were afraid they would lose their,, and religion. 6. The were forced to return to France, but the were allowed to stay and continued to operate the hospitals. 7. What happened to the following ways of life for the Canadien under British Military Rule? (circle the correct answer) a) French language changed stayed the same b) Roman Catholic religion changed stayed the same c) Use of French civil law changed stayed the same d) Seigneurial system changed stayed the same 8. The was signed in 1763 to end the Seven Years War. France had to surrender all it colonies in and to Britain. 9
Use pp. 80 in Canada Revisited to fill in the blanks. HOW WILL THE BRITISH RULE QUEBEC? Alternatives Open to the British The British had an colonial policy in their relations with the Canadiens and Natives. The British also felt they had a right to claim and conquer ruling lands. The British felt threatened by the : there was still a French militia in the region and they had strong alliances with the. In addition, both groups could threaten Britain s to the south. The British had to decide what they would do with the French and First Nations populations in their new colony of Quebec. The British had policy alternatives. First, they could the Canadiens, just like the British did with the. The second option was to maintain the - : allow the French to keep their,,, and, in addition to maintaining Native reserves (land claims). The next option was : create separate territories for the,, and, each ruled by their own government. The fourth option was, which is the absorption of one culture into another. The British wanted to eliminate the French and Native cultures and force these people to become British. British to create a majority population in Quebec would aid in assimilation. The last option was (having two cultures exist side by side). This concept is modern and wasn t considered by the British in 1763. Assume the persona of a British official in the 1760s. You have to decide what policy you will use to govern your new colony, Quebec. In a properly constructed paragraph, explain what policy you would chose to govern Quebec and why you have chosen this policy. Be sure to support your decision with examples and reasons! Everyone will start their paragraph with this introduction: As a British official, I realize there are many alternatives to governing Quebec. I have chosen the policy of to ensure the colony is properly run. Everyone will end their paragraph with this conclusion: As I have outlined above, I believe the best policy for governing Quebec is. This will ensure that the colony will remain under British control and provide wealth for our glorious country. 10
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The Royal Proclamation of 1763 Use pp. 82-83 in Canada Revisited to fill in the blanks. The British chose the policy of to govern Quebec. This policy was firmly entrenched in the Royal Proclamation of 1763. The aim of this document was to ensure British institutions and, customs, and were enforced in Quebec. The British also wanted to attract British to Quebec. Britain limited the size of by cutting Montreal traders out of the western fur trade. Britain reassured the the trade and their grounds in the Valley would be protected. The were unhappy with the British government because people from the were moving westward into their land and these people didn t have the special to enter their territory. As such, the British banned any settlement in the and river valleys: this area was strictly for Native settlement. could still be spoken, although with an eventual British majority, the Canadiens would have to convert to speaking English. The Canadiens could still practice the religion, although the Church had no official status. The British promoted the faith. The government of Quebec included an appointed British and an appointed. When the population was large enough, the colony would receive an elected. laws were replaced with laws and the British court system; however, French law was still practiced to settle property disputes. People who were could not hold legal positions or be elected to the Legislative Assembly. With the Proclamation of 1763, military rule in Quebec was replaced with rule. Unfortunately, the Proclamation did not successfully complete its aim of the Canadiens: the Proclamation granted them too many rights and allowed them to hold onto their culture, instead of forcing them to become British. The British did not get as many immigrants from the Thirteen Colonies to bolster the British population: for every people in Quebec, were French and were British. Thus, there was no dominant British culture into which the French could be assimilated. and tried to maintain the French culture. Colonists from the Thirteen Colonies continued to move westward into Native reserves, even though the Proclamation forbid white settlement in this region. The British would have to go back to the drawing board: either create new legislation that will achieve assimilation or change the governing policy. 12
BRITISH GOVERNORS IN QUEBEC Use pp. 83-84 in Canada Revisited to learn how the British governed the Canadiens. Describe how Governor James Murray ruled Quebec and the Canadiens: Describe how Governor Guy Carleton ruled Quebec and the Canadiens: 13
Use pp. 83-84 in Canada Revisited to learn how the British governed the Canadiens. QUEBEC ACT 1774 Aspect of Life Terms under the Quebec Act 1774 Aim Language Religion Government (who makes laws) Government (types of law) Land Holding System 14
REACTIONS TO THE QUEBEC ACT Match the following groups with the reactions below write the appropriate name in the Who section of the chart. Each group is only used once. French Seigneurs French Habitant Catholic Church First Nations British merchants Thirteen Colonies (British colony on the East Coast of present day USA) WHO REACTION WHY Anger Westward expansion no longer allowed (First Nations land reserves in the Ohio Delight Anger Valley) Fear of tighter British control Called the Quebec Act intolerable Extended boundaries of the colony would increase fur trade business Less political power as a result of no elected assembly Pleasure Kept religious influence and ability to collect a tithe (tax) Pleasure Kept land and privileges Kept French civil law Implied that the French language will remain Indifferent Kept the Canadien way of life, but were still under the control of the Church and the seigneurs Upset North of the Ohio River, there was not much change in land settlement and distribution South of the Ohio River, great numbers of settlers from the 13 colonies were moving west into their territory even though this was disallowed under the Proclamation of1763 15
COMPARE AND CONTRAST ROYAL PROCLAMATION 1763 AND THE QUEBEC ACT 1774 Compare and contrast these 2 government acts to determine the similarities and differences in the following categories: 1) Political aim 4) Settlement Pattern 2) Language 5) Government (who holds power/position) 3) Religion 6) Governing law(s) Royal Proclamation 1763 Quebec Act 1774 *Go back to pp. 82 and 84 in Canada Revisited to review the terms of each Act before you begin. 16