A Journal of Radix International Educational and Research Consortium RIJS RADIX INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE MAPPING SLUMS OF AN INDUSTRIAL CITY: PROBLEMS AND POLICY CONCERNS- A CASE STUDY OF JAMSHEDPUR CITY Suchita Kumari Research Scholar Deptt. Of Geography Ranchi University, Ranchi Jharkhand, INDIA ABSTRACT The question of urban poverty is crucial to the urban scene. The slum dwellers in the country constitute nearly one seventh of the total urban population of the states and the union territories and 23.1% of the total population of 640 cities. The big industrial faster growing cities portray this human misery on more colossal scale owing to the greater concern in various academic and professional forums. As per census 2001 even in planned industrial city of Jamshedpur, about 13% of the population is sheltered in slums. This beautiful city is now experiencing a number of environmental problems whose roots can be traced to the slums. This paper attempts to gain an insight into the increasing quantum of migration and proliferation of slums in an industrial city of Jamshedpur and examine some problems, which the city is facing today owing to rural slums. It also analyses chronology, location, quantity of life in the slums and environmental problems caused in Jamshedpur. The former two will reflect on the rational of slum formation and the latter will help to appraisal of the living conditions and environmental concerns in the planned city. Key Words: Slum Dweller, Urban agglomeration, Economic policy, Industrialization 1. INTRODUCTION In India, 42.6 million people are living in slums of 640 towns and cities in which 41.6% reside in 27 million plus cities. In Jharkhand State 1.3 million people live in slums. 2.75 Lakhs population in Jamshedpur city. The total no. of slums of Jamshedpur city are 147, facing lack of drinking water facility, appropriate sewerage and sanitation, solid waste management System, health education and public amenities. 1 P a g e www.rierc.org
Jamshedpur is one of the oldest and the largest existing company town in the world. It is founded by the late Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata. It is the home of 1st private Iron and Steel Company of India. A slum is defined by the United Nations agencies UN-HABITAT, is run- down area of the city characterized substandard housing and squalor and lacking tenure security. Currently, one billion people worldwide live in slums and the figure is projected to grow to 2 billion by 2013. Slums are usually characterized by urban decay, high rates of poverty, illiteracy and unemployment. The city of Jamshedpur has experienced a steady growth in the population in the last 3 decades. The city s population grew at an average growth rate of 36.40% to 11Lakhs (as per the 2001 census ). Along with which the housing needs of the city too grew, which the formal housing market could not satisfy. Several immigrated households who could not avail of the formal housing market satisfied their need by occupying vacant land and this led to a simultaneous increase in the slum population. The concentration of employment opportunities in Jamshedpur urban area attracts several migrants laborers to the city. Such migrants due to their low level of income are unable to afford the pucca houses and end up in occupying vacant Govt. / Private land. TABLE NO. 1 POPULATION IN SLUMS Sr. No. WARD NAME TOTAL AREA (sq. km) TOTAL POPULATION SLUM POPULATION SLUM POPULATION % 1 Adityapur Notified Area 49.00 1,19,233 40,000 33.54 2 Jamshedpur Notified Area 56.32 6,08,768 60,876 10.00 3 Mango 18.03 1,66,091, 13,428 8.08 4 Jugsalai 1.29 46,114 8,250 17.89 5 Chotagovindpur 2.63 24,781 421 1.70 6 Kitadih 1.75 14,020 1,518 10.82 7 Bagbera 2.24 16,493 1,527 9.26 8 Sarjamdah 2.53 18,385 3,066 16.67 9 Parsudih 3.59 18,197 2,176 11.95 10 Haldubani 3.83 19,029 747 3.93 11 Ghorabandha 3.23 14,724 925 6.28 12 Gadhra 4.79 15,767 1,425 9.04 TOTAL 149.22 10,82,412 134,359 12.41 % Sources: Jamshedpur C.D.P. JNNURM 2 P a g e www.rierc.org
*Slums of Jamshedpur city 2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The main objectives of the present research work are as follows- To bring into the limelight the spatial organization of slum in the Jamshedpur Urban agglomeration To find out the various slum issues with the possible solution through the local NGO s as well as the Govt. Agencies To discuss the various problems of slum dwellers To help the slum dwellers their improvements and development of the quality of life To make a proper planning and suggestions for the upliftment to their socio-economic conditions. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The proposed research work is descriptive Secondary data has been collected from various published sources and websites The explanation of data is more qualitative than on quantitative terms. 4. PROBLEMS FACED BY THE SLUMS IN JAMSHEDPUR CITY The Jamshedpur urban agglomeration has approximate 12.4% slum population. The largest slum populations amongst the study wards area exist in Adityapur. The slum population percentage is around 33.54%. There are various problems faced by these slum areas- 1. Most of the slums are on the Govt. land with ownership vesting in the concerned agency. The inhabitants do not have property rights over their houses. This causes hindrance in obtaining basic facilities from civic agencies. 2. The inhabitants lack a security of tenure and are in constant fear of eviction. This prevents them in making substantial investment. 3 P a g e www.rierc.org
3. Most of the houses are very small containing only one room. There is no any provision for natural light or ventilation. 4. There is no facilities for electricity, portable water, toilets and drainage. Heaps of garbage are found here and there. 5. Hygienic Conditions are not present there. Diseases like cholera, malaria, jaundice spreads during rainy seasons. It is really hell for slum dwellers. 6. Most of the inhabitants work as unskilled or semi skilled and are usually below poverty line. 5. GOVERNMENT POLICIES Govt. is conscious of the deplorable condition in which slum dwellers live. Basic necessities should be provided to the slum dwellers in different urban areas of Jamshedpur. The main difficulty faced by the Govt. is that the slum dwellers sell away their alternative accommodation at fancy prices and are back to form new slums wherever possible. 6. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES TAKEN BY THE GOVT 1. Rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers. Inclusive of hilltop, hill slope and river bank slum dwellers 2. Improve the accessibility of education and health facilities for urban poor 3. Low rise high density projects to be promoted under SRA project 4. 10% for development of any new housing stock for future migrants on rental/ownership basis 5. Registration and Regulation of all workers in the informal sector. 6. Declare certain areas as hawker zones and make them vehicle free movement. 7. ACTION PLAN 1. Relocation of slums in the city 2. Slum rehabilitation programme 3. Awareness campaign in Slum SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE The summary of expenditure under various heads proposed in the previous sections are presented below: 4 P a g e www.rierc.org
TABLE NO. 2 TOTAL EXPENDITURE PROPOSED No. Activities Cost (Rs. Crores) in 2011 1 Socio Economic Growth 102.27 2 Urban Infrastructure 2,068.79 Water Supply 622.03 Sewerage 307.27 Drainage 161.24 Solid Waste 100.00 Traffic & Transportation 878.25 3 Facilities to Urban Poor 141.50 4 Environment Protection & Heritage 30.00 5 Amenities and Recreational facilities 106.75 6 Urban Reforms 230.00 TOTAL 2,679.31 Sources: Data received from JNAC, MNA, ANAC, JMC and CENSUS INVESTMENT PLAN In order to improve the access of urban poor to the civic facilities and in order to move towards a slum free city, the following expenditures will have to be made. TABLE NO. 3 INVESTMENT PLAN- BASIC SERVICES TO URBAN POOR No Activities Cost Rs.Cr BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE TO POOR 1 Provision of water taps 2 Water connection coverage 3 Provision of Public toilets 4 Rehabilitation community facilities 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 4.00 2.00 2.00 - - - - - 7.50 - - 2.50 2.50 2.50 - - 10.00-2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00-120.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 - - Total 141.50 12.00 24.00 34.50 34.50 34.50 2.00 - Sources: Data received from JNAC, MNA, ANAC, JMC and CENSUS 5 P a g e www.rierc.org
CONCLUSION The best way to deal with the problems of slums in cities is to stop migration of landless labor from rural to urban areas by providing employment in villages, small scale industries with loan facilities can be established for educated rural youth. Rehabilitation of slums should be away from the core city. The people should be given awareness regarding project implementation. The beneficiaries should be educated about the project with is being planned in their neighbourhood so that they can monitor the project better. People should be educated about the importance of proper sanitation, pucca housing and education for children. REFERENCES JSR C.D.P. JNNURM www.slideshare.net/pramod1392/slums_of_india en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_slums_in_india Govt. Of India reports shelter forth Urban poor and slums development, Report on the taskforce on housing and urban development, planning Commission, New Delhi Jagannathdham and Palvia, Slum and squater settlement in India million cities, policies, programmes and perspectives, 1997. Report of the National Commission on urbanisation, 1988 6 P a g e www.rierc.org