xvii LIST OF CASES Abhilash Textiles v. Rajkot Municipal Corporation AIR 1988 Guj 57 Akhil Bharat Goseva Sangh (3) 2006 (4) SCC 162 All India Plastic Industries Association v. Government of NCT of Delhi MANU/DE/0954/2009 (on www.manupatra.com) B.L. Wadhera v. Union of India AIR 1996 SC 2969 B.T. Ingle v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1987 SC 532 Bandhu Mukthi Morchas case AIR 1984 SC 802 Banwasi Seva Ashram v. State of U.P. AIR 1987 SC 374 Bombay Dyeing Mfg. Co. Ltd. (3) v. Bombay Environmental Action Group (2006) 3 SCC 434 Bombay Environment Action Group and Sameer Mehta v. State of Maharashtra 2007(1) BomCR 721 Chandra Bhavan v. State of Mysore AIR 1970 SC 2042 Chaturvedi S/o S. Chaturvedi v. State of U.P. through the Chief Secretary and Ors. MANU/UP/1662/2004 (on www.manupatra.com) Courts On Its Own Motion v. In The Matter of Statement made by Shri Raman Duggal, Adv. 2001 CrLJ 1064 D. Saravanan v. The Union of India (UOI) rep. by Secretary to Government, Ministry of Environment and Forest and Ors. MANU/TN/1105/2009 (on www.manupatra.com) Delhi Medical Association and Ors. v. Union of India (UOI) and Ors. AIR 2009 Delhi 163 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Farlodge v Rough (unreported decision of the Supreme Court of Western Australia, No. 1131 of 1992) Fr. Mueller s v. The Member Secretary and others AIR 2004 Kant 342
xviii Halsey v Esso Petroleum [1961] 1 WLR 683 Hamid Khan v. State AIR 1997 MP 191 Hotel Pratap Heritage and Anr. v. Bombay Environmental Action Group and Ors 2007(1) BomCR 721 Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India AIR 1996 SC 1466 K.C. Malhotra v. State AIR 1994 MP 548 Karnataka and Others v. B. Krishna Bhat 2001(2) KarLJ 1 Keshavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala AIR 1973 SC 1461 Kinkri Devi v. State AIR 1988 HP 4 Law Society of India v. Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Limited AIR 1994 Ker 309 M. Vijaya v. Chairman and Managing Director, Singareni Collieries Co., Ltd., Hyd. and others AIR 2001 AP 502 M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 965 Maitree Sansad v. State of Orissa and Ors. 103 (2007) CLT 191 Municipal Council, Ratlam v. Vardhichand AIR 1980 SC 1622 Oil Country Tubular Ltd. v. A.P. Pollution Control Board and Anr. 2005(3) ALT 175 Panorama Resort Pvt. Ltd. and Ors. v. State of Maharashtra and Ors. 2007(1) BomCR 721 Praveen Mittal v. Department of Environment, Govt. of NCT of Delhi 162 (2009) DLT 365 Rajesh Kumar Srivastava v. A.P. Verma and Ors. 2004(2) AWC 967 Rural Litigation Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P. & Ors. AIR 1989 SC 594 Sachinand Pandey v. State of West Bengal AIR 1987 SC 1109 Shriram Foods and Fertilizer Industries and another, AIR 1987 SC 965
xix St. Philomena's hospital vs. The Member Secretary, Prescribed Authority for Bio-medical waste and others (decided by Karnataka High Court January 2000) Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar AIR 1991 SC 420 Suo Motu v. Ahmedabad Muncipal Corpn. and 46 Ors. (2006)2 GLR 1129 Suo Motu v. State of Rajasthan and Ors. AIR 2005 Raj 82 Sushila Saw Mill v. State of Orissa AIR 1995 SC 2484 T. Damodar Rao v. S.O., Municipal Corporation, Hyderabad AIR 1987 AP 171 T. N. Godavaran (87) 2006 (1) SCC 1 Union Carbide v. Union of India, AIR 1992 SC 248 Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum, AIR 1996 SC 2715
xx LIST OF INDIAN STATUTES AND RULES Battery (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 Bio-Medical Waste (M&H) (Amendment) Rules, 2000 Bio-Medical Waste (M&H) (Amendment) Rules, 2003 Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling)(Second Amendment) Rules, 2000 Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 Bombay Smoke Nuisance Act, 1912 (Act No. 7 of 1912) Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976 Constitution of India, 1950 Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (Act No. 2 of 1974) Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (Act No. 29 of 1986) Fly Ash Notifications, 1999, 2003, 2008 and 2009 Indian Easement Act, 1882 (Act No. 5 of 1882) Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act No. 45 of 1860) Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 (Act No. 27 of 1995) Oriental Gas Company Act, 1857 (Act No. 5 of 1857) Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (Act. No. 59 of 1960) Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 (Act No. 6 of 1991) Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999 The Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1981 (Act No. 14 of 1981) The Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (Act No. 33 of 1962)
xxi The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1972 The Elephants Preservation Act, 1879 (Act No. 6 of 1879) The Factories Act, 1948 (Act No. 63 of 1948) The Forest Act of 1878 (Act No. 7 of 1878) The Insecticides Act, 1968 (Act No. 46 of 1968) The Northern India Canal and Drainage Act, 1873 (Act No. 8 of 1873) The Obstruction in Fairways Act, 1881 (Act No. 16 of 1881) The Police Act, 1861 (Act No. 5 of 1861) The River Boards Act, 1956 (Act No. 49 of 1956) The Shore Nuisance (Bombay & Kolaba) Act, 1853 (Act No. 11 of 1853) The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (Act No. 53 of 1972) The Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974 (Act No. 6 of 1974) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 (Act. No. 36 of 1977) Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (Act No. 69 of 1980) Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act, 1912 (Act No. 8 of 1912)
xxii LIST OF FOREIGN STATUTES AND RULES Australia (West) Environmental Protection Act, 1986 Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, 1999 Health Act, 1911 Hospitals (Administration of Public Hospitals) Regulations, 1940 Hospitals and Health Services Act, 1927 Metropolitan Water Authority Act, 1982 Metropolitan Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Act, 1909 Metropolitan Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Bye-laws, 1981 Town Planning Regulations, 1967 Town Planning and Development Act, 1928 Bangladesh Environmental Protection Act, 1995 Bhutan Environmental Code of Practice for Hazardous Waste Management, 2001 China Healthcare Waste Management Regulation, 2003 Law of The People s Republic of China on Environmental Protection, 1989 Law of the People s Republic of China on Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, 1989
xxiii Croatia (Europe) Waste Act, 2004 Japan Waste Disposal Law of 1970 in Japan Maldives Environmental Protection and Preservation Act, 1993 Pakistan Hospital Waste Management Rules, August 2005. South Africa (Guateng) Healthcare Waste Management Regulations, 2003 Sri Lanka National Environmental Act, 2001 United Kingdom Controlled Waste Regulations, 1992 Environmental Protection Act, 1990 The Birth Police (Scotland) Act, 1892 and 1903 The Carriage of Dangerous Goods Regulations, 2007 The Control of Pollution Act, 1974 The Dangerous Litter Act, 1971 The Deposit of Poisonous Waste Act, 1972 The Destructive Insects and Pests Act 1914 The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 The Environment (Duty of Care) Regulations, 1991
xxiv The Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974 The Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 The Insecticides Act, 1968 The Litter Act, 1958 The Persons Act, 1919 The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 The Public Health Act, 1936 The Refuge Disposal (Amenity) Act, 1978 The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 1976 The Solid Waste Disposal Act, 1955 The Water Act, 1973 United States of America Federal Clean Air Act, 1990 Medical Waste Tracking Act, 1988 Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1910 Solid Waste Disposal Act, 1976
xxv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Impact of Bio-Medical Wastes... 016 Table 2.1 Bio-Medical Waste Management in South Asian Countries... 072 Table 3.1 Waste Category Types and their Treatment... 115 Table 3.2 Colour Coding and Container Types... 117 Table 3.3 Time-Frame for Installing Facilities... 120 Table 3.4 Waste-Wise Container and Colour Coding... 135 Table 4.1 Occupiers in Ponda Taluka... 155 Table 4.2 Occupiers in Tiswadi Taluka... 156 Table 4.3 Occupiers in Satari Taluka... 158 Table 4.4 Occupiers in Salcette Taluka... 159 Table 4.5 Occupiers in Mormugao Taluka... 160 Table 4.6 Occupiers in Bicholim Taluka... 162 Table 4.7 Occupiers in Bardez Taluka... 163 Table 4.8 Occupiers in Quepem Taluka... 164 Table 4.9 Occupiers in Sanguem Taluka... 165 Table 4.10 Occupiers in Canacona Taluka... 167 Table 4.11 Occupiers in Pernem Taluka... 168 Table 4.12 Distribution of Healthcare Institutions... 169 Table 4.13 Universe of Occupiers... 171 Table 4.14 Sample of Occupiers... 172
xxvi Table 4.15 Estimation of Bio-Medical Waste Generation in the State of Goa... 176 Table 4.16 Burial Pit Deficiencies... 179 Table 4.17 Autoclave/Microwave Deficiencies... 181 Table 4.18 Deficiencies Regarding Shredders... 183 Table 4.19 Improper Disinfectants... 185 Table 4.20 Segregation Deficiencies... 186 Table 4.21 Labelling Deficiencies... 188 Table 4.22 Colour Coding Deficiencies... 189 Table 4.23 Deficiencies Related to Transportation... 191 Table 4.24 Deficiencies Related to Storage... 193 Table 4.25 Authorisation Deficiencies... 194 Table 4.26 Deficiencies Related to Record Keeping... 196 Table 4.27 Incidents of Annual Reporting... 198
xxvii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 (i) Classification of Hospital Wastes... 012 Fig. 1 (ii) Percentage Layout of Bio-Medical Wastes... 013 Fig. 4 (i) Trends in Ponda Taluka... 156 Fig. 4 (ii) Trends in Tiswadi Taluka... 157 Fig. 4 (iii) Trends in Satari Taluka... 158 Fig. 4 (iv) Trends in Salcette Taluka... 159 Fig.4 (v) Trends in Occupiers in Mormugao... 161 Fig.4 (vi) Trends of Occupiers in Bicholim... 162 Fig.4 (vii) Trends of Occupiers in Bardez Taluka... 163 Fig.4 (viii) Trends of Occupiers in Quepem... 165 Fig.4 (ix) Trends of Occupiers in Sanguem... 166 Fig.4 (x) Trends of Occupiers in Canacona... 167 Fig.4 (xi) Trends of Occupiers in Pernem... 168 Fig.4 (xii) Overview of Occupiers... 170 Fig.4 (xiii) Burial Pit Deficiencies... 180 Fig.4 (xiv) Autoclave/Microwave Deficiencies... 181 Fig.4 (xv) Deficiencies Regarding Shredders... 183 Fig.4 (xvi) Improper Use of Disinfectants... 185 Fig.4 (xvii) Segregation Deficiencies... 187 Fig.4 (xviii) Labelling Deficiencies... 188 Fig.4 (xix) Colour Coding Deficiencies... 190 Fig.4 (xx) Deficiencies Related to Transportation... 192
xxviii Fig.4 (xxi) Deficiencies Related to Storage... 193 Fig.4 (xxii) Authorisation Deficiencies... 195 Fig.4 (xxiii) Deficiencies Related to Record Keeping... 196