SAFETY PROGRAMME

SAFETY PROGRAMME 2017-2018

ESPOO SAFETY PROGRAMME 2017 2018 Cover photograph: Heidi-Hanna Karhu Layout: Communication Office of the City of Espoo Printed by: City of Espoo printing services

CONTENTS OVERVIEW 4 VII FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 28 I BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SAFETY PROGRAMME 5 SAFETY PROGRAMMES I, II AND III... 6 II III PREPARATION OF THE SAFETY AND SECURITY PROGRAMME IN ESPOO AND COOPERATION STRUCTURES 7 INDICATORS OF SAFETY AND SECURITY 9 SAFETY OF RESIDENTIAL AND CENTRAL AREAS... 29 SAFETY OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH... 30 RISKS TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND WELL-BEING OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH... 30 VIOLENCE... 32 VIOLENT RADICALISATION AND THE PREVENTION OF EXTREMISM... 34 INTOXICANTS... 35 RELATIONS BETWEEN POPULATION GROUPS... 37 HOME AND LEISURE TIME ACCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTAL FIRES... 39 TRAFFIC SAFETY... 41 VULNERABILITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE... 42 CONTENTS 3 IV FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO 11 VIII DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF SAFETY AND SECURITY 45 V FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY AND SECURITY 14 IIX MONITORING OF PROGRAMME REALISATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 47 VI LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO 16 SENSE OF SECURITY... 17 INJURIES AND ACCIDENTS... 20 POLICE STATISTICS... 22 RESCUE SERVICE STATISTICS... 24 SUMMARY OF STATISTICS... 26 ESPOO S KEY FIGURES... 26 IX OTHER CITY OF ESPOO PROGRAMMES RELATED TO SAFETY AND SOURCES 49 PROGRAMMES RELATED TO SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO... 50 SOURCES... 50 INTERNAL... 50 EXTERNAL... 50 ELECTRONIC SOURCES... 51

OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 4 On 3 November 2011, the Government instituted a project for drawing up an Internal Security Programme for 2011 2015. It is one of the objectives of the Government Programme to make Finland the safest country in Europe and an equal and fair society for people of all population groups. Achieving this vision will require increased cooperation between safety authorities, municipalities, organisations, business life and different administrative branches. Safety is a basic human right and a common cause to which authorities, communities, business life and individual citizens can all contribute through their actions. As an overall concept, safety refers to both physical and mental safety. It can also be divided into objective (knowledge) and subjective (feelings) safety. According to a target set in the Internal Security Programme, all Finnish municipalities should have drawn up security plans or programmes by the end of 2011. The Safety Programme of Espoo is a part of the regional implementation of the Internal Security Programme. Its objective is to increase the sense of security of residents and improve safety by decreasing the incidence of accidents, crime and disturbances. Espoo s Safety Programme specifies the key policies for cooperation in the field of safety in Espoo and key targets, indicators, measures and monitoring for the council term. The programme describes the current state and target state of safety in Espoo, along with challenges related to safety and focus areas for its development. In light of statistics, safety is one of Espoo s competitive advantages.

I BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SAFETY PROGRAMME BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SAFETY PROGRAMME 5 Photograph: City of Espoo

SAFETY PROGRAMMES I, II AND III BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SAFETY PROGRAMME 6 In 1999, the Government of Finland ratified the national Turvallisuustalkoot crime prevention programme with the objective of creating a joint policy for decreasing crime and improving security. The six committees working under the steering group for Espoo s safety strategy the transport, urban environment, accident prevention, crime prevention, environmental and corporate safety committees complied reports for improving safety in their own fields. The Government decision on Internal Security Programme I Arjen turvaa (Everyday Safety, SM 44/2004) confirmed policies for the further improvement of local security. Internal Security Programme II was titled Turvallinen elämä jokaiselle (A Safe Life for Everyone). On 8 May 2008, the Government approved a new internal security programme prepared under the direction of the Ministry of the Interior. The programme was one of the key decisions-in-principle made by that administration. Internal Security Programme III, Turvallisempi huominen (A Safer Tomorrow), was completed in 2012. The objective of the programme was to make Finland the safest country in Europe and an equal and fair society for people of all population groups. As a result of the policies outlined in the internal security programme, the rescue services and NGOs have become closely involved in local safety and security planning, since the programme also addresses the prevention of accidents as well as crime. The focus areas of the Internal Security Programme 2012 2016 are: Security issues caused by marginalisation Challenges to everyday safety Safety and security of business Threat of violence and other crime Internal security refers to a social situation in which everyone is able to enjoy the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the justice system, along with a safe society, without fear or insecurity caused by crime, disturbances, accidents or changes in Finnish society or the globalising world. Internal security is the sum of many factors. Security is promoted by safe homes, residential areas and workplaces, functioning health and social services, a well-designed traffic environment, access to aid when it is required, and the certainty that those guilty of crime will face the consequences of their actions. Preparedness for major accidents and emergencies is also a part of internal security. The Espoo Safety and Security Programme has been drawn up under the direction of the Safety and Security Strategy Board representing the various interested parties, and the Safety and Security Strategy Steering group was responsible for the compilation of the programme document. The majority of safety and security work in society is preventive in nature and part of normal service processes. For example, functioning social welfare services contribute to the prevention of marginalisation. The Safety and Security Programme specifies numerous actions for the promotion of safety and security. In addition to these actions, the programme can achieve the following the benefits: Creation of a joint picture of Espoo s safety and its focus areas More efficient allocation of resources Closer cooperation within the organisation and between agencies Creation of new operating models for safety and security as part of functioning service processes

II PREPARATION OF THE SAFETY AND SECURITY PROGRAMME IN ESPOO AND COOPERATION STRUCTURES PREPARATION OF THE SAFETY AND SECURITY PROGRAMME IN ESPOO AND COOPERATION STRUCTURES 7 Photograph: Vladimir Pohtokari

PREPARATION OF THE SAFETY AND SECURITY PROGRAMME IN ESPOO AND COOPERATION STRUCTURES 8 Since the mid-1980s, the Safety and Security Strategy Board has functioned as the highest cooperation body for safety and security in Espoo. The mayor has served as the chairperson of the Board, with the chief of police acting as vice-chair. In addition to senior city management and the management of the Länsi-Uusimaa Police Department, the Board includes representatives from Länsi-Uusimaa Rescue Department, the parishes of Espoo, the Helsinki Region Chamber of Commerce and district associations (from 2010, the Union of Espoo District Associations). As a rule, the Board convenes biannually. The city s safety manager acts as secretary for the Board and chairperson of the Safety and Security Strategy Steering Group. The membership of the Steering Group consists of the chairpersons of the six safety and security committees and five regional welfare committees. The committees and bodies responsible for them are: Traffic Safety Espoo Technical and Environment Services Safety of the Urban Environment Espoo Technical and Environment Services Environmental Safety Espoo Technical and Environment Services Accident Prevention Länsi-Uusimaa Rescue Department Prevention of Crime Länsi-Uusimaa Police Department Corporate Security Helsinki Region Chamber of Commerce The welfare committees consist of: Welfare committee for Espoon keskus Welfare committee for Espoonlahti Leppävaara welfare Welfare committee for Tapiola Welfare committee for Matinkylä-Olari The membership structures of the safety and welfare committees are diverse and broad-based. The perspective of health care and social welfare services and teaching in Finnish is emphasised in the welfare committees. The principal safety concerns of residents revolve around public order and safety in residential areas and centres, the safety of traffic, fire safety, environmental safety and preparedness for natural phenomena. The following themes have been chosen for Espoo s Safety and Security Programme on the basis of the municipal survey, feedback from elected officials and focus areas defined in the Internal Security Programme: Safety of residential and central areas Safety of children and youth Intoxicants Violence Relations between population groups Home and leisure time accidents and accidental fires Traffic safety and the vulnerability of infrastructure A management seminar was held in January 2009 to ensure the approval of senior city officials for the above-mentioned focus areas. In the autumn of 2015, FCG Efeco Oy conducted an extensive survey titled Kaupunki ja kuntapalvelut Espoossa 2015 (City and municipal services in Espoo 2015). The survey covered a wide range of municipal services and included several questions on the residents sense of security. The final Safety and Security Programme document was drawn up by the Corporate Governance Group of the Mayor s Office. In connection with the update of the programme, its themes were reviewed with experts from the safety and security committees. The City of Espoo has implemented several programmes closely connected to safety and security. These programmes are listed in Section 10.1 at the end of this document.

III INDICATORS OF SAFETY AND SECURITY INDICATORS OF SAFETY AND SECURITY 9 Photograph: Heidi-Hanna Karhu

INDICATORS OF SAFETY AND SECURITY 10 Safety and security are widely reflected Espoo s values, vision and story, either directly or as part of a larger complex of issues. Municipal safety is part of the value Espoo is resident- and client-oriented. Municipal safety work supports the achievement of Espoo s vision: A networked Espoo comprising five city centres will be a pioneering responsible and humane city that is a good place to live, learn, work and do business in and where residents can have their say in matters. Municipal safety is reflected in the Espoo Story s section Everyone s Espoo : Good services increase the vitality of the area, the activity of its residents and the ease of everyday life. City services will meet residents needs, be available to all and arranged effectively according to high standards. Safe and inspiring day care centres and schools will provide a great start in life for the children and youth of Espoo. The city will invest in high-quality teaching and education in cooperation with parents. Health, well-being and happiness primarily stem from close relationships. Therefore, we will implement our services in cooperation with our clients and their loved ones. The most difficult challenges we will resolve together. The focus of family and social services, health care and mental health services and services for the elderly is on preventative work. The city collaborates closely with the parishes operating in its area, especially in club activities, fighting social exclusion and repairing damage caused by it, family counselling, work with the elderly and the integration of immigrants. The indicators of sense the sense of security are: FCG, positive development of the sense of security reported in the annual City and Municipal Service Quality survey City statistic Eight themes of the Safety and Security Programme: safety of residential areas and centres, safety of children and youth, violence, intoxicants, relations between population groups, home and leisure time accidents and accidental fires, traffic safety and the vulnerability of infrastructure FCG, Residential Area Safety section of the City and Municipal Service Quality survey City statistic The following statistical indicators are used: Street safety index (police statistic) Crimes reported to the police (Statistics Finland statistic) Crimes under the Criminal Code (police statistic) Building fires (rescue department statistic) Road accident statistics (city statistic) The reference years fall within the period 2009 2015.

IV FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO 11 Photograph: Heidi-Hanna Karhu

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO 12 The residents of Espoo share several sociodemographic characteristics that create a solid foundation for safety. The residents of Espoo are more educated, wealthier and healthier than the average and have a relatively low dependency ratio. Alcohol sales per capita are also the lowest among Finland s large cities. The population of Espoo has the largest share of persons under 15 years of age among Finland s six largest cities. Correspondingly, the share of people aged over 65 is the lowest among Finland s major cities. The capital region has the largest percentage of foreign residents in Finland. In comparison to Finland s other large cities, Espoo has the lowest percentage of single residents. Per capita, Espoo has the lowest rate of violent crime and traffic violations reported to the police. Among the large cities of Finland, the number of crimes committed while under the influence of intoxicants per one thousand inhabitants is the lowest in Espoo. 100 Under 15, % Over 65, % Foreign nationals, % Studies have shown that the majority of Espoo residents feel well, are happy with their lives and have a hopeful attitude towards the future. However, socio-economic differences and differences in well-being and health between population groups and areas have grown. The transmission of problems from one generation to the next and intergenerational marginalisation has also been identified. Increasing inequality, the growth of relative poverty and economic inequality, the polarisation of well-being and health (a portion of the population are increasingly unwell), rootlessness and growing social problems pose challenges to the promotion of safety and security. The prevention of marginalisation and improvement of living conditions is vital with regard to security planning and the improvement of safety and security. Unemployment rate 31 Dec, % Over 15 with secondary education at minimum, % 80 60 40 20 Information not available 0 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 Finland as a whole 6 largest cities, average Espoo Figure 1. Percentage of population, 2013 15 (Source: Statistics Finland).

150 120 90 60 30 0 Finland as a whole Espoo Oulu 2015 2014 2013 Tampere Vantaa Helsinki Figure 2. Crimes reported to the police / 1,000 residents, comparison with the six largest cities and Finland as a whole. (Source: Statistics Finland) Turku FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO 13

V FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY AND SECURITY FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY AND SECURITY 14 Photograph: Jussi Helimäki

According to the working group instituted for the Ministry of Interior s security project, the following megatrends will influence the development safety and security in Finland s large cities by 2020: Population The population will be heavily concentrated in large cities Immigrants will settle in growing cities The number of elderly citizens will increase Employment and business Unemployment can be transmitted from one generation to the next The differences in job requirements will grow Housing and the urban environment Many social risk factors will accumulate in growing cities The number of elderly people living alone will grow Transport and mobility Use of safety technology in vehicles will increase dramatically Traffic control will be increasingly automated Average vehicle speed will increase The internet The popularity of the internet and social media will keep growing Security threats will not be tied to geography there will be a reference group for everyone, extremists included The vulnerability of information systems will increase Services and the actions of authorities Public service providers will centralise their services The concentration of the population will create challenges for the equal availability of emergency, social welfare and health care services Security and security services Dense community structures will entail short response times The importance of image will grow: safety will become an image factor in the competition for tax-payers The significance of accident prevention will increase The growth of the private security sector will continue People will continue living in their own homes to a higher age and require more rapid first aid Lifestyles and participation The unemployment and marginalisation of youth are major issues The gap between the rich and poor will grow Poverty will accumulate in certain neighbourhoods The differences between young people who feel well and those who do not will grow Youth exercise habits will become polarised Living alone will increase the poverty risk Psychic symptoms will increase among the population: youth depression, mental health disorders and self-destructive behaviour Accidents The importance of accidents to public health will remain large The number of home and leisure time accidents will grow The injury risk of the elderly will grow further The number of accidental deaths involving alcohol will increase Crime and violence The crime rate will fall, but crime will become concentrated in the largest cities Professional and cross-border crime will increase Autonomous promotion of security Safety and security expectations toward the authorities will grow FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY AND SECURITY 15

VI LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO 16 Photograph: Kimmo Brandt

The level of safety and security in Espoo was compared with the six largest cities in Finland. Espoo s internal key figures were examined as a time series. SENSE OF SECURITY The safety of Espoo s residential areas was well-managed according to 93% of the respondents. This is 6% more than the average in the reference group. The percentage of satisfied respondents was up by one percentage point from the previous survey. Espoo Espoo 2015, n=605, avg=4.27 Espoo 2014, n=566, avg=4.20 Espoo 2013, n=626, avg=4.13 Espoo 2012, n=1381, avg=4.15 Espoo 2011, n=665, avg=4.05 Leppävaara 2015, n=163, avg=4.27 Tapiola 2015, n=98, avg=4.42 Residents of the Tapiola and Matinkylä-Olari service districts were satisfied with residential safety, while those living in the Espoon keskus service district were less so. Satisfaction has improved in the Leppävaara area. 93 4 3 92 6 2 90 5 6 91 3 7 88 6 7 93 6 2 97 3 0 LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO Areas Matinkylä-Olari 2015, n=88, avg=4.28 97 1 2 17 Espoonlahti 2015, n=108, avg=4.27 94 5 2 Espoon keskus 2015, n=122, avg=4.10 87 5 8 Helsinki 2012, n=1549, avg=4.00 87 3 10 Jyväskylä 2012, n=775, avg=3.93 83 8 9 Comparison Lahti 2012, n=505, avg=4.04 Oulu 2012, n=420, avg=4.07 Turku 2012, n=569, avg=4.06 90 2 8 89 3 8 91 2 7 Vantaa 2012, n=568, avg=4.09 83 8 9 Reference municipalities, avg=4.03 87 4 8 0 20 40 60 80 100 Well Cannot say Poorly Figure 3. Answers to the question How well is the safety of residential areas managed in your municipality? (FCG, Municipal Services in Espoo 2015.)

A questionnaire conducted in the spring of 2016 studied the opinions of Espoo residents on the quality of municipal services. In the study, respondents were also asked to evaluate how safe they felt in residential areas and the city centre. A small percentage of respondents were unable to state their opinion or were afraid to travel alone for other reasons. Of the remainder, nearly everyone (99%) felt safe or quite safe walking in their residential area in the daytime and a large majority (89%) also late at night. The city centre was also felt to be safe or fairly safe in the daytime (97%). One person in four (26%) thought the centre was unsafe late at night. One in ten (10%) was afraid to go to the centre alone. As a rule, the residents of Espoo feel that public order and security are well-managed. The percentage (91%) is high in comparison to the average in the reference group and up by two percentage points from the last survey. LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO 18 Espoo Areas Espoo 2015, n=606, avg=4.13 Espoo 2014, n=564, avg=4.09 Espoo 2013, n=626, avg=4.02 Espoo 2012, n=1380, avg=3.99 Espoo 2011, n=663, avg=3.93 Leppävaara 2015, n=165, avg=4.06 Tapiola 2015, n=98, avg=4.19 Matinkylä-Olari 2015, n=88, avg=4.20 Espoonlahti 2015, n=108, avg=4.16 91 7 2 89 9 2 89 7 5 91 2 7 83 10 7 91 5 4 98 2 0 95 3 1 86 11 3 Espoon keskus 2015, n=122, avg=4.06 84 11 4 Helsinki 2012, n=1549, avg=3.77 83 3 15 Jyväskylä 2012, n=778, avg=3.86 82 9 9 Comparison Lahti 2012, n=504, avg=3.78 Oulu 2012, n=420, avg=3.90 Turku 2012, n=571, avg=3.86 85 3 13 86 4 10 86 4 11 Vantaa 2012, n=536, avg=3.70 72 13 15 Reference municipalities, avg=3.81 82 6 12 0 20 40 60 80 100 Well Cannot say Poorly Figure 4. How well are public order and security managed in your municipality of residence (FCG, Municipal Services in Espoo 2015)?

In the Municipal Service Quality survey conducted in early 2016, 95% of Espoo residents thought public order and security to be well-managed. This percentage is high in relation to the average in the reference group. The percentage of satisfied respondents was up by four percentage points from the previous survey. Espoo 2016, n=1265, avg=4.17 95 2 3 Espoo 2015, n=606, avg=4.13 91 7 2 Espoo Areas Espoo 2014, n=564, avg=4.09 Espoo 2013, n=626, avg=4.02 Espoo 2012, n=1380, avg=3.99 Espoo 2011, n=663, avg=3. 93 Leppävaara 2016, n=304, avg=4.16 Tapiola 2016, n=206, avg=4.3 Matinkylä-Olari 2016, n=184, avg=4.15 Espoonlahti 2016, n=244, avg=4.14 89 9 2 89 7 5 91 2 7 83 10 7 97 1 2 97 2 1 97 1 3 95 1 4 LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO Espoon keskus 2016, n=211, avg=4.09 91 4 6 19 Helsinki 2016, n=1054, avg=4.06 90 4 6 Comparison Lahti 2015, n=464, avg=3.87 Oulu 2016, n=518, avg=3.97 Turku 2016, n=581, avg=4.01 86 4 10 89 4 8 89 5 6 Vantaa 2016, n=1040, avg=3.81 82 5 13 0 20 40 60 80 100 Well Cannot say Poorly Figure 5. How well are public order and security managed in your municipality of residence (FCG, Municipal Services in Espoo 2016)?

INJURIES AND ACCIDENTS The comparison of accidents and injuries is based on the statistics published in the National Institute for Health and Welfare s regional accident reports for the Länsi-Uusimaa Rescue District. Statistics Finland does not publish accident fatality statistics by city. Accidental deaths in the Länsi-Uusimaa Rescue District, 2004 2013 LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO Male Female Total Bicycle and pedestrian traffic 31 12 40 Traffic, motor vehicles 122 32 150 Falls 369 284 650 Drowning 49 20 70 Suffocation 32 24 60 Fire 40 12 50 Freezing 25 11 40 Alcohol poisoning 160 64 220 Other poisoning (*) 112 46 160 Other accidents 107 33 140 Total 1050 540 1590 (*) The main causes of other poisonings are medicines and narcotics Figure 6: Accidental deaths (Source: National Institute for Health and Welfare). 20 Falls have a major impact on hospitalisation periods in the Länsi-Uusimaa Rescue District (Espoo, Hanko, Inkoo, Karkkila, Kauniainen, Kirkkonummi, Lohja, Raasepori, Siuntio, Vihti). Hospitalisation periods caused by accidents and violence in the Länsi-Uusimaa Rescue District, 2004 2013 Male Female Total Bicycle and pedestrian traffic 1330 920 2250 Traffic, motor vehicles 2770 1250 4020 Accidental falls 18970 20370 39340 Submersion 30 20 50 Accidents causing a threat to breathing 140 80 220 Fire 160 70 230 Freezing 40 20 60 Poisoning (non-alcohol) 230 280 510 Alcohol poisoning 160 160 320 Other accident 14580 9390 23970 Total 38420 32540 70960 Figure 7. Treatment periods caused by accidents and violence in 2004 2013 by accident type, age and gender (source: National Institute for Health and Welfare).

In the category of accidental or violent deaths in Finland, the most common causes of death in the fiveyear reference period were falls, self-harm and other accidents and complications caused by them. 1500 1200 900 600 LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO 21 300 0 Road traffic accidents Other road transport accidents Water traffic accidents Other and unspecified transport accidents Accidental falls Drowning accidents Accidental poisoning excl. accidental alcohol poisoning Other accidents and complications caused by accidents Suicides Murder, manslaughter or other intentional violence 2014 2013 2012 2011 Figure 8. Mortality from accidents and violence in Finland, reference years 2010 2014. (Source: Statistics Finland)

POLICE STATISTICS LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO An index is a ratio that indicates change. A relative value is compared to the reference value for the entire country (100) for a certain year. Normally, a value greater than 100 means a better value than that of the reference year. The Street Safety Index is calculated from reported crimes and the population. Certain types of crime are weighted in the calculation. The population is divided by the weighted crime rate. This number is then proportioned to the value for the whole country in a specific year. Figure 9. Comparison of municipalities 2009 2015, Street Safety Index (Polstat 2016). Espoo has a clearly lower rate of crimes punishable under the Criminal Code than similarly sized Tampere, Oulu, Vantaa and Turku. 150 120 90 60 30 2009 2010 Helsinki Tampere 2011 2012 2013 Vantaa Turku 2014 2015 Espoo Oulu 22 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 049 Espoo 091 Helsinki 092 Vantaa 837 Tampere 853 Turku 564 Oulu 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 10. Comparison of municipalities 2009 2015, crimes under the Criminal Code (not including traffic violations) per 10,000 residents (Polstat 2016).

Of Finland s largest cities, Espoo has the lowest rate of violent crime in relation to its population. 150 120 90 60 30 0 049 Espoo 091 Helsinki 092 Vantaa 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 837 Tampere 853 Turku Figure 11. Comparison of municipalities 2009 2015, violent crime per 10,000 residents (Polstat 2016). In relation to its population, Espoo has a low rate of crimes against property. 2015 564 Oulu LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO 23 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 049 Espoo 091 Helsinki 092 Vantaa 837 Tampere 853 Turku 564 Oulu 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 12. Comparison of municipalities 2009 2015, crimes against property per 10,000 residents (Polstat 2016).

RESCUE SERVICE STATISTICS 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO 4 000 2 000 0 2010 Helsinki Länsi-Uusimaa Keski-Uusimaa Itä-Uusimaa Finland Proper Kanta-Häme Päijät-Häme 2011 2012 2013 Figure 13. Annual missions carried out by the rescue services by region. Kymenlaakso South Karelia Southern Savonia Central Finland Pirkanmaa Satakunta Southern Ostrobothnia Ostrobothnia Central Ostrobothnia Northern Savonia 2014 North Karelia Jokilaaksot Kainuu Oulu-Koillismaa Lapland 2015 24 Espoo has the best ratio of Länsi-Uusimaa Rescue Department missions /10,000 residents. 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Espoo (pop. 265602) Hanko (pop. 9028) Inkoo (pop. 5574) Karkkila (pop. 8981) Kauniainen (pop. 9358) Kirkkonummi (pop. 38215) Lohja (pop. 47653) Raasepori (pop. 28703) Siuntio (pop. 6205) Vihti (pop. 29015) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 14. Länsi-Uusimaa Rescue Department missions by municipality in 2010 15.

The number of missions has evened out after the peak of 2011. In 2015, the number of missions was the lowest in three years. The number of building fires increased sharply in 2012, but started declining in 2013. 4000 3500 3000 200 150 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 15. Rescue Department missions in Espoo in 2010 15. In 2015, the number of traffic accidents in Espoo was the lowest in six years. 100 50 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 17. Building fires and fire hazards in Espoo in 2010 15. LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO 25 500 400 300 200 100 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 16. Rescue Department missions related to traffic accidents in Espoo in 2010 15

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS In light of the statistics on crimes under the Criminal Code, injuries and accidents, Espoo is safe in comparison to other large cities. In terms of sense of security, Espoo ranks in the top of Finland s large cities. LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO ESPOO S KEY FIGURES The sense of security is one of the five basic human needs described in Maslow s hierarchy of needs. The significance of the sense of security has also been emphasised in the Finnish dialogue on safety and security. An extensive quality survey of municipal services (FCG, Municipal Services in Espoo 2015) asked approximately 2,000 residents of Espoo to state their opinions on safety and security. The full results are available on the Espoo.fi website. The question was: Thinking of life in Espoo in general, how well are the following matters managed? The alternatives were: In my municipality, things are: 5 = very well, 4 = fairly well, 3 = cannot say, 2 = fairly poorly, 1 = very poorly. 26 Public order and safety Safety of residential areas Safety of the centre of the local residential area Safety of children and youth Prevention of substance abuse and violence Promotion of good relations between population groups Prevention of marginalisation Prevention of home and leisure time accidents and accidental fires Prevention of threats related climate change and the environment 0 20 40 60 80 100 Well Cannot say Poorly Figure 18. Answers to the question How well is safety and security managed in your municipality? (FCG, City and Municipal Services in Espoo 2015).

As a rule, the residents of Espoo are still satisfied with public order and safety and the safety of their own residential areas. Many respondents were also satisfied with the safety of their residential area s centre and the safety of children and youth. The majority of those had an opinion on the matter thought that accident prevention was well managed. roughly half thought that the prevention of marginalisation had been managed well, while the other half thought it had been handled poorly. More people thought that the prevention of climate change and environmental threats had been managed well rather than poorly. Most of the target group did not have an opinion on how the prevention of substance abuse and violence, promotion of relations between population groups or the prevention of marginalisation was managed. Of those who did not choose the cannot say option, Districts of Espoo Espoo Espoo 2015, n=606, avg=4.02 Espoo 2014, n=564, avg=3.91 Espoo 2013, n=626, avg=3.81 Espoo 2012, n=632, avg=3.75 Espoo 2011, n=665, avg=3.64 Espoo 2010, n=688, avg=3.66 Espoo 2009, n=757, avg=3.63 Espoo 2008, question not included Espoo 2006, question not included Espoo 2005, question not included Espoo 2003, question not included Leppävaara 2015, n=165, avg=3.98 Tapiola 2015, n=97, avg=4.30 Matinkylä-Olari 2015, n=88, avg=4.05 Espoonlahti 2015, n=107, avg=4.08 Espoon keskus 2015, n=124, avg=3.64 A total of 76% of respondents felt that the safety of their residential area s centre had been well managed. This question was not included in Espoo s survey before 2009, and there is no reference data from other cities. The survey highlighted the differences between centres. The answers indicate that Espoon keskus is felt to be significantly less safe than the other centres. LEVEL OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO 27 0 20 40 60 80 100 Well Cannot say Poorly Figure 19. Answers to the question How well is the safety of your residential area s centre managed in your municipality? (FCG, City and Municipal Services in Espoo 2015).

VII FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 28 Photograph: Heidi-Hanna Karhu

On the basis of the risk analyses conducted by six safety committees and five regional welfare committees, a residents survey, feedback from elected officials, and the policies defined in the Internal Security Programme, the focus areas of Espoo s Safety and Security Programme were defined as: safety of residential and central areas, safety of children and youth, intoxicants, violence, relations between population groups, home and leisure time accidents and accidental fires, traffic safety and the vulnerability of infrastructure. SAFETY OF RESIDENTIAL AND CENTRAL AREAS The safety of public areas is a broad concept. Safety is affected by a multitude of factors and parties. According to the municipal survey, the safety of residential areas and centres is crucial to well-being. Vandalism of structures, graffiti, noise and public drunkenness cause disturbances and make people uncomfortable, even if they do not pose an actual threat to safety. Everyone has free access to public areas and it is difficult to make anyone leave them without a special reason. It is typical of Espoo that, inside the larger districts, there are diverse areas in terms of living conditions such as social participation, safety and quiet, income and wealth, employment, educational background, dependency ratio, the incidence of illness, housing conditions, building stock and the well-being and lifestyles of the residents. Matters such as the accumulation of social problems and service needs cause challenges. An additional problem is the concentration of bars and pubs in the urban centres. Some sub-areas also have a significantly higher concentration of immigrants. Questions of integration and the risk of increased tensions between population groups are challenges related to the immigrant population. Even though private citizens can contribute to safety in public areas as well, intervention in actual incidents is the duty of the police or parties with an official status, such as security companies or other stewards. The scarcity of surveillance resources necessitates the use of new methods and efficient networking between all parties. FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 29 Measure Alleviation of segregation through housing and settlement policy. Reinforcement of various support services and early intervention in areas where the need for support is great. Ensuring sufficient resources for the police. The visibility and approachability of police in everyday life and problematic neighbourhoods, e.g. by walking among the public and through other local policing methods. In order to uphold public order and security, the police will increase its presence in problematic areas (e.g. in front of drinking establishments) in the weekends. Immediate intervention in vandalism and disruptive behaviour (zero tolerance). In line with the so-called Broken Windows model, graffiti and waste in public areas will be immediately cleaned up and vandalised property repaired. Charting of surveillance cameras in urban centres, the metro stations under construction and their environs and improvement of surveillance camera coordination, e.g. by using the systems in the pre-trial investigations conducted by the police. Coordinating and responsible parties City Police Police City, companies, housing companies Municipality, VR, companies, police Further development of the camera surveillance system owned by the city

Prevention of the side effects of public events through better control of licence conditions. Increasing cooperation between the authorities in preparing for public events and coordination of licence conditions in accordance with the general instructions drawn up. Collecting feedback from event organisers, participants and other citizens. City, police FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME Challenging residents associations and housing companies to improve safety through communal means and by emphasising social control among residents. Ensuring sufficient functions and premises for upholding community spirit and providing meaningful activities. Creation of structures that support public order and safety in new and old residential areas alike: e.g. improving visibility by better lighting and clearing the landscape. Carrying out safety walks in the Swedish manner in different centres every two or three years. Investing in communicating on safety through the existing media. The city s annual publications and those of real estate companies and residents associations will be harnessed for this task in addition to the press and radio. Creating a comprehensive security model for Espoo s major shopping centres (cf. the Sello model). Investing in local knowledge, better understanding of local needs and sharing local knowledge, resulting in faster interventions and the arrangement of timely support. SAFETY OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH City, rescue department, police City, residents associations, housing companies City, police, residents associations City, housing companies City, rescue department, police, associations, companies, Helsinki Region Chamber of Commerce City, residents associations 30 There has been a great deal of public discussion in Finland recently on the growth and accumulation of issues affecting children and youth. In general, most children, young people and families are feeling well. However, the polarisation of well-being is a real phenomenon: some children, young people and families suffer from accumulating problems and issues. RISKS TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND WELL- BEING OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH Even though the majority of children and young people living in Espoo fell well, the threats to well-being and need for support have increased. According to those doing field work, the well-being of children and youth is being eroded by the thinning of parenthood, families inability to cope, increasing feeling of helplessness in matters of upbringing and setting boundaries, and the erosion of routines. Parents are often ignorant of where their children spend the weekends. In some families, the threats to well-being include domestic violence, the parents substance abuse or mental health problems, problems in early interaction and a lack of support networks. The well-being and development of some children and young people is held back by untreated depression and mental health problems, problems with coping, a lack of social skills and relationships and a shortage of meaningful activities. Causes of concern also include loneliness, bullying and violence among young people, substance abuse and unhealthy lifestyles. The risk of marginalisation can be compounded by factors such as learning difficulties, absenteeism from school and not obtaining further education after primary school (educational marginalisation), along with rootlessness and a lack of prospects. The accumulation of disorders on individuals is typical for youth disorders.

The insufficiency of support services and preventive services and scarcity of resources are also risks to the well-being and development of families, children and young people, along with a lack of timely and sufficient early assistance, difficulties in obtaining treatment and long queuing times. There is also room for improvement in the multiprofessional cooperation between the various parties in the service system and third sector. Measure Youth Vitality (NOW) development programme. Tajua mut (Understand Me) cooperation between authorities supporting children and youth. Development of early recognition of risk factors and marginalisation risks of children, young people and families, along with early intervention and support processes (Omatila, Nupoli) Support for families and parenthood and the growth and development of children: e.g. bolstering the resources of families and making assistance available in the everyday lives of children and families. Reinforcement of preventive services and nurturing factors that support and safeguard the well-being of children and families in particular, improving psychosocial support for and inclusion of children and youth (e.g. Nupoli) Ensuring the availability of adequate support services: providing sufficient resources to family services, student and school welfare and mental health services. The number of families at risk of marginalisation is growing also in Espoo, at least on the basis of the number of customers seeking family counselling and increase in child welfare notifications and reports on the mistreatment of children. The results of child welfare notification investigations show that some children in Espoo are living in families in which violence, intoxicants and various mental health problems are a part of everyday life. Coordinating and responsible parties City City City City City FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 31 Rapid, efficient and multidisciplinary intervention in situations in which the safety, health and well-being of a child are threatened: e.g. domestic violence, sexual abuse and mistreatment. Definition of unambiguous responsibilities for matters involving the physical and sexual abuse of children. Guaranteeing resources for round-the-clock social and crisis services. Making use of discretionary income support as a preventive measure for mitigating the risks caused by poverty and inequality. Development of a multidisciplinary and cross-municipal cooperation of parties involved with family services in order to build and secure continuous services. Increasing cooperation with the third sector and parish welfare work. Alleviate the idleness of youth by enabling meaningful activities and at least one hobby for every child and young person. Reinforcement of various support networks, communality and the faith of young people in the future. Making school more meaningful and providing positive school experiences by, for example, influencing commitment to studies and improving school atmosphere, the comfort of schools and interaction. Ensuring the adequacy of support measures. Paying attention to turning points in education paths. Immediate intervention (zero tolerance) in bullying at school and in day care. The KiVa school antibullying programme shall be comprehensively implemented in schools in Espoo. City City, parish, associations City, organisations, associations City City City City, rescue department, police

Inspection of school safety and emergency plans, bullying and violence prevention plans and energy communication systems, practising dealing with emergency situations. City, parents FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 32 Improving the safety of educational institutions and the readiness of various parties to act on matters involving school security. The measures include guidance, training and exercises. Making the cross-administrative school safety committee permanent. Influencing the attitudes of children and youth towards violence: e.g. targeted and themed events for parents, education in class by various authorities. Systematic improvement of day care and school buildings and their yards from the perspective of safety. Conducting a survey of the current state of affairs. Particular attention shall be paid to lighting in these areas. Strong emphasis on traffic safety in the city planning of areas close to educational institutions. Measures include speed limits, accessibility of traffic, visibility, signs, ensuring the smooth flow of traffic and drop-off points for children. VIOLENCE Violence refers to use of force that violates or damages another person s bodily integrity, rights or interests. The word violence is most frequently used in reference to the use of physical force but also includes the concepts of psychological abuse and structural violence. Psychological abuse refers to insulting another person, for example verbally. Structural violence, on the other hand, refers to indirect violence stemming from interpersonal relationships or social structures. On an international scale, Finland is a safe country. With the exception of violent crime, residents of Finland are less likely to become the victims of crime than those of other EU Member States. In Finland, serious violence is rarely targeted at victims chosen at random. The perpetrator and victim usually know each other and most acts of violence involve substance abuse. City, police City City Technical and Environment Services / Urban Planning Department from inside the workplace. As a concept, work-related violence is more extensive than workplace violence. Work-related violence can consist of threatening or insulting behaviour taking place outside the workplace but clearly linked to the victim s work or position (e.g. telephone harassment, disturbance of domestic peace, violence suffered while commuting). Professions at particular risk of work-related violence include social welfare and health care, the service industry and education. According to studies and statistics, violence has increased in teaching and education. People in these fields encounter violence in their daily work every day. Most such situations consist of confrontations between students or children or the behaviour of a pupil with special needs, into which the employee gets drawn in. More than 100,000 Finnish people suffer psychological abuse or threats at the workplace each year. In a typical case of work-related violence, an employee is verbally insulted, threatened or physically assaulted in work-related situations, directly or indirectly endangering his or her safety, well-being and health. Violence can be used or threatened by customers, or it can originate Espoo provides preventive planning services and guidance on school violence to its employees in cooperation with Espoo Education and Cultural Services, Social and Health Services, occupational health and safety, the Child Psychiatry unit of Jorvi Hospital and the Länsi-Uusimaa police and rescue departments.

Annual training on School and upper secondary school instructions for violent situations has been organised for teaching personnel by the Länsi-Uusimaa police, and work for the practical implementation of the instructions will continue. The instructions help personnel to proactively identify and intervene in violence at school. They also contain guidelines for drawing up school-specific safety plans and instructions. Espoo will invest in school safety during the renovation and construction projects of educational buildings, for example through building instructions and cross-industry cooperation. Measure / Prevention of domestic violence Clarification of the responsibilities of the various parties, service chains and treatment paths. Adoption of new tools for the identification and discussion of domestic violence in social welfare and health care services. Development of documentation, data collection and follow-ups. Development of basic services, specialised services and crisis services and offering them to all parties involved in domestic violence. Drawing up a training plan and instructions for personnel and partners. On the basis of a risk analysis conducted in Espoo, the city s problem areas are: Domestic violence Racially motivated violence Racially motivated violence is discussed in Section 7.5. Espoo has drawn up the Puhu älä lyö (Talk, Don t Hit) action plan for the prevention of domestic violence. The action plan addresses the phenomenon from a broad perspective. The measures listed in the action plan were directly adopted for this Safety and Security Programme. Coordinating and responsible parties Social and Health Services Social and Health Services Social and Health Services Social and Health Services, Omatila *), Lyömätön linja, Miehen linja Social and Health Services FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME *)The City of Espoo s Omatila service offers help and support to women, men and children who have suffered domestic violence, sexual violence or abuse. Omatila also helps those who use violence in their intimate relationships. For acute situations, Omatila offers sheltered short-term housing and individual and group support. Omatila provides training and implements campaigns for the improvement of well-being and prevention of domestic violence. The Omatila service is available 24 hours a day, every day of the year. 33 In addition to the measures specified in the Puhu älä lyö programme and the Multicultural Advisory Board s white paper Safety of immigrants and immigrant families in Espoo, the following measures are proposed for the prevention of violence: Measure Ensuring the availability of security arrangements or equipment sufficient to prevent and restrain violence and ability to summon help at workplaces where a threat of violence exists. Employers shall provide instructions and train their personnel for the eventuality of violent situations. Ensuring the availability of support after traumatic situations at work. Advocacy for including modules on the prevention and treatment of violence in the training programmes for professions working with children, the elderly, the disabled and the adult population. Increased cooperation with, for example, social welfare and health care institutes; requesting theses related to the phenomenon of violence from such institutes. Coordinating and responsible parties City City, educational institutes

Monitoring data on violence against and neglect of the elderly will be logged more systematically during home care visits, in order to enable more effective intervention in the mistreatment of the elderly. City FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 34 Maternity clinics will begin the systematic domestic violence screening (miniintervention) of all customers. Customers will be asked to complete a questionnaire and referred to further services if necessary. Questions on the incidence of violence in the child s life will be added to school and student health care questionnaires. Ensuring sufficient resources for Espoo s Lyömätön linja and Omatila services. Visible police patrols in areas prone to street violence (e.g. transport stations, shopping centres, streets in front of restaurants). VIOLENT RADICALISATION AND THE PREVENTION OF EXTREMISM The objectives of the Ministry of the Interior s publication National Action Plan for the Prevention of Violent Radicalisation and Extremism are to: Secure the continuity of the various preventive measures Disseminate best practices and ensure equal readiness at the national level Develop and launch various forms of services to support radicalised persons in leaving violent organisations, and offering support services for the families and friends of such persons In addition to the above, the objectives of the action plan take into consideration: The development of organisational activities as a form of support Improving the competence and expertise of professional in different fields for identifying persons who have become or are in the process of becoming violently radicalised and in ending the radicalisation process Increasing the awareness of police on their special responsibility for the prevention of radicalisation and investigation of hate crimes Reinforcing the abilities of children and youth to identify and protect themselves from messages and propaganda inciting them to violent radicalisation and extremism City City Police Balanced and clear communications on the subject, without using words or speech that will offend, stigmatise or radicalise individuals or groups, are also an objective of the action plan. The prevention of violent extremism is coordinated by the Ministry of the Interior. Other authorities and actors have responsibility for measures and their development in accordance with their own areas of responsibility. Municipalities, organisations and communities shall participate in the implementation of the action plan in accordance with the principle of collaboration. All parties share the same objective: a safe Finland that will be pleasant to live in, also in the future; a country in which people feel involved and participate in the development of society through peaceful means. Two employees of Espoo Social and Health Services participated in seminars organised by the EU s Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN) in 2014. Espoo plans to increase the awareness of radicalisation prevention in various professions in the fields of social welfare and health care services, youth services and education. In these fields, employees are in a position to identify early signs of violent radicalisation and extremist thinking in the course of their normal work. A Tietotalo seminar was held on the subject in cooperation with the Ministry of the Interior and the Police in 2014. The senior management of Epoo s service units participated in the training. As specified in the Ministry of the Interior s action plan, the prevention of violent extremism requires cooperation from key authorities.

The Police are specialists in questions related to violent extremism and are able to support the preventive work of other authorities. *Violent extremism refers to using, threatening with, encouraging or justifying violence based on one s own view of the world, or on ideological grounds. The measures listed above support the Ministry of the Interior s objective of increasing awareness of and expertise in the prevention of violent radicalisation and extremism. The Ministry of the Interior s action plan is available as an electronic publication. INTOXICANTS The use of intoxicants in Finland grew until 2006, when the growth of total alcohol consumption stopped. The use of alcohol has increased among women in particular. Certain groups of young people use more alcohol than before, but the number of young people who abstain completely has increased at the same time. The growth in experimenting with drugs levelled out in the 2000s, but the number of drug abusers has increased. According to the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), alcohol is the most common cause of death of Finnish people of working age. According to THL, there are 280,000 heavy consumers of alcohol among the one million people living in the area of the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS). According to THL: Every marginalised youth will cost society approximately one million euros by retirement age More than 3,000 alcohol-related deaths occur in Finland each year Approximately 70% of suspects of violent crime acted under the influence of alcohol *Violent radicalisation is a process through which individuals end up using, threatening with, encouraging or justifying violence based on their own view of the world, or on ideological grounds. Radicalisation is always the result of a multitude of factors, and there is no single profile for radicalised persons. The factors leading to radicalisation are related to the individual, his or her situation in life and society. Feelings of being an outsider, discrimination and racism are frequently cited among the key factors leading to radicalisation. Financial difficulties and marginalisation can also contribute to radicalisation, but are not deciding factors in themselves. Situational factors have an impact on why some people become radicalised while others do not. Substance abuse and crime, both violent and non-violent, are strongly linked. There is also a significant connection between substance abuse and mental health problems. The following characteristics of intoxicant use in Espoo were identified in the city s risk analysis: The large number of establishments serving alcohol (230 in 2015). This number has increased significantly from 2010 (71 new establishments). The concentration of establishments in urban centres Minors have easy access to alcohol; some of the establishments and grocery stores sell alcohol to minors Many parents buy and/or offer alcohol to their underage children Public drunkenness creates feelings of insecurity Violence, disturbances and vandalism occurring due to drinking in restaurants and in front of them are responsible for a major part of police missions in the area FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 35

Young people drink openly in areas such as playgrounds and school yards Severely alcoholic adults and young people have found each other The following measures and parties responsible for them have been compiled for limiting the availability of alcohol and public drunkenness. FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 36 Subject of the measure Alcohol consumption in general Alcohol consumption and lifestyles National decision General alcohol policy and legislation: alcohol tax, alcohol monopoly, alcohol licence policy, sales and service limits, age limits Legislation on situations when the consumption of alcohol is permitted (1) Measure Influencing the alcohol licence policy of the Regional State Administrative Agency (AVI) in the area: Negotiations, statements on the suitability of alcoholserving establishments and their susceptibility to disturbances, statements on extension to opening hours in residential areas Advocacy for compliance with age limits when young people purchase and drink alcohol A TARJONTA working group of alcohol suppliers was instituted under the PAKKA local alcohol policy project in Espoon keskus in the spring of 2014 (operating model defined in Internal Security Programme 27/2013) An unconditional prohibition on drinking alcohol shall be observed and enforced: * At public events * On roads, streets, pavements, bicycle lanes, outside the front doors of buildings and on buses, metros and trains Monitoring the compliance of public event organisers The conditional prohibition on drinking alcohol shall be observed and enforced: * In parks and on squares and plazas * On public beaches and sports fields and in playgrounds and cemeteries Adopting a zero tolerance policy towards alcohol consumption in playgrounds Party responsible / Cooperation City, AVI, police, residents associations, businesses Police, city Police, city Police, city Police, city Legislation on drinking for the purpose of intoxication (2) The prohibition on selling alcohol to inebriated persons shall be observed and enforced in the municipalities Businesses, AVI 1. Alcohol Act, section 58, Prohibitions against drinking alcoholic beverages; Assembly Act, section 23.3; Public Order Act, section 4 2. Alcohol Act, section 23, Public order on the licensed premises; Alcohol Act, section 24, Bans on serving alcoholic beverages on the premises

RELATIONS BETWEEN POPULATION GROUPS The achievement of the Internal Security Programme s objective of making Finland the safest country in Europe and an equal and fair society for people of all population groups requires action at the individual level in everyday life. In 2016, the Ministry of Justice published a report illustrating the impact of hate speech and harassment on the sense of security felt by various population groups. The target group perspective of the report was based on the premise that, for reasons beyond their control, people belonging to minorities do not always have equal opportunities to those of the majority. Members of minorities are thus more prone to be victimised on the basis of visible characteristics or language. According to the report, harassment and hate speech is most commonly encountered on streets and in parking lots, parks and other public places. After these, the most common settings are public internet forums and, in particular, the social media. Harassment and hate speech also occurs in cafés, bars and restaurants and on public transport. The local security planning guide published by the Council for Crime Prevention and Ministry of the Interior recommends paying particular attention to minorities and special groups in particularly vulnerable positions. The measures recommended by the Internal Security Plan with regard to relations between population groups have been drawn from the Multicultural Advisory Board s white paper Safety of immigrants and immigrant families in Espoo. According to the white paper, hostile behaviour from the majority population is a cause of insecurity amongst immigrants. the near future. Youth with an immigrant background have a higher risk of remaining outside of education and thus working life. According to statistics published by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, the unemployment rate among foreign residents of Espoo is nearly three times higher than that of the native population. Matters that require attention in the future include the realisation of equality in the early, primary and further education of immigrant children and youth and the employment of young immigrants. Improvement measures targeted at these aspects can reduce the dependency ratio amongst immigrants and, thereby, prevent marginalisation from society and the resulting detrimental effects. In addition to hostile behaviour from the majority population and general socio-economic marginalisation, immigrants experience insecurity regarding the provision of various services to immigrants. Espoo s public service providers shall always treat immigrants equally to other residents. For example, immigrants feel that their concerns related to housing are not always taken seriously enough. In addition to the actions of service providers, the relations between neighbours require attention. Immigrants feel that they receive written warnings based on complaints, which may eventually cause them to be evicted, on lighter grounds than other residents. Internal safety within population groups requires attention in addition to the relations between them. Individuals can feel their security threatened by members of their own family in ways that some groups may not construe as a threat. FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 37 Marginalisation from society can cause immigrants to feel insecure and prospectless. According to Espoo s latest well-being report, the integration of the non-finnish speaking population will be challenging in

Measure Visible enforcement in areas where the disruptive behaviour of drunken persons or aggressive extremist movements may threaten immigrants. Coordinating and responsible parties Police, businesses FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 38 In connection with the investigation of racially motivated crimes, the police must ensure that immigrants are made aware that racial motives are taken into account in the investigation and the matter is being taken seriously. If racially motived violence towards a specific ethnic group occurs in a certain area, open discussions or briefings will be organised if necessary to let the members of the ethnic group in question know that the prevention of racially motivated crime is being taken seriously. If necessary, events for the prevention of problems will be organised in cooperation with local actors, such as immigrants associations or activity centres. The police shall intervene in the activities of extremist movements as early as possible in order to prevent the conflicts between population groups from growing and coming to a head. Information on their rights, the laws of Finland and the operation of the city s service system shall be communicated to immigrants. Immigrant communications will be improved. The most appropriate channel shall be selected for each communication. Immigrants should be recruited more actively by service providers. The city should build and develop long-term cooperation with immigrants associations. Public lessors shall ensure the equal treatment of all residents and areas. Housing standards shall be adhered to also in the case of large immigrant families so that issues such as overly cramped conditions will not become a threat to safety. Espoo s decision-makers could take a more visible role in anti-racism activities. Condemning racism in the local media will keep the discussion on racism prevention alive and strengthen the feeling amongst Espoo s immigrant population that the matter is being taken seriously by their home town. Police Police, city Police, city Police City, associations City, associations, businesses City housing and other public lessors City, elected officials We must build networks, conduct dialogue and learn to know each other in person in order to create channels for eventual crises. Different communications channels should be investigated in order to determine the sense of security felt by immigrants. Persons with immigrant backgrounds should be included in the Swedish-model safety walks (see the measures specified in Section 7.1). The internal security within population groups shall be investigated and taken into account in the Multicultural Program. Addressing the security threats connected to the growth of immigration. Balanced development of residential areas and prevention of segregation. Development of counselling services for immigrants and promotion of integration through activities such as the OmaKoto project. Authorities, organisations, parishes, religious communities, residents associations City, police City, associations, housing companies, Council for Crime Prevention City Police, city City

HOME AND LEISURE TIME ACCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTAL FIRES The prevention of accidents plays a key role in the safety of everyday life, from the perspectives of both economic and human values. The safety of living at home and, in particular, the safety of special-needs groups living at home has risen to one of the key challenges to everyday safety. In Espoo as elsewhere, an increasing number of people with a limited ability to function or act are living at home. The trend in fire casualties seems to indicate that the number of elderly victims is growing. Institutional housing must not be forgotten in the discussion of housing safety. In general, social welfare and health care institutions take safety better into account than private citizens in their homes. However, in institutions with a large number of residents with a restricted ability to function and little staff, even a minor incident can cause several injuries or even deaths. It is thus particularly important to perform the measures specified in the statutory safety survey on time. In premises owned by the city, the distribution of work and costs between the users (tenants) and owners is a common challenge. During construction projects, it has become apparent that design principles or objectives have not always been conveyed to the contractor or other implementing party down the line. In new construction projects, safety technology is generally implemented in line with current requirements, but the implementation of new solutions during real estate maintenance projects is challenging to say the least. Funding is required for renovations and the rents paid by the users. New funding models should be developed for safety solutions such as improving the level of protection, safety technology and structural arrangements. The Joka kodin turvaopas (Safety Guide for Every Home) drawn up by the Länsi-Uusimaa Rescue Department was distributed to all households in Espoo in 2008. The continuity of accident prevention and risk identification is a challenge. Groups with particular accident risks should be reached through cooperation between administrative branches, such as cross-training in the identification of risks. For example, representatives of various service providers regularly visit the homes of the elderly and those at risk of marginalisation. These measures focus on accidents occurring at home and the immediate environment (yard) and their prevention. Everyday safety and accident prevention was grouped under four main items, namely fire safety at home, accident prevention, real estate safety and general home safety. Particular attention was paid to the prevention of accidents to the elderly and persons at risk of marginalisation, and on improving the cooperation between authorities. In the autumn of 2016, Espoo Social and Health Services published the plan Täyttä elämää ikääntyneenä (A Full Life for the Elderly) for safeguarding the well-being of Espoo s aged population in 2016 2021. The plan addresses the well-being and health of the elderly, support for the ability to function and act independently, and the provision and development of services and home care for the aged. The development policies for services for the elderly are customer- and family-orientation, preventive activities as part of all operations, living home as a primary solution, increasing the customer s freedom of choice and the multi-provider model. FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 39 The current culture of rationalisation entails a safety problem. When operators focus on their core business, users are becoming distanced from building safety since they assume that the real estate organisation will take care of the matter.

Measure Coordinating and responsible parties FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME The authorities and family members visiting the homes of the elderly should be instructed to verify the existence and condition of the fire alarm and extinguishing equipment in connection with their visits. Carbon monoxide detectors are recommended for flats with fireplaces. The appropriate use and condition of fireplaces shall also be inspected on a regular basis. The choice of appropriate materials is crucial to the prevention of accidents at home. The condition of the materials (e.g. carpets, floors, lighting) should also be inspected on a regular basis. Flammable materials should not be unnecessarily stored at home. Residents should be educated and instructed on these matters. * Health and the risks related to it should be viewed comprehensively (e.g. the safety impact of various conditions, mobility disorders or visual impairments). The matter should be addressed at regular annual physical examinations. Potential safety risks can be removed or addressed in connection with house calls or cleaning. Orderliness improves safety also at home. The condition of medical appliances should be inspected on a weekly basis. From the perspective of building safety, housing companies and waste management firms shall be instructed to pay more attention to the maintenance of the stair well and rubbish bins, yards and passageways. The clear marking of exits and numbering of floors requires more attention so that help can find the correct flat more quickly when required. Opportunities for the convenient disposal of unwanted items and broken-down electric appliances shall be provided and communicated to residents. Espoo should organise an Accident Day for the purpose of targeted communications on accidents and their prevention. City and other authorities, resident s family Rescue department, city, organisations, e.g. the Finnish National Rescue Association (SPEK) City, family members City Housing companies, rescue department, city Housing companies, rescue department, city Rescue department, city 40 The logging procedures for dangerous situations at work and hazards and near misses experienced by employees, children at day care and schoolchildren. Cooperation between authorities, training and instructions with regard to flats with a heightened risk of fire, with the objective of reducing the incidence of fires at home. City Rescue department, city, police * The Länsi-Uusimaa Rescue Department holds safety-themed lecture in cooperation with services for the elderly. Social and Health Services provide counselling and guidance for senior citizens on all matters related to housing and everyday life.

TRAFFIC SAFETY Espoo s traffic safety committee drew up a traffic safety strategy for 2006 2010. The objective of the strategy was to reduce the number of road accident injuries in Espoo to less than 120 by 2010, regardless of population growth and increased traffic. In the reference year of 2005, there were 150 road accident injuries in Espoo. The committee specified the following key targets: No serious injuries or deaths (zero tolerance) on the way to school or on the Rantarata coastal railway in Espoo Decreasing vehicle speeds to comply with limits on access and collector roads. This will increase the feeling of security in residential areas while decreasing the severity of accidents involving pedestrians and bicycles In accordance with the strategy, the monitoring of safety was improved by an annual traffic accident report published by the Technical Centre. The development of the number of personal injury accidents is monitored through preliminary data published on a monthly basis. The safety of the way to school is part of the monitoring of preliminary data. Any shortcomings will be addressed as soon as possible. Resident feedback on issues on the way to school is investigated quickly. Vehicle speeds are monitored through speed measurements, which can also be targeted on the basis of information received from residents and partners. The traffic safety committee will continue its work as a permanent body convening three to four times per year. As indicated in Figure 20, the number of traffic accidents has decreased by 50 per cent in Espoo in the period from 2011 to 2015. The average number of fatal accidents during the same period was three per year. (Source: Statistics Finland) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2011 Espoo 2012 2013 2014 Finland as a whole 2015 Figure 20. Road accidents /100,000 residents (Destia 2016). The following threats to traffic safety were identified in the risk analysis conducted by the traffic safety committee: The urban structure of the Capital Region and Espoo is becoming fragmented. Commuting by private care is increasing, resulting in more road accidents. Pavements are ploughed and given antiskid treatments later than roads. It is difficult for the elderly and disabled to move on snowy pavement. Schoolchildren are at risk of being hit by a car when crossing a road. In the worst case, such accidents can cause serious personal injuries. The speed limits set for vehicles are not being observed properly. This increases feelings of insecurity among pedestrians. The amount of moped traffic on bicycle lanes is growing, increasing feelings of insecurity among pedestrians. FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 41

Measure Espoo s traffic safety strategy requires an update Coordinating and responsible parties Traffic safety committee FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 42 Information flow: The views of Espoo s elderly population must be taken into account in traffic safety planning. Correspondingly, information on traffic safety must be conveyed to the elderly population. Information flow: The views of Espoo s disabled population must be taken into account in traffic safety planning. Correspondingly, information on traffic safety must be conveyed to the disabled population. Residential areas must be equipped with sufficient underpasses and overpasses. Station platforms require improvement, and the safety of railroad crossings must be improved by removing level crossings. The safety and traffic subject included in the curriculum must be addressed in primary education. The objective of the subject is to teach pupils skills such as Identifying risks and avoiding dangerous situations Acting responsibly and safely in traffic Contributing to the safety of traffic Traffic safety shall also be discussed in early childhood and preschool education. Materials on traffic safety shall be displayed in the city s customer service premises. Associations should maintain the traffic safety awareness of their members and convey their views to the city in order to contribute to traffic safety planning. The police shall focus its traffic enforcement according to statistics and analysis data, empirical data and enforcement requests made by residents. The Urban Planning Department shall promote the comfort, functioning and safety of the residential environment through city plans, local plans and the traffic plans related to them. The areas around day care centres and educational institutions are a primary focus. Elderly Council, traffic safety committee Disability Council, traffic safety committee Rail Administration, Urban Planning Department Finnish and Swedish preschool and primary education Early childhood education City Associations Police Urban Planning Department The Technical Centre builds and maintains a safe network of pedestrian and bicycle connections in support of the objective of zero tolerance for accidents on the way to school. Particular attention shall be paid to pedestrians in the placement of traffic signs that permit driving mopeds on bicycle lanes. Technical Centre Urban Planning Department VULNERABILITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE As defined by the National Emergency Supply Agency, critical infrastructure comprises the structures and functions that are necessary for the continued functioning of society. Critical infrastructure includes both physical plants and structures and electronic functions and services. Safeguarding these requires the identification and securing of critical points, while keeping an eye on the functioning of the overall infrastructure. According to the Academy of Finland, globalisation is rapidly changing the infrastructure and security of society. Terrorism, climate change and health risks, such as pandemics, are examples of the vulnerabilities of modern infrastructure. The undisrupted functioning of the systems of society is necessary for the safety of citi-

zens. Disruptions to these systems can paralyze society completely. Questions of infrastructure and security are closely intertwined. Their complex interactions and combined effects are becoming increasingly difficult to anticipate. In the Security Strategy for Society (16 December 2010), vital functions were defined as central government, international operations, Finland s defence, internal security, the functioning of infrastructure and the economy, the population s income security and ability to function, and mental resilience in the event of a crisis. Of these, central government, international operations and the military defence of the nation are explicitly national duties. Measures taken on the basis of local municipality-level plans have a material impact on the following vital functions of society: Internal security, comprising functions such as rescue services and large-scale immigration management The functioning of society and the economy, including the functioning of the public economy and maintenance of the basic functions of society, such as energy, food and water supply, housing, availability of labour and public utility services The population s income security and ability to function, including social security, the social welfare and health care service system and health risk identification, monitoring and prevention systems Mental resilience in the event of a crisis, including communications, education and the maintenance of cultural identity According to section 12 of the Emergency preparedness act (Valmiuslaki, 29.12.2011/1552), municipalities shall, through emergency plans and preparations for activity in the event of an emergency and through other measures, ensure the optimal performance of their duties also in emergencies. The Rescue Act (29.4.2011/379) directly provides for rescue operations and independent preparedness. The following threats were identified in Espoo s risk analysis: Climate change and its broad effects on, for example, the building stock Widespread disruptions in water and power supply Major dependency on information technology and electricity, endangering service provision in the event of disruptions Infectious diseases The City of Espoo s information security policy defines the information security principles observed by the city and acts as the basis for instructions concerning information security in the city. The objectives of the policy are to secure the continuity of the city s functions and municipal services, along with ensuring compliance with information security and data protection regulations. Information security refers to administrative, technical and other means of protecting information owned or managed by the city in normal conditions, during disruptions and in emergencies. Information security shall be taken into account in the earliest possible phase of operation planning. In addition to the protection of information, information security includes implementations of cyber security, data protection and other areas of security, of which the following are central with regard to the city: Measures for securing the *cyberenvironment s confidentiality, integrity, availability and continuity. Measures provided for in obligatory data protection regulations for ensuring the protection of privacy and other rights in the processing of personal data. Measures, systems and structures that protect the city s premises, the people working in those premises and other assets from injury and property damage, sabotage attempts and unauthorised entry. Information security measures carried out during the HR process before, during and in connection with the termination of employment. Contractual measures ensuring the realisation of the principles defined in this policy, also applying to cooperation with stakeholders * The environment constituted by persons, systems and services communicating with each other through various technologies FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 43

FOCUS AREAS AND MEASURES COVERED BY THE PROGRAMME 44 Measure Keeping the city s response plans and other plans for disruptions under normal conditions, emergencies and crises up to date. The plans of water, district heating and power plants and waste management require particular attention. Ensuring the power supply of the city s critical functions (incl. hospitals and the functioning of senior management) with reserve power. Ensuring the availability of critical components, fuel and medicine with emergency stockpiles. Ensuring information security in the city. Securing the protection of information, services, systems and data communications. Taking preparedness into account in agreements. The agreements signed with critical suppliers (energy, ICT) must have clauses ensuring availability in the event of various disruptions. Regular drills for disruptions and emergencies. Active cooperation between authorities in the field of emergency preparedness. Making sure crisis communications (plans & capabilities) are up to date. Preparations for the continuous maintenance of traffic lanes, congestion and the smoothness of public transport and freight traffic. Preparations for sudden changes in weather conditions storms, heavy rain, floods, drought, extreme cold and long-term climate change. Preparations and updating the instructions for issues of environmental health related to risks arising from the interaction of humans with environmental pollution such as arsenic-contaminated areas, epidemics, air quality, quality of drinking water, landfill sites, traffic emissions, pandemics, radon-contaminated areas, food hygiene and radiation hazards. Measures include sampling, quality measurements, independent monitoring and protection instructions. The city s marine oil spill response readiness requires improvement. Coordinating and responsible parties City, HSY, HRT, power plants City City City City City, rescue department, police, Finnish Defence Forces City, rescue department, police, Finnish Defence Forces City City, HRT, Finnish Transport Agency City, rescue department City, HSY Rescue department Espoo s Environment Committee drew up its first environmental report in 1999 2000, and the report has been updated annually since that time. According to the latest report published in December 2012, the state of environmental safety in Espoo is fairly good.

VIII DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF SAFETY AND SECURITY DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF SAFETY AND SECURITY 45 Photograph: Kimmo Brandt

DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF SAFETY AND SECURITY 46 The safety situation can only be improved through the alignment of the activities of individuals and society, and by improving safety culture. The City of Espoo has a history of close cooperation between parties responsible for safety and security. In addition to the city and its rescue services, these parties include the police, parishes, businesses, NGOs and residents. Successful cooperation requires commitment from the management. The Internal Security Report published by the Ministry of the Interior in 2016 states that extensive cooperation between authorities, international actors, NGOs, companies and numerous other parties is a prerequisite for the improvement of internal security in a complex security environment. Improving the level of safety and security requires closer cooperation in the following areas: Ensuring a common understanding of and commitment to objectives and means Joint reviews of objectives and means Practical implementation of agreed-upon measures through performance management and score cards More genuine joint activities Charting how the organisation s own processes could be improved through cooperation in the field of safety and security Identification of potential cost savings achieved through the cooperation Investigating the potential for regional safety cooperation Ensuring the coordination of safety and security work by allocating resources to safety cooperation Continuation of police coordinator activities and further development of cooperation between authorities Increased cooperation with security institutes and universities Securing the conditions for successful safety work in the Corporate Group Ensuring the flow of information between the various parties Establishment of permanent cross-administrative research networks Inviting a representative of the police to the city s research network Open sharing of information and metadata (information on information) between the parties Security is one of the foundations of our welfare society. The Internal Security Report states that the operating environment is changing rapidly, emphasising the significance of internal security. Internal security involves more than just the activities of the operative authorities. It is fundamentally impacted by factors such as marginalisation, income inequality, the employment rate, alcohol and drug policy, the economic situation and equality. Families, close communities, social welfare and health care services and schools have the primary responsibility for well-being that creates security. Internal security is also a significant competitive factor when companies consider the geographic placement of their offices. In Finland, people trust the authorities and each other. We must do everything in our power to maintain this tradition of trust. Trust reinforces social cohesion, which lays the foundation for safety, a sense of security and the functioning of society.

IX MONITORING OF PROGRAMME REALISATION AND COMMUNICATIONS MONITORING OF PROGRAMME REALISATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 47 Photograph: Olli Häkämies

MONITORING OF PROGRAMME REALISATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 48 Safety and security work in Espoo is part of the Espoo Story. One of the objectives for this council term is that the residents of Espoo can feel safe in their residential areas, communities and urban centres. The criterion of the council term s success is positive development in at least six of the eight sections specified in this programme. The performance target for 2017 2018 is to agree on responsibilities for the Safety and Security Programme and the monitoring of its realisation, both inside the city s organisation and with partners. The measures specified in the Safety and Security Programme shall be implemented into practice through score cards for service areas/units. The programme s realisation will thus be monitored as part of the city s planning and monitoring processes. The implementation of the measures defined in the Safety and Security Programme is supervised by the city s Security Strategy Board. Internal Security Programme I, prepared by the Ministry of the Interior, was completed in 2004, while Programme II, titled Turvallinen elämä jokaiselle (A Safe Life for Everyone), was completed in 2008. The latest programme, Internal Security Programme III was completed in 2012. Due to the completion of the programme, Espoo s next Safety and Security Programme will cover the years 2017 and 2018.

X OTHER CITY OF ESPOO PROGRAMMES RELATED TO SAFETY AND SOURCES OTHER CITY OF ESPOO PROGRAMMES RELATED TO SAFETY AND SOURCES 49 Photograph: Tuire Ruokosuo

PROGRAMMES RELATED TO SAFETY AND SECURITY IN ESPOO OTHER CITY OF ESPOO PROGRAMMES RELATED TO SAFETY AND SOURCES 50 Espoo s accessibility programme Espoo s Puhu älä lyö (Talk, Don t Hit) action plan for the prevention of domestic violence. Espoo s physical exercise policy programme 2010 2020 Täyttä elämää ikääntyneenä (A Full Life for the Elderly): Espoo s programme for safeguarding the well-being of senior citizens in 2016 2021 SOURCES INTERNAL Regional safety analyses. Welfare committees. Arjen turvaa (Everyday Security) report. Länsi-Uusimaa Rescue Department Espoo annual welfare report 2014 City of Espoo safety survey 2008. Safety and security committee. Espoo Safety and Security Plan 2011 2012 City and Municipal Services in Espoo 2015 and 2016 questionnaires / Public order and safety. FCG Traffic safety strategy 2006 2010. Traffic safety committee. Safety of immigrants and immigrant families in Espoo. White paper by the Multicultural Advisory Board. Multicultural Programme 2014 2017 realisation data for 2014. Environmental safety strategy. Espoo Environmental Centre. Espoo s disability policy programme, Toimiva arki kaikille (Equal Opportunities for Everyday Life) City of Espoo diversity plan, including an equality plan for 2009 2010 Child and youth welfare plan Multicultural programme 2014 2017 EXTERNAL Destia, iliitu traffic safety service Kaupunkien turvallisuuskehityksestä vuoteen 2020 mennessä (On the development of security in cities by 2020). Security committee instituted by the Ministry of the Interior. PolStat, police statistics service PRONTO, the national resource and accident database of the rescue services Suurten kaupunkien profiilit (Profiles of Finland s large cities). Security committee instituted by the Ministry of the Interior. Statistics Finland

ELECTRONIC SOURCES Regional State Administrative Agency / Rescue Services, Southern Finland https://www.avi.fi/en/web/avi-en/turvallisuus National Emergency Supply Agency http://www.huoltovarmuus.fi/ City of Espoo / Information about Espoo / Research and statistics http://www.espoo.fi/en-us/city_of_espoo/information_about_ Espoo/Research_and_statistics Ministry of Justice / Council for Crime Prevention http://www.rikoksentorjunta.fi/en/ Ministry of Justice / Council for Crime Prevention / Haaste online journal Ministry of Justice http://www.haaste.om.fi/fi/index/lehtiarkisto/haaste22015/vakivaltaistaekstremismiaehkaisemassa.html http://oikeusministerio.fi/fi/index/ajankohtaista/tiedot- Ministry of the Interior / Internal security report Ministry of the Interior / Internal Security Programme http://intermin.fi/documents/1410869/4113506/67644_julkaisu_082016.pdf Academy of Finland / Publications http://www.aka.fi/globalassets/awanhat/documents/tiedostot/ julkaisut/finnsighttiivistelma.pdf National Institute for Health and Welfare / Regional accident statistics https://www.thl.fi/fi/web/tapaturmat/tapaturmat-suomessa/tapaturmakatsaukset-alueittain#pelastusalueet Statistics Finland / Statistical databases http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/tup/tilastotietokannat/index.html Centre for Occupational Safety / Publications http://ttk.fi/files/1660/tyovakivallan_riskiammatit.pdf Finnish Institute of Occupational Health TTL / Books http://www.ttl.fi/fi/verkkokirjat/documents/stop%20 v%c3%a4kivallalle.pdf OTHER CITY OF ESPOO PROGRAMMES RELATED TO SAFETY AND SOURCES 51 Local security planning teet/2016/03/selvitysvihapuhevaikuttaauhrinturvallisuudentun- teeseen.html http://oikeusministerio.fi/fi/index/julkaisut/julkaisuarkisto/1456826655763/files/omso_7_2016_vipu-raportti_158_s.pdf http://www.rikoksentorjuntaneuvosto.fi/fi/index/julkaisut/paikallinenrikoksentorjunta_0/paikallinenturvallisuussuunnittelu.html Ministry of the Interior / Publications / National Action Plan for the Prevention of Violent Radicalisation and Extremism http://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/75040/kansallinen_vakivalt_radikalisoituminen_eng_ NETTI.pdf Ministry of the Interior / Police http://www.poliisi.fi/ http://www.intermin.fi/sisainenturvallisuus

Photograph: Marko Oikarinen CITY OF ESPOO, 2016