Roosevelt sought a Square Deal for capital, labor, and the public The Three C s Corporate control Consumer protection Conservation
1902 Anthracite Coal Mine Strike 140,000 immigrants - Demanded 20% pay increase and 9 hr workday Owners refused to negotiate Coal supply dwindled factories, schools, hospitals shut down TR brings miners and owners to White House Big Stick threatened to take over mine with troops Compromise 10% increase, 9 hr day Dept of Commerce and Labor created Bureau of Corporations broke monopolies and trust-busted
Interstate Commerce Commission was inadequate at stopping corporations RR could appeal decision 10 year process Elkins Act (1903) aimed at rebates heavy fines on RRs and receivers Hepburn Act (1906) free passes restricted Strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission
Putting the screws on him, Harper s Weekly, 1904
Cartoon illustrating the resurrection of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by the Hepburn Act
"Get Rid of Your Friends" W.A. Rogers Saturday, May 27, 1905
Crackdown on Corporations TR believed there were good and bad trusts Attacked Northern Securities Company RR holding company organized by JP Morgan Virtual monopoly on RRs in Northwest RR promoters appealed to Sup. Ct Verdict company dissolved angered big business, increased TR s reputation Initiated 40+ trust-busts Beef, sugar, fertilizer, etc Purpose show that govt ruled country, not big business Wanted to regulate, not destroy business Industrial companies healthier as a result
Infant Hercules and the Standard Oil Serpents, 1906
The Trusts, Puck, May 25, 1904
Upton Sinclair: The Jungle (1906) Wanted to focus on plight of workers in big canning factories Appalled public with description of unsanitary food products Filth and disease in Chicago s slaughterhouses readers sickened Aimed for nation s heart but hit its stomach TR appointed investigative commission report was disgusting
Mary had a little lamb, And when she saw it sicken, She shipped it off to Packingtown, And now it s labeled chicken.
Meat Inspection Act (1906) -Preparation of meat shipped over state lines subject to federal inspection corral to can -drove smaller competition out -Foreign countries more eager to buy Pure Food & Drug Act (1906) -Prevented mislabeling of foods and drugs
Conservation Land not inexhaustible Desert Land Act (1877) fed govt sold arid land cheaply, purchaser must irrigate within 3 years Forest Reserve Act (1891) President can set aside public land as national parks and reserves TR loved outdoors naturalist Gifford Pinchot head of federal Division of Forestry
Newlands Act (1902) Govt can collect $ from sale of public lands in western states and use $ to develop irrigation projects Roosevelt Dam in AZ TR set aside 125 acres of forests, coal deposits, water resources Banned Christmas trees in White House Boy Scouts = largest youth org. Sierra Club - dedicated to preserving the wildness of the western landscape John Muir Multiple-use resource management use land for multiple purposes
Conservation Controversy in 1913 Hetch Hetchy, Cali Famed naturalist, John Muir shouldn t be touched, valley is a temple of nature Pinchot and TR use nation s resources wisely
President Roosevelt and naturalist John Muir atop Glacier Point in Yosemite Valley, 1903
Election of 1904 Republican TR Democrat Alton B. Parker Socialist Eugene Debs Result: 366 to 140 Teddy won due to his personality Teddy Bear named after him saved life of cub on bear hunting exploit Announced he will not run for a 3 rd term under ANY circumstances lost some power
Election of 1904 -- TR made himself a lame duck
For President! L.C. Gregg, Atlanta Constitution, 1904 An anti-roosevelt cartoon
Election of 1904
All His Own, J.S. Puche, Puck, March 1, 1905
Roosevelt Panic of 1907 Panic on Wall Street TR blamed for rocking the boat TR lashed back said rich orchestrated crisis to get govt to back off Led to fiscal reforms need for more elastic medium of exchange Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908) national banks authorized to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral
Legacy 1) Conservation most lasting achievement 2) Enlarged power and prestige of presidential office 3) Shaped progressive movement and liberal reform campaigns to come 4) Opened American eyes to the fact that we share the world with others World power = responsibilities
Election of 1908 Republican William Howard Taft TR would ve won had he ran Sought a successor who would carry out his policies Taft Sec of War and mild progressive TR got him nominated easily Democrat William Jennings Bryan Socialist Eugene Debs Election results 321 to 162 People chose stability with TR s choice TR left soon after for a lion hunt in Africa
President William H. Taft -- Taft was portrayed as TR s hand-picked successor "Certain of his Election Homer Davenport New York Evening Mail, 1908
Election of 1908
President William H. Taft 1909-1913 Republican
Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, 2009 1. Abraham Lincoln 15. Bill Clinton 2. Franklin Roosevelt 16. William McKinley 3. George Washington 17. John Adams 4. Theodore Roosevelt 18. George H.W. Bush 5. Harry Truman 19. John Quincy Adams 6. John Kennedy 20. James Madison 7. Thomas Jefferson 21. Grover Cleveland 8. Dwight Eisenhower 22. Gerald Ford 9. Woodrow Wilson 23. Ulysses Grant 10. Ronald Reagan 11. Lyndon Johnson 12. James Polk 13. Andrew Jackson 14. James Monroe 24. William Taft 25. Jimmy Carter 26. Calvin Coolidge 27. Richard Nixon 28. James Garfield 29. Zachary Taylor 30. Benjamin Harrison 31. Martin Van Buren 32. Chester Arthur 33. Rutherford Hayes 34. Herbert Hoover 35. John Tyler 36. George W. Bush 37. Millard Fillmore 38. Warren Harding 39. William Harrison 40. Franklin Pierce 41. Andrew Johnson 42. James Buchanan
"A Delicate Task for the Pilot" J.L. DeMar Philadelphia Record, 1908
Background Graduated 2 nd in class at Yale, lawyer, judge Governor of Philippines Political handicaps: Didn t have TR s personality to lead Passive towards Congress didn t like controversy Poor judge of public opinion constantly had foot in mouth Like status quo more than change (Old Guard Republicans loved him)
Dollar Diplomacy Wall Street was encouraged to invest surplus $ into foreign areas of strategic concern to US Far East and regions near Panama Canal Strengthen our defenses and foreign policy, while bringing prosperity Focus China s Manchuria Didn t like Russia and Japan controlling RR s there might close door on US US wants to buy RRs and turn them over to China in a deal Russia and Japan refuse Taft ridiculed
Dollar Diplomacy Revolutions in L. America pumped $ into Honduras and Haiti to keep stable and keep Euros out Disorders in Cuba, Honduras, Nicaragua, DR = American forces intervene to restore order
Trustbuster 90 suits against trusts in 4 years Sup. Ct. ordered dissolution of Standard Oil in 1911 Violated Sherman Anti-Trust act combination that restrained trade Court used rule of reason illegal because it unreasonably restrained trade Ripped a hole in anti-trust net Taft pressed anti-trust suit against US Steel 1907 TR allowed JP Morgan to merge with Tenn. Coal and Iron this trustbust made TR really mad!
Conservation Bureau of Mines to help control mineral resources Reserved acres of western coal lands Protected water-power sites from private development
Ballinger Pinchot controversy (1910) Sec of Interior Richard Ballinger opened public lands in WY, MT, Alaska to corporate development Pinchot criticized Ballinger Taft fired him for insubordination Widened rift b/w Taft and TR
Split in the Republican party Progressives want to lower tariff (Mother of all trusts) Payne-Aldrich Tariff moderately reduced tariff but Sen. Aldrich tacked on revisions Taft signed it and betrayed campaign promises Progressives outraged
Split in the Republican party Republicans split b/w reformist wing and Old Guard TR returns and gives New Nationalism speech in Osawatomie Kansas urged national govt to increase its power to remedy economic and social abuses Republicans lost badly in 1910 Congressional elections due to split
Taft-Roosevelt split The National Progressive Republican League formed want Robert LaFollette as presidential candidate TR throws hat in ring said he promised earlier no 3 consecutive terms LaFollette pushed aside Republican convention chose Taft TR becomes 3 rd party candidate Bull Moose Party
"The Latest Arrival at the Political Zoo" Harper's Weekly Edward W. Kemble July 20, 1912