Monday October 30 1) Bellringer: Identify Teddy Roosevelt (ID = who, what, when, where, why, how, significance) from pages 233, 234, & 237. (Infographic too) Discussion 2) Chapter 8.4: Create a Chart of the laws passed under TR and include: Name of Law All Electronics Off & away The Brain Likes Organization! Features of Law (Change or Power given) Outcome 4. Preview & Read 8.5
Social Political Governmental Economic The Progressive Movement (1901-1917) was initiated as a response to political and corporate abuses at the turn of the Twentieth Century. Religious groups, members of the press, and political groups all cried out for reform, with solutions ranging from subtle reforms of the American capitalist economy, to a call for the creation of a socialist government. Reforms were initiated by individuals at the city, state, and national levels of government. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the movement by embracing environmental conservation, forcing arbitration in the Anthracite Coal Strike, and busting monopolies that were harmful to the public.
TR and 1902 Mine Strike May 1902 140,000 anthracite miners go on strike. Underpaid. Forced to buy overpriced supplies in company stores and live in company owned homes. UMW forms under John Mitchell -mines were mostly owned by railroads, the biggest owner being J.P. Morgan refused to recognize or negotiate. As economy slowed (run mostly on coal) and winter neared, Teddy Roosevelt stepped in and threatened to use troops but unlike past Presidents use troops to run mines and take profits from Morgan in public interest [A real big stick!]. Mine owners accepted Arbitration (mediation go between to hear both sides and render a fair [square] decision) and the miners won a pay raise and shorter hours, but not recognition. TR thought both sides received a Square Deal
Good Trust v. Bad Trust Bad trusts get the big stick! Northern Securities Railroad Swift & Co. v. U.S. Tobacco Trust Square Deal see that each is given a square deal, because he is entitled to no more and should receive no less.
Regulating the Railroads Another way to ensure businesses competed fairly was through regulation. Railroads often granted rebates to their best customers, which meant large corporations paid much less for shipping than small farmers or small businesses. To alleviate this problem, Congress passed two acts. The Elkins Act Passed in 1903 Prohibited railroads from accepting rebates Ensured that all customers paid the same rates for shipping their products The Hepburn Act Passed in 1906 Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), giving it the power to set maximum railroad rates Gave the ICC power to regulate other companies engaged in interstate commerce
Putting the Screws on Him The Beef Trust Don t shoot, I ll come down.
Hydraulic Mining
We are prone to speak of the resources of this country as inexhaustible; this is not so. The mineral wealth of the country, the coal, iron, gas, and the like, does not reproduce itself, and therefore is certain to be exhausted ultimately; and wastefulness in dealing with it to-day means that our descendants will feel the exhaustion a generation or two before they otherwise would. - TR Message to Congress, 1907
Roosevelt Dam - Phoenix, Arizona Newlands Act or Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902.
Environmental Conservation In the late 1800s natural resources were used at an alarming rate, and foresting, plowing, polluting, and overgrazing were common. Roosevelt s Thoughts Recognized that natural resources were limited and that government should regulate resources Disagreed with naturalist John Muir, who helped protect Yosemite Park and thought the entire wilderness should be preserved Believed that conservation involved the active management of public land for varied uses: some preservation, some economical = rational use = scientific thinking. Roosevelt s Solution The Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 reflected Roosevelt s beliefs. The law allowed federal government to create irrigation projects to make dry lands productive. The projects would be funded from money raised by selling off public lands. During Roosevelt s presidency, 24 reclamation projects were launched.
John Muir Emigrated (Exit) from Scotland Naturalist & Preservationist while hiking & working in Yellowstone & Yosemite Founded Sierra Club in 1892 to preserve wilderness: some areas should be hands-off. Fought against Hetch Hetchy reservoir: a temple and therefore, inviolable by humans. Richard Ballinger? Worked for President Taft Secretary of Interior Opened Public (Fed) lands in WY, MT, & AK in 1910 (TR had set the land aside) Argued with Pinchot Attempted to shape U.S. Conservation policy Policy director for POTUS Friendship with Teddy Roosevelt Preserve some land Gifford Pinchot Worked for Pres. Roosevelt Division of Forestry head Conservationist = use intelligently, multiple use and sustained use. Supported Hetch Hetchy. Tourism would save. Fired by Pres. Taft
Progressive Era Federal Legislation Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) Elkins Act (1903) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906/1911) Meat Inspection Act (1906) Encouraged conservation by allowing the building of dams and irrigations systems using money from the sale of public lands. Outlawed the use of rebates by railroad officials or shippers. Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in processed food items. In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, this law required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and health-minded procedures.
Hepburn Act (1906) Progressive Era Federal Legislation Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, allowing it to set maximum railroad rates. Federal Reserve Act (1913) Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Federal Trade Act (1914) Created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, each able to issue new currency and loan member banks funds at the prime interest rate, as established by the Federal Reserve Board. Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation called the Magna Carta for the Labor Movement! Established the Federal Trade Commission, charged with investigating unfair business practices including monopolistic activity and inaccurate product labeling.
The common purpose of these legislative acts was to 1. protect the nation s natural resources 2. improve conditions for recent immigrants to the United 3. advance the growth of big business 4. promote the general welfare of the American public We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Progressive Era Amendments T (ax) 16th Amendment Graduated Income Tax E (lection) 17th Amendment - Direct Election of U.S. Senators P (rohibition) 18th Amendment - Prohibited Alcohol & 21 st S (uffrage) 19th Amendment - Women's Suffrage http://www.regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/reform/index.htm#