MINISTTERY OFF LLABOUR,, FFAMI ILLY AND SOCIALL PROTTECTTI ION Di iir reecct toor raat tee foor f r Eqquuaal ll Oppppoor rtuunni iit ti iieess bbeet tweeeenn woomeenn aanndd meenn Traducere neoficială realizată de Directia Relatii Externe Distribution of women and men in decision making in central public administration A balanced participation in the labour market of both women and men in terms of employment, salaries, promotion and participation in continuous training is tightly connected to the family context (policies of work, family and private life reconciliation), the socio-cultural context (sexist stereotypes are perpetuated, often limiting the access of women to social life, for example certain professional domains, considered to be naturally masculine ), as well as to the way economic and political power is distributed in society. Access to material and financial resources, to education, to labour market and to decision making process are tightly connected among them and mutually influence themselves, implicitly as a proof of the democratization degree of power distribution between men and women, at a certain time. A gender analysis on decision making constituents, who influence the economic, social or cultural life of a community, currently reveals the persistence of unequal relations, mostly not favorable to women. Cultural, religious and biological factors have often been set forth for perpetuating gender and decision making discrimination, having as a result, a waste of labour potential and creativity of many women. 1. Gender equality in decision making : evidence at community and national level Legal and non legal documents assumed by the European Union 1 assign gender equality as a fundamental principle of the European Union, underlining the fact that a balanced participation on gender criteria in major decisions adopted in political and social fields is vital for the development of a real democracy and contributes to economic growth. Moreover, approaching gender equality issue in employment, points out the necessity of an equal promotion of men and women on labour market, as well as on managing, as 1 The Decision of the European Council in Madrid of 1995 on current yearly monitoring of the implementation of the Beijing Platform of Action adopted within the 4th UN Conference on in Beijing in 1995, the European Pact on Gender Equality adopted by the European Council in 26 and renewed in 21, the European Union Chart of Fundamental Rights, the European Union Strategy 22 for inteligent, sustainable and inclusive development, the European Union Strategy for Equal Opportunities 21-215, the European Pact for Gender Equality 211 22, the Conclusions of EPSCO Council and the communications of the European Commission inviting to promoting and strenghtening equal opportunities in various fields or annual Reports of the European Commission on progress in the field of equal opportunities, etc.
a token of assuring social equity and economic performance able to lead to a raise in social participation of women to all levels. According to a recent Report 2 of the European Commission, despite all progress, women from Europe keep being underrepresented in managing, both in politics and business. At the level of the EU, 24% of Parliament members are women meaning an increase of 16% compared to the situation registered 1 years ago and the same proportion take post of ministerial. Within central administrations of the European Union Member States, women currently fill almost 33% of the of the first two levels of the hierarchy, compared to approximately 17% in 1999. The ratio of women in similar within the institutions of the European Union has also improved, from 14% to almost 2% within the same period, but significant improvements could also be done. The analysis at European level on participation of women and men in the decision making process, point out several reasons which may justify the underrepresentation of women in the decision making : first of all, gender stereotypes and the discrimination, as well as the segregation in education on labour market. Then, it follows the lack of policies able to highlight and promote a fair balance between work and family life and to break the unfair distribution of household and family tasks. Finally, the unfriendly socio-cultural environment, the corporatist culture and the mass-media approach that is still unfavorable to women. Starting with 23, the European Commission has created a data basis on-line concerning the evidence of women and men in decision making, representing an important tool for the dissemination of comparable information on women and men in managing, for the following domains: a) politics; b) public administration; c) legal; d) business and finances; e) social partners and NGO-s. Methodologically, the decision making position is defined as a position enabling making a decision or exerting an influence on a decision. The up-dating of the European data basis, requested by the European Commission has a methodology of application and a standard format. The Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection, by the Directorate of Equal Opportunities is responsible to communicate to the European Commission information on public administration domain. Methodologically, the European data basis defines public administration at national level as «the departments of the national Government led by a minister», and the decision making are those of the first (after the minister) and the second administrative high level (under the first level), as defined in each state. Romania, as a Member State of the European Union, has assumed guaranteeing and promoting the principle of equal opportunities and treatment between men and women by including it in the Constitution and in the national legislation. Strictly connected to the issue of balanced access at decision making, the Law no. 22/22 on equal opportunities and treatment between men and women, republished, stipulates: Art. 21.(1) Central and local public authorities, economic and social units, as well as political parties, other nonprofit entities carrying out their activities on the basis of their own statutes, promote and support a balanced participation of women and men in management and decision making process. 2 The annual Report of the European Commission on progress in the field of gender equality - 21
(2) The provisions of paragraph (1) are applied for the nomination of the members and/or participants in any board, group of experts and other managerial working structures and/or of council. Art. 22. For accelerating the effective achievement of equal opportunities between men and women, central and local public authorities will adopt measures to stimulate an equitable and balanced representation of women and men within the decision making authorities and social partners, according to competency criteria. Furthermore, by the Program of Governance 29-212, Chapter 9 Family, child protection and equal opportunities, the Romanian Government committed itself to pay a contribution: to promote an active participation of women in the decision making process and in the structures of public representation and to eliminate the discriminatory condition of women on labour market, in social, economic, cultural and political life, by strengthening the representation of women in the Parliament and the two hierarchic lines of the Government. The issue of participation of women and men in the decision making process and of gender distribution in the structures of public representation has represented also in Romania a study field. Thus, we draw the attention on 2 surveys achieved within the former Agency for Equal Opportunities, which, although didn t follow exclusively the issue of filling the management in public administration by women and men, provided several important information: - Participation of women in political life in Romania. The data were collected after the general elections in 24, both at central level and the level of local public administration. Conclusions of the survey: Feminization of the decision making medium levels of public administration (especially at central level). The pyramid of political power is dominated on top and on bottom, by men. Feminization of fields such as justice, health, European integration and labour. (the former) Ministry of European Integration is the only minister where over 75% of managing are filled by women, then the Ministry of Culture (61, 2%), the Ministry of Health (6, 24%) and the Ministry of Environment (58, 72%). As concerns the local public administration, women are underrepresented, since, roughly, over 8% of the decision making are filled by men. - Analysis on the level of participation of women and men in the decision making process at the level of central and local public administration. The survey was made in 29 and the data were collected after the general elections in 28 and the euro parliamentary elections in 29, both at central level and local administration level. Conclusions: As concerns the participation of women at the first and the second level of decision making within ministries, the percentage of filled by women increases concomitantly with the decrease in the level of decisions making. Compared to the average of the Parliaments of the European Union states (24%) and with the percentage from the European Parliament during the legislation period 24-29 (31%), Romania has a representation of women in the Parliament of only 9,76%, according to the results of the parliamentary elections in 28.
Compared to the period 24-28, there is a lower rate of participation of women in the decision making process in local administration, as a presence in the county and local councils, as well as at the level of the Institution of Prefect. 2. Definition of terms The meaning of terms is as follows: 2.1 Public administration: we use the meaning given by the European Commission to the concept of public administration at national level, namely the departments of the national government led by a minister, ministries and departments of the Government, led by ministers. 2.2 Degree of decision 1, including the following (after that of the dignitary): secretary general, deputy secretary general, director-general, deputy directorgeneral. 2.3 Degree of decision 2, including the following (after the level of decision 1): director, deputy director, head of unit, head of office. 2.4 Level of representation A: the governmental institution at central level, namely the ministry or the department led by a minister. 2.5 Level of representation B: deconcentrate units of ministries at local level, institutions subordinated/under the authority of ministries and other specialized bodies subordinated to ministries, mainly financed by subventions from the state budget. 2.6 Assimilated functions: of decision characteristic to ministries or from the level of representation B, degree of decision 2 (established as a result of consultations with experts from ministries), which have been taken into consideration when the total number of making decisions, degree 2, level B has been determined. 3. Procedure for the collection of data and information Starting from the request of the European Commission of updating the European data basis concerning the situation of women and men in decision making, the Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection, by the Directorate of Equal Opportunities between and, examined a series of data related to the situation of women and men in decision making, for the domain of public administration. The section of public administration of the data basis of the European Commission refers to the gender balance between senior civil servants at European and national level and includes the following variables: - Senior administrators at European level, namely the European institutions: the Parliament, the Commission and the Council; - Senior administrators at national level, namely national administrations (ministries or governmental departments at national level); - Heads of units/evaluation bodies (at European and national level). Considering that the data basis sent to the European Commission may be completed with other information pointing out in a more accurate manner the distribution of women and men in decision making in central public administration, the data have been collected on categories/types of management not only for ministries, but also for
the deconcentrate units of ministries at local level, the institutions subordinated/under their authority and other specialized bodies subordinated to ministries, mainly financed by subventions from the state budget (there were excluded the autonomous administrations, the institutions, other administrations etc. subordinated/under the authority of ministries, but which are mostly financed from their own incomes). Data collection was based on the following indicators disaggregated by gender criterion: a) The number and category / type of management, occupied and vacant, included at the decision-making degree 1, respectively secretary general, deputy secretary general, general director, deputy general director. b) The number and category / type of management, occupied and vacant, included at the decision-making degree 2, respectively director, deputy director, head of unit, head of office. Therefore, there were not taken into account, the posts of high officials: minister, secretary of state, presidents having the rank of secretary of state and their personal advisers. The Directorate of Equal Opportunities between and asked the following ministries to communicate data on the distribution of women and men in management (15 ministries, 2 departments and the General Secretariat of Government, led by high officials having the rank of minister): 1. Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection 2. Ministry of Public Finances 3. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure 4. Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism 5. Ministry of Health 6. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 7. Ministry of National Defence 8. Ministry of Administration and Interior 9. Ministry of Foreign Affaires 1. Ministry of Communications and Information Society 11. Ministry of Justice 12. Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sport 13. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Business Environment 14. Ministry of Environment and Forestry 15. Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony 16. Department for European Affaires 17. General Secretariat of Government 18. Department for the Relation with the Parliament In the situations where ambiguity existed on the inclusion in decision-making degrees and representation levels of management which are specific to institutions, this was
clarified in collaboration with experts from the ministries concerned. The reference period for reporting data is the month of August 211. 4. Distribution of decision-making at national level, by gender criterion 4.1 Decision-making at national level of 1 and 2 degree, levels of representation A and B Nationally, the total management of decision-making degree 1 and 2 is of 11,32 (of which 1 779 vacancies). From the total occupied decision-making, of 9,541, more than half are occupied by women, 4,85 (5.83%) as compared to 4,691 (49.17%) men. 12 1 8 6 4 2 Total 1132 1779 9541 485 4691 4.2 Decision-making of 1 and 2 degree, representation level A The total of decision-making in ministries is 997, of which 866 occupied and 131 vacancies. Of the total filled, the majority are occupied by women: 514 (59.35%), respectively 352 (4.65%) men.
1 8 6 4 2 Total 997 131 866 514 352 Most decision-making of degree 1, which is the highest decision-making level, respectively secretary general, deputy secretary general, general director and deputy general directors (a total of 21 of which 177 occupied), are occupied by women: 91 (51.41%) as compared to 86 (48.59%) men. 25 2 15 1 5 Total 21 24 177 91 86 Regarding the decision degree 2, the share of women is even higher compared to that of men. Of the total number of 796, of which 689 occupied, nearly two thirds are occupied by women: 423 (61.39%), respectively 266 (38.61%) men. 8 6 4 2 Total 796 17 689 423 266
4.3 Decision-making of degree 1 and 2, representation level B In the deconcentrate units of ministries at local level, the institutions subordinated / under their authority and other specialized bodies of organized under the subordination of ministries, the total of decision-making is 1 323 (of which 8,675 occupied, the remaining being vacancies). At this level of representation the number of women and men occupying a decision making position is practically equal: 4,336 (49.98%) women and 4,339 (5.2%) men. 12 1 8 6 4 2 Total 1323 1648 8675 4336 4339 Looking at gender distribution of for the level of representation B, we find the following: Decision-making degree 1 is filled in primarily by men, 219 (7.87%) as compared to 9 (29.13%) women (from a total of 42, of which 39 occupied); 5 4 3 2 1 Total 42 93 39 9 219
Decision-making degree 2 is filled in primarily by women as compared to men: 4,246 (5.75%) women as compared to 4,12 (49.25%) men. 1 8 6 4 2 Total 9921 1555 8366 4246 412 4.4 Distribution of women/men by category of corresponding to A and B representation levels, 1 and 2 decision-making degrees 5.4.1. Level of representation A We showed above that at national level in ministries, women are filling in the most decisionmaking 1 and 2. The situation of female prevailing is recorded for both level 1 and level 2. Although overall, women have a higher weight in occupying the decision-making of level 1, the analysis of each category of corresponding to this level shows the following: a) Of total of 15 of secretary general, two thirds are occupied by men (1 ), the remaining being filled in by women (5 ). Of the total of of deputy secretary general (18 of which 14 are occupied), 8 are occupied by men and 6 by women. b) The total director general decision-making is 12, of which 9 are occupied. And here the proportion of men is higher but not significantly: 47 (52.22%) men compared to 43 (47.78%) women. c) The women hold the majority of 1 decision because of the 4 th category of post, that of deputy general director. Thus, from the total of 66 of which 58 are occupied, almost 2/3 are women: 37 women and 21 men. As regards the analysis on categories of posts corresponding to the decision level 2, there is the following: d) Most of director are occupied by women. Of the total of 224 posts of which 2 occupied, 14 (52%) are women and the remaining 96 (48%) are men.
e) have the majority also in terms of the functions of deputy director. Of the total of the filled, counting 39, women hold 22 (56.41%) and men 17 (43.59%). f) the of head of unit and head of office are in great proportion occupied by women. Of the total of 392 of head of unit of which 337 occupied, 219 (64.99%) are women and 118 (35.1%) are men. The situation is similar in terms of head of office, women occupying over two thirds of them. Of the 133 of which 113 occupied, over two thirds are women (69.3% women and 3.97% men). 5.4.2. The level of representation B As already stated above, for the total decision-making 1 and 2, A and B levels of representation, the degree of employment for the decision-making is practically equal for women and men. In the representation level B there are differences in the employment for the decision degrees 1, respectively 2. If for the decision-level 1 the majority of filled (39) are occupied by men, 219 (7.87%) and only 9 (29.13%) by women, for the decision level 2 (total occupied 8366) the women hold the majority: 4246 (5.75%) compared to 412 (49.25%) men. The categories/types of jobs relevant to level 1, the situation is as follows: a. the majority of the 95 occupied Secretary-General relates to men: 85 (89.47%) compared to 1 (1.53%) women. At this level there are no deputy general secretary. b. also have the majority posts of general director. Of the 19 filled, men hold 76 (69.72%), the rest being women: 33 (3.28%). c. The gap between women and men is reduced for the position of Deputy Director General. Thus, out of 15 filled, only 58 (55.24%) are men and the remaining 47 (44.76%) are women. As regards the analysis on categories of posts corresponding to the decision-making level 2, the situation is as follows: d. More than 2/3 of the director are occupied by men. Of the total number of posts of 1648, of which 1376 occupied, 935 (67.95%) belong to men and the rest 441 (32.5%) to women. e. the trend for employment mainly of men for the posts of directors is present in terms of occupying the deputy director. Thus, from the total of 837 out of which 712 occupied, men have 381 posts (53.51%) and women 331 (46.49%). f. At this level of representation and decision-making level, the most are of head of unit: 3746 of which 319 occupied (the remaining 556 being vacant). Most of these are occupied by women: 1911 (59.9%) respectively 1279 (4.1%) men. g. The trend of increasing the share of women in decision-making as the level of their decision decreases manifests itself in terms of occupying the head of office. From their total of 2445, which occupied 267, 194 (52.93%) are women, the rest are men: 973 (47.7%). The total number of assimilated is 1245, of which 121 are occupied (the rest of the 224 are vacancies). Most of these are occupied by men: 552 (54.1%) compared with 469 (45.9%) women.
5. Participation in the ministries in decision making process on grounds of gender 5.1 Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection The total decision posts 1 + 2, level A and level B, is of 177, out of which 949 are occupied (128 vacancies). Of the total filled, the majority is held by women: 558 (58.8%), the remaining 391 (41.2%) are men. 12 1 8 6 4 2 Total decisionmaking 177 128 949 558 391 In the Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection, the total decision-making 1 and 2 is of 55, out of which 9 vacancies. The majority of these is occupied by women: 34 (73.91%) and 12 (26.9%) men. Predominance of women in decision-making remains in the institutions subordinated to/under the authority of the Ministry 3. Fom the total of the level 1 and 2 decision-making of 122 out of which 93 occupied, the women are 524 (58.2%) and the men 379 (41.7%). At the ministry level, total level 1 decision-making is of 8, out of which 2 vacancies. All 6 level 1 decision-making are occupied by women. The dominant position of women in decision-making is maintained for level 2. Of the 47 out of which 4 are occupied, the women hold 28 (7%), the rest 12 (3%) being men. The same situation regarding the decision position of women is met also at the level of representation B. At this level, the total level 1 decision-making is 7 out of which 5 are occupied. Of the total occupied, 4 are filled by women. Also, of the total level 2 decision-making (115, out of which 898 occupied), 52 (57.91%) are women and 378 (42.9%) are men. Please note that in the decision level 2 were introduced also assimilated within the National House of Public Pensions in number of 14 (13 women and 1 man): head of section physician, head of laboratory physician, head of department physician, head of ambulatory physician, assistant chief. 3 Data were collected also for the National Agency for Social Benefits and its decentralized units at the local level, the National Agency for Employment and county agencies for employment, Labour Inspection and territorial labor inspectorates and the National House of Public Pensions and the county houses of pensions)
5.2 Ministry of Public Finance The total 1 and 2 decision-making, A and B levels, is of 3312, out of which 2677 occupied (635 vacancies). Of the total filled, the majority are held by women: 154 (56.18%) respectively 1173 (43.82%) men. 4 3 2 1 Total decisionmaking 3312 635 2677 154 1173 In the level A (Ministry), the total level 1 and 2 decision-making occupied is 149, the vast majority being women: 16 (71.14%) and respectively 43 (28.86%) men. The same situation is encountered in the representation level B. Out of the 3118 1 and 2 decisionmaking out of which 2528 are occupied, more than half are women: 1398 (55.3%) women and 113 (44.7%) men. Total decision degree 1 level A filled is of 39, 24 (61.54%) being women, the rest men: 15 (38.46%). In occupying level 2 the share of women is even greater: 82 (74.55%) vs 28 (25.45%) men, out of a total of 11 filled. In the representation level B, where they were considered also the assimilated of the National Agency for Fiscal Administration (612 posts of chief treasurer, chief of section commissioner, administration chief, etc.) level 1 decision-making are occupied mainly by men: 19, compared to 11 women. The situation is reversed in terms of level 2 decision-making, the women holding the employment share of these : 1387 (55.52%) women and 1111 men. 5.3 Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure hold most of decision: out of the total grade 1 and 2, level A and B 93 (of which 9 are occupied), men are 53.33% and women 46.67%.
1 8 6 4 2 Total decision 93 3 9 42 48 Higher share of men in of decision is given by the representation level B. Thus, if the employment in the ministry for the grade 1 and 2 decision-making (53 posts) the women have a higher percentage of representation - 31 (58.49%) women and 22 (41.51%) men and in the B level the men are those who own a significant percentage: 7.27% men to 29.73% women. 5.4 Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism In this ministry also the decision-making 1 and 2, A and B levels (274, out of which 264 filled), men are the majority: 56.6% and 43.94% women. 3 25 2 15 1 5 Total decision 274 1 264 116 148 Higher share of men in of decision is given also by the level of representation B. If for the ministry the decision levels 1 and 2 (75 ) are filled at a rate of 61.33% women and 38.67% men, for the B level the situation is reversed: 62.96% men and 37.4% women. 5.5 Ministry of Health In this ministry the women have majority in occupying decision in grade 1 and 2, A and B levels of representation: 389 (61.75%) women and 241 (38.25%) men (out of 63 filled).
8 6 4 2 Total 67 4 63 389 241 Both at the Ministry level and the B level, the share of the employment of the decisionmaking by the two sexes is almost the same: 61.9% women and 38.1% men at level A and 61.74% women and 38.26% at level B. As a feature, we note that if at Ministry level the rate between women an men for employment of the decision-making 1 and 2 is almost the same with the general one (out of 1 decision-making 6 are occupied by women and 4 by men), at the level of representation B, decision-making position of degree 1 are mainly occupied by men 66,67% (33,33% women) while the degree 2, mainly by women 61,88% (38,12% men). 5.6 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Overall, decision-making degrees in this Ministry are masculine. Out of the total of 983 occupied leading at degrees 1 and 2, level of representation A and B, 554 (56,36%) are occupied by men and 429 (43,64%) by women. 12 1 8 6 4 2 Total decision making 199 116 983 429 554 The share of men in decision-making is given by the descentralized structures and institutions subordinated to the ministry. Thus, if at level A (ministry) the decision-making 1 and 2 are occupied 54,17% by women versus 45,83% men (out of 48 occupied), at level B the decision-making 1 and 2 more numerous (146 out of which 935 occupied) are occupied 56,9% by men and 43,1% by women. 5.7 Ministry of National Defense At the ministry level, purhaps surprisingly, the decision-making 1+2 (11 out of which 87 occupied) 59,77% are occupied by women and 4,23 % by men (the
institution did not submit data for level of representation B, therefore interpretation was made only for level A). 12 1 8 6 4 2 Total decision making 11 14 87 52 35 However, if at the degree of decision 1 the two occupied are equally occupied by the two sexes, the degree of decision 2 is occupied mostly by women: out of 85 occupied (of a total of 98 ), 51 (6,%) are occupied by women and 34 (4,%) by men. 5.8 Ministry of Administration and Interior Affairs As expected, out of the total decision-making 1+2 levels A and B, 42 (out of which 285 occupied) 16 (56,14%) are occupied by men and 125 (43,86 %) by women. 5 4 3 2 1 Total decision making 42 117 285 125 16 Both at the level of representation A and B, the decision-making 1 and 2 are occupied mostly by men: 54,55%, respectively 56,27%. A special situation that deserves to be mentioned is at level B. The data analysis shows that if the decision-making of degree 1 (88 occupied) are occupied almost entirely by men (89,77%) those of lower level (175 occupied) are mostly occupied by women (6,57%). 5.9 Ministry of External Affairs
Out of the total occupied, most of the decision-making 1 and 2, levels A and B, are occupied by men: 52 (57,14 %) versus 39 (42,86%) women. 1 8 6 4 2 Total decisiont 99 8 91 39 52 In the Ministry, the share of men in the decision-making 1 and 2 is more then half (48 occupied, out of which 59,26% occupied by men); the proportion of men at degree 1 is much more (78,57%) than at degree 2 (55,22%). At level B, out of 1 of degree 1 and 2, 6 are occupied by women and 4 by men. 5.1 Ministry of Communications and Information Society Distribution of women and men in management at both levels of representation and decision-making levels is approximately equal to: 288 (49.57%) women and 293 (5.43%) men. 6 5 4 3 2 1 Total decision making 591 1 581 288 293 If at the level of representation A this distribution relatively equal is maintained both for degree 1 and 2 at the level of representation B is noted that if degree 1 is occupied mostly by men (7 out of 8 ), degree 2 is occupied mostly by women: 556 occupied out of which 279 (5,18%) women and 277 (49,82%) men. 5.11 Ministry of Justice
Out of a total of 863 occupied, men represent nearly two thirds of the occupants of decision-making 1 and 2, levels A and B: 547 (63.38%) men and 316 (36.62%) women. 15 1 5 Total decision making 133 467 863 316 547 It is noted that in the ministry, out of 1 decision-making of degree 1 and 2, 7 are occupied by women; but if at the level 1 out of the 2 occupied one is occupied by a woman and the other by a man, to degree 2 women occupies most of these : 22 (73,33%) (from a total of 3 occupied). Male share of decision-making is given by the level B of representation. Thus, if at the degree 1, out of the three decision-making 2 are occupied by men, at level 2 of the total of 829 occupied, 536 (64,66%) are occupied by men and 293 (35.34%) by women. 5.12 Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports Contrary to some opinions that, as its object of regulation the Ministry is dominated by women, the gender gap existing for decision-making occupied at both levels is less significant: 256 (53,56 %) women compared to 222 (46,44%) men. 8 6 4 2 Total decision making 622 144 478 256 222 In the Ministry, in terms of decision-making 1 and 2, the situation is reversed to the general situation; out of the total of 34 occupied, 22 belong to men and only 12 to women. This ratio remains almost ½ in both degree 1 (8 men of 13 ) and degree 2 (14 men of 21 ). At level B, employment of women in decision-making degree 1 and 2 is slightly higher than that of men: 244 (54.95%) women and 2 (45,5%) men, out of 444 occupied.
However, if the at degree 1 men are more than women, 7 (56%) men and 55 (44%) women from a total of 125 occupied, the situation is reversed to degree 2: 189 (59.25%) women and 13 (4.75%) men (of 319 occupied ). 5.13 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Business Environment 4 At level A, from the total decision-making degree 1 and 2 (of 84 from which 77 occupied), women share is higher than of men s: 44 (57.14%) women and 33 (42. 86%) men. 1 8 6 4 2 Total 84 7 77 44 33 Both at decision degree 1 and decision degree 2 the share of women is higher: 16 women in 31 of degree 1, respectively 28 (6.87%) women in 46 jobs, of degree 2. 5.14 Ministry of Environment and Forestry have the majority of decision-making of degree 1 and 2, levels A and B: 628 (56.73%) men and 479 (43. 27%) women (of a total of 1,17 occupied ). 12 1 8 6 4 2 Total 1151 44 117 479 628 At the representative level A, the situation reverses, meaning that women bear a higher share in the total of 7 occupied : 47 (67.14%) women and 23 (32.86%) men. At this level, women in decision degree 2 register a share of 7%. 4 MECMA has no B level representation, implicitly neither at decision-making degrees 1 and 2
The overall higher men share is due to gender distribution of B level: 65 (58.34%) men and 432 (41.66%) women. While decision-making degree 1 is totally filled in by men (9 of 9), at decision-making degree 2 of 1.28 occupied, 57.98% belongs to men. 5.15 Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony At this minister also men have the majority of occupied of 1 and 2 degree, levels A and B: 41 (67.21%) men and 2 (32.79%) women, of a total of 61 occupied. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Total 62 1 61 2 41 The higher men share in decisional is given also by B level. While in the ministry women take 63.16% of decision-making, at B level, from a whole of 42 occupied, 34 (8.96%) belong to men and 8 (19.5%) to women. 5.16 General Secretariat of Government The majority of decision-making are filled in by women: 184 (59.93%) women and 123 (4.7%) men, from a total of 37 occupied. 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Total 342 35 37 184 123 Nevertheless, at A level, from 24 occupied, 15 belong to men and only 9 to women. The higher women share in the total is given by B level where, from 282 decisionmaking occupied, 175 (62.6%) belong to women and 17 (37. 94%) to men. At this level, while only 5 women are in of degree 1 (from 16 occupied), the of degree 2 belong mostly to women: 17 (63.9%) women, from 266 occupied.
5.17 Department for the Relation with the Parliament and the Department for European Affairs 5 None of the two institutions has B level representation and the number of decision-making of 1 and 2 degree at level A is scarce. At the Department for the Relation with the Parliament, all 3 decision-making (one of degree 1 and 2 of degree2) are filled in by women. At the Department for European Affairs, from a total of 8 decision-making, all of degree2, 6 filled in by women and 2 by men. 6 Public administration institutions hierarchy according to gender occupancy of decision levels 6.1 Institution with women share, degrees 1 and 2, levels A and B Considering each institution as an independent entity, the ministries with women share the first 5, having over 5% women in decision-making are as follows: 1. Ministry of Health, where women have 61.75% decision-making. 2. General Secretariat of Government, with 59.93% women in decision-making. 3. Ministry of National Defence, with 59.77% women at decision-making level. 4. Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection, having 58.8% women in decisionmaking. 5. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Business Environment (no level B representation) with 57.14% women in decision-making. 6.2 The share of women in ministries (level A), decision-making degree 1 and 2 1. Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection: 73.91% 2. Ministry of Public Finance: 71.14% 3. Ministry of Justice: 7.97% 6.3 The share of women in institutions (level B), decision-making degree 1 and 2 1. General Secretariat of Government: 62.6% 2. Ministry of Health: 61.74% 3. Ministry of Foreign Affairs: 6% 6.4 Institutions with men share, degrees 1 and 2, levels A and B 1. Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony: 67.21% 2. Ministry of Justice: 63.38% 3. Ministry of Foreign Affairs: 57.14% 5 Reference time for data reporting is august 211
4. Ministry of Environment and Forestry: 56.73% 5. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development: 56.36%. 6.5 The share of men in ministries (level A), decision degree 1 and 2 1. Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports: 64.71% 2. General Secretariat of Government: 62.5% 3. Ministry of Foreign Affairs: 59.62% 6.6. The share of men in institutions (level B), decision-making degree 1 and 2 1. Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony: 8.95% 2. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure: 7.27% 3. Ministry of Justice: 64.66% 7 Conclusions The analysis did not include dignitary, respectively minister, state secretary, presidents with state secretary rank and occupied by their personal advisors. The analysis data and results concerning implication of women and men in decisionmaking of public administration are in patches radically different from the conclusions of some previous studies. The main conclusions of this analysis are: 1. At national level, more than half of central public administration s decision-making are filled in by women. 2. In ministries, the majority of decision-making are filled in by women. Their share in both decision-making degree 1 and 2 is higher than the one existing at national level. 3. share in decision-making corresponding to decisional degree 2 is higher than the one in correspondent of decisional degree 1. 4. The women share in decision is higher in ministries that in their local level decentralized units, institutions under their subordination/authority and other specialized bodies subordinated to ministries. 5. In level B institutions, practically, women and men equally share decision-making. However, while corresponding to decision degree 2 are mainly filled in by women, the ones corresponding to decision-making level 1 are largely filled in by men. 6. At both representing levels A and B, where leading correspond to a lower decision degree, the probability that these are filled in by women is higher. At both decision degrees, either decision-making degree 1, or decision-making degree 2, where a decision-making position is higher, probability that this position to be filled in by men is higher. Similarly, the higher subordination degree of a decision-making position, the higher probability is that this to be filled in by women.
7. The predominant employment of women in central public administration s executive leading, at both decision degrees, can be met especially to Ministry of Health, General Secretariat of Government, Ministry of National Defense and Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection. Top in womanized decision by the Ministry of Health and General Secretariat of Government are due to the degree of women employment in decision-making at B level. 8. While at ministry level (representation level A) the degree of decision participation of women is highest in Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection followed by Ministry of Public Finance and Ministry of Justice, at local level and in institutions subordinated/under their authority (representation level B), women share in decisionmaking is highest in the General Secretariat of Government, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9. The masculine ministries as for the executive leadership at both decision degrees, in which the main share of decision-making position goes to men, are: Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony, Ministry of Justice (mainly due to level B), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Forestry and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. 1. While at ministry level (representation level A) the degree of decision participation of men is highest in Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports, General Secretariat of Government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at local level and in institutions subordinated/under their authority (representation level B), men share in decision-making is highest in Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony, Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure and Ministry of Justice.