GEOGRAPHY OF GOVERNANCE AND REPRESENTATION

Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan CHAPTER 11 LECTURE OUTLINE GEOGRAPHY OF GOVERNANCE AND REPRESENTATION Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-1

11B: Political Economy & Functions of the Modern State Political economy the relationship among the state, the members of the state, and the economic activities contained within the state States practice a mixed economy of both private and public sectors Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-2

Types of Economies 1 Figures 11B.1 & 11B.2 EXTRACTION ECONOMY CAPITALIST ECONOMY Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-3

Types of Economies 2 Figures 11B.3 & 11B.4 COMMUNIST ECONOMY MIXED ECONOMY Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-4

FEUDALISM You have two cows. Your lord takes some of the milk. IDEAL COMMUNISM: You have two cows, and give one to your neighbor. COMMUNISM: You have two cows. The state takes both and gives you some milk. IDEAL SOCIALISM: You have two cows. The government takes them and puts them in a barn with everyone else s cows. You have to take care of all the cows. The government gives you as much milk as you need. FASCISM: You have two cows. The state takes both then shoots you. BUREAUCRATISM: You have two cows. The state takes both, shoots one, milks the other, then throws the milk down the drain. CAPITALISM: You have two cows. You sell one and buy a bull. Your herd multiplies and the economy grows. You sell them and retire on the income. AMERICAN CORPORATION: You have two cows. You sell one, then force the other to produce the milk of four cows. Later, you hire a consultant to analyse why the cow has dropped dead. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-5

11C: Theories of the State 2 Marxist theories of the state See government as a vehicle promoting capitalism and capitalist systems Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-6

11C: Theories of the State 1 Pluralist theories of the state View government as a neutral arbiter of all stakeholders Neoliberalism: a set of policies that favor minimal government interference in markets and promotion of free trade Elite theories of the state See governments as likely to support an elite class of people Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-7

11C: Types of Governments Authoritarian, or autocratic, states Concentration of political power in a single individual Or in a few, termed an oligarchy Totalitarianism is a type of autocracy associated with fascism, communism, and religious fundamentalism Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-8

10I: Geopolitics & the Global Order 2 U.S. foreign policy after World War II Containment to stop Soviet influence in nonaligned countries George Kennan Belief in the domino theory, or a fear that if one country became communist, others would follow, like falling dominos Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-9

Kennan's ideas, which became the basis of the Truman administration's foreign policy, first came to public attention in 1947 in the form of an anonymous contribution to the journal Foreign Affairs, the so-called "X-Article." "The main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union," Kennan wrote, "must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies." To that end, he called for countering "Soviet pressure against the free institutions of the Western world" through the "adroit and vigilant application of counter-force at a series of constantly shifting geographical and political points, corresponding to the shifts and maneuvers of Soviet policy." Such a policy, Kennan predicted, would "promote tendencies which must eventually find their outlet in either the break-up or the gradual mellowing of Soviet power." Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-10

Spheres of Influence Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-11

10I: Geopolitics & the Global Order 3 Post-Cold War geopolitics: Geopolitical regions formed by spatial contiguity and political, cultural, military, & economic interaction Shatterbelts Regions that are politically fragmented and often zones of competition between ideological or religious realms Critical geopolitics: Used to dissect the ways state boundaries are perceived, relationships between states, and the ways the world is portrayed Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10-12

Shatterbelt watch for war! Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-13

11D: Citizenship In the past, residents of a state were subjects Citizenship is rooted in ancient Greece & Rome Implies that some or all citizens have certain rights & responsibilities Citizenship can be determined in two ways: Jus sanguinis ( right of blood ) means citizenship is based on your parents Jus soli ( right of the soil ) means citizenship based on birth within a state s territory United States has a jus soli system Some states allow dual citizenship Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-14

Citizenship can be determined in two ways: Jus sanguinis ( right of blood ) means citizenship is based on your parents Jus soli ( right of the soil ) means citizenship based on birth within a state s territory United States has a jus soli system Some states allow dual citizenship Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-15

14th Amendment: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-16

HOW TO BECOME A US CITIZEN 1. Birth or adoption 2. Naturalization 3. Marriage 4. Service in Armed Forces Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-17

Countries recognizing dual citizenship, inaccurate Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-18

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-19

11A: Territoriality Organizations divide territory into smaller pieces, or political subunits Pros: Basic efficiency Greater flexibility Greater degree of responsiveness Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-20

Cons: Subdividing territory can restrict access to some regions Proliferation of subdivisions can lead to a mismatch between the problems and the ability to deal with them Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-21

Toyota Manufacturing Plans Figure 11A.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-22

Tirol Figure 11E.2 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-23

11E: Subdividing the State States divide territory into political subunits Unitary states Nearly all power resides in the central government Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-24

Provinces of France Figure 11E.4 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-25

Federal states Subunits have a certain amount of their own authority Helps stability Sometimes there is asymmetrical federalism, when some subunits have more power than others Quebec in Canada Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-26

National vs. State Powers Figure 11E.5 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-27

Confederations Sovereign states agree to abridge some of their independent powers in order to work together as a group Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-28

U.S.S.R. Figure 11E.7 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-29

Belgium Figure 11E.9 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-30

11F: Cores & Capitals Core Region Place or region where the state and the dominant nationality emerged or is concentrated Capital city & capital region The capital may or may not be the core region In about 50% of countries, the capital is also the largest city A capital s location can be controversial Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-31

Germany s Lack of a Core Area Figure 11F.2 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-32

CAPITALS An administrative center for a government Money to invest capitalism First letter Absolute (as in capital punishment) Top of a column CAPITOL A building for government (often in a capital) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-33

Capitals Historic or Colonial Administrative Centers Figures 11F.5 & 11F.6 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-34

Capitals 2 Introduced: Compromise or Forward (to develop parts of state Figures 11F.7 & 11F.8 [insert Figure 11F.7 here] Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-35

Capitals 3 Introduced: refusal to accept colonial capital; central location Figures 11F.9 & 11F.10 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-36

Countries with more than one capital: usually, separation of parts of government SOUTH AFRICA Pretoria executive Cape Town legislative Bloemfontein judicial Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-37

11G: Peripheral & Special Regions Peripheral Regions Can be at the edge of effective political control, areas recently added to the state, areas that are culturally distinct, or they may be exclaves Special Regions Political subunits that are granted different powers than regular subunits Some countries have various types of subunits, like provinces and territories (Canada) Reservations for indigenous peoples are an example of a special region Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-38

Exclave When part of a state s territory is geographically separated by another country. Figures 11G.2 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-39

Enclave A part of a country or an entire country that is surrounded by another country. Figures 11G.3 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-40

Italy s Autonomous Regions Figures 11G.6 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-41

Territories Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-42

Reservations Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-43

Owned by Queen, not nation crown dependency Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-44

Conquered but not absorbed Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-45

11H: Electoral Geography Most democratic societies are representative democracies, not pure democracies Electoral geography examines how people s political preferences are manifested in representation Geography of election outcomes Where support is strongest, weakest, etc. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-46

Presidential Election of 1948 Figures 11H.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-47

Iraq s First Election Figures 11H.2 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-48

11I: Electoral Systems & Manipulation Electoral districts can be manipulated to produce results that favor one party or political interest Malapportionment Manipulation in which some electoral districts vary in size even though they are equal in representation U.S. Senate Supreme Court 1962: one person, one vote Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-49

11I: Types of Electoral Systems Single member plurality system The most votes wins Majoritarian system Winner must have a majority List system of proportional representation An electoral system can have more than one representative if a certain threshold is met Mixed system Includes proportional voting and a plurality system Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-50

11I: Gerrymandering Manipulation that concentrates the support of one party or one group of people in one district and dilutes their support throughout a number of other districts. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11-51