The Social Contract Center Research, Monitoring and Governance Unit

World Bank The Social Contract Center Research, Monitoring and Governance Unit The Report of the National Survey of the Citizens Opinions on Corruption, the Judicial System and the Quality of Governmental Services in Egypt Khaled Al-Gharini Prepared by Inas Ali Al-Rashidi May Al-Gamal September 2009

Table of Contents List of tables 4 List of figures 5 Overview 6 Introduction 7 Methodology 8 Salient results 11 1. Citizens view of corruption 14 1. 1 Perception of the existence of corruption 14 1. 2 Respondents opinions on the spreading of corruption 15 1. 3 Respondents view of corruption spreading levels 17 1.4 Respondents view of how bribery takes place 18 1. 5 Extent of assurance of receiving the service in case a bribe is paid 19 1. 6 Respondents view of corruption reality in Egypt 20 1. 7 Respondents opinions on the responsibility of corruption spreading and prevalence 2- Corruption and government services 22 2. 1 Respondents perception of paying bribes in return for government services 2. 2 Personal experience of respondents in dealing with government service providers 2. 3 Cases of bribe-seeking in government services 25 2. 4 The quality of government services from the viewpoint of respondents 3. Combating corruption 31 3.1 Corruption reporting system 31 3.2 Actual exposure of respondents to cases of corruption 33 3.3 Knowledge by citizens of the various control bodies and how they view the role thereof. 3.4 The respondents view of the contribution of the various institutions in combating corruption 3.5 The endeavors of the current government to combat corruption 37 4. Resort to the judiciary 40 4.1 Trust in the judiciary and equality before the law 40 20 23 24 25 33 36

4. 2 The need to resort to the judiciary 41 4.3 Obstacles hindering the resort to the judiciary 42 Annexes Form of the national survey of the citizens opinions on corruption, the judicial system, and the quality of governmental services in Egypt References 61 44

List of Tables 1. Sample properties 10 2. Proportional distribution of respondents opinion on the aspects of 14 corruption according to demographic characteristics 3. Proportional distribution of respondents view of corruption spreading 17 levels, according to geographical distribution 4. Proportional distribution of how assured the respondents are of 19 receiving the service in case of paying a bribe, according to geographical distribution 5. Respondents view of corruption reality and the prospects of combating 20 it 6. Do you think families like your family must pay bribes and tips in 23 order to receive the following services.? 7. During the past year, have any of your family members tried to have 24 the following service? 8. Has this person been asked to pay bribes or tips? 25 9. Have you received your service in a reasonable period of time? 26 10. Were the procedures difficult or complicated? 27 11. Is the service cost adequate? 28 12. Are you treated decently? 29 13. Is the service site far from your home? 30

List of Figures 1. In your opinion, according to what you see and hear, did corruption increase, decrease or remain the same throughout the past year? 2. The respondents view on the severity of corruption spreading, according to geographical distribution 3. In your opinion, according to what you see and hear, at what level of the administration does the corruption exist more: the central ministries, the subsidiary directorates or the localities? 4. In your opinion, is it the public servant who openly asks for a bribe or a tip, or is it the citizen who usually takes the initiative of paying a bribe, or is the whole process known beforehand? 5. Does corruption in Egypt currently represent a very big problem or not? 20 6. In your point of view, can you tell which category or group is responsible 21 for the spreading and prevalence of corruption? 7. Do you know the procedures that should be taken or the bodies that could 31 be contacted for reporting an act of corruption committed by a governmental employee? 8. Respondents do not know about the corruption reporting systems, 32 according to demographic distribution 9. During the last three years, were you exposed or did you witness an act 33 of corruption committed by a governmental employee? 10. During the last three years, did you or any of the members of your family 33 report an act of corruption committed by a governmental employee? 11. Knowledge by respondents of the various control bodies, and their vision 35 of their roles 12. Did these bodies contribute in combating corruption? 36 13. The Egyptian Government sincerely intends to combat corruption 37 14. Respondents agree that the government sincerely intends to combat 38 corruption, according to the demographic characteristics 15. The current government s efforts to combat corruption are efficient and 38 influential 16. Respondents who view the current government s efforts to combat 39 corruption as efficient and influential; compared to some Arab countries 17. Whoever violates the law should be held accountable and should be 40 punished notwithstanding his status 18. Is the law in Egypt enforced equally to everybody in Egypt without 40 discrimination? 19. Respondents agree that the Egyptian Law is enforced equally to 41 everybody in Egypt, according to the demographic characteristics 20. Did you or any of your family members file a lawsuit against any person 42 or entity during the last three years? 21. During the last three years, did you or any of your family members need 42 to resort to the judiciary and then refrain from it? 22. Reasons for not resorting to the judiciary (actual) 42 23. Obstacles hindering the resort to the judiciary (perceptional) 43 16 16 18 18

Overview Corruption undermines opportunities of developmental progress and squanders funds and efforts exerted in public services such as building schools, roads and hospitals. Corruption hinders the progress towards a participatory democracy with both citizens and state representatives in the various government sectors, which is against accountability and transparency. This, in turn, leads to the increasing lack of trust and shackles the rule of law. Corruption and its manifestations undermine the institutions ability to perform well. Due to corruption the cost of public services such as education, housing and other basic services is increased, which in turn diminishes their volume and decreases their quality, and thus adversatively affects the groups who need such services the most. It is imperative to take into consideration that the real benefit from solving the problem of corruption is difficult to perceive or fathom directly. It is a cumulative benefit that appears on the short and the long terms. It is reflected in improved services for citizens, their increased general satisfaction, confidence and support to the government. This indirectly affects total production and will eventually lead to Egypt s progress and improved performance in all spheres.

Introduction "Corruption hurts the poor disproportionately by diverting funds intended for development, undermining a government s ability to provide basic services, feeding inequality and injustice, and discouraging foreign investment and aid". Former UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan Address on the occasion of the adoption of the UN Convention Against Corruption, 2003 Strengthening political, administrative and economic state reform is a significant and necessary step for enhancing citizenship in the emerging economies where corruption has difficult implications on the concepts of citizenship and allegiance. Many researches pointed out that corruption is one of the key hindrances on the path to economic and social development. It adversely affects the development process via undermining the rule of law and weakening the institutional pillars upon which economic growth is established and which preserve social stability and peace. Administrative corruption in government institutions, especially service providers, is attributed to a failure in state administration and a deviation from the original purpose of establishing such institutions, namely the organization of the relation between the citizen and the state a relation that tends now to favor the personal interest of the public servant over the public one. International indicators, issued by several international organization, point out that corruption rates are highest in developing countries. This reflects that corruption finds a favorable environment in the weak or lack of the rule of law, which in turn points out that there is a lack of effective institutions that can develop clear rules, apply them and punish violators. Thus, corruption ravages the society. Equally important are the developmental backwardness factors such as high illiteracy rates, rampant poverty, wide-spread diseases, weak citizenship and patriotism and no sense of belonging. Egypt, like many countries with similar political and economic conditions, suffers from the corruption that proliferates in government services. Naturally, corruption thrives under weak or absent control in many fields. Internationally, according to the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) issued by Transparency International, Egypt got 2.8 (on a scale from zero to ten, in which the higher the points the better). Egypt was the 115 th country out of 180 countries worldwide and the 13 th out of 18 Arab countries in 2008. As for the Control of Corruption (COC) Index, issued by the World Bank among the WGI and which calculates the state's efficiency in combating corruption, Egypt got 29.5 points in 2008 (on a scale from zero to 100 in which the higher the points the better). Here comes the efforts exerted by the international community and the Egyptian government to combat corruption by enhancing the role of the civil society and stakeholders in general in identifying corruption hotbeds, manifestations, types, as well as in developing anti-corruption mechanisms and building the capacities of the parties concerned in order to carryout that role. Many of the indices and studies conducted by a

number of international and Egyptian research institutes and civil society institutions on corruption in Egypt participated in mobilizing the public opinion to push for developing coherent strategies and policies to combat corruption. In this context, the Social Contract Center and the Egyptian Cabinet s Information and Decision Support Center (IDSC), in cooperation with the World Bank, conducted a field survey on citizens attitude towards corruption, anti-corruption policies, and the level of integrity of the different public institutions in their view. The study focuses on corruption in public services, which is defined as the abuse of public office so as to achieve personal gains. The study also attempts to identify the perceptions of corruption and assess corruption levels in different sectors. The survey is divided into four major sections: The first section: the citizens perception of corruption. This section includes the citizens attitude towards corruption and how widespread it is. The second section: corruption in public services. This section includes the citizens views of which are the public bodies where bribes and tips are most common, as well as the respondents assessment of public services quality and integrity. The third section: combating corruption. This section aims at measuring the citizens awareness of avenues for reporting corrupt practices, and whether they have resorted to them before or not. It also attempts to identify the citizens views with regards to the role of the different bodies (whether control or non control) in fighting corruption, as well as identifying their opinion in the current efforts exerted by the government to combat corruption. The fourth section: the judicial system. This section aims at identifying citizens opinions in the Egyptian judicial system, the level of their trust in this system, whether they resort to the judicial system to settle their disputes or not, and if not what are the impediments that stands in the way. Methodology The sample The methodology of the World Bank was adopted to carry out the corruption survey. It was agreed that the Egyptian Cabinet s Information and Decision Support Center (IDSC) will carry out the survey on households in the Arab Republic of Egypt. Consultations were held, on how the samples would be drawn, between the World Bank and IDSC who reached an agreement in February 2009. The sample was decided based on the demographic census of the year 2006, and after the January 2007 post-count stage. In the post-census stage, the survey sample volume reached about 50000 households, distributed among all governorates (28 governorates; including 5 border governorates: North Sinai, South Sinai, the Red Sea, Matrouh, and New Valley which collectively represent only 1.5% of Egypt s total population).

A sub-sample of 3600 households was selected from the households included in the survey (50000 households) in the post-count stage of the census. The inspection scheme was that of a probability stratified cluster sample. One hundred primary inspection units were selected in a manner homogenous with the population volume there, including rural and urban regions. There were 3510 actual responses, to ensure that the inspection error does not exceed (±3%), while achieving a good representation of the Egyptian community geographical distribution. Relative weights were utilized to represent adults in each region in accordance with their actual representation in the community. A pretest was conducted in March and April 2009, and a field researchers' protocol was prepared and finalized. The preliminary results of the study were discussed in a policy makers' workshop concerning transparency and integrity in Egypt- May 2009. The design of the form: The research form, developed by the World Bank to measure corruption, was used with some modifications to adapt it to the conditions in Egypt. The form 1 included four main parts: The first is concerned with the citizens' awareness of corruption, their attitude towards it, and their opinions on how widespread it is. The second part includes the respondents' opinion on the role of control as well as non-control bodies within the state as: (the civil society, mass media, and religious institutions etc) in combating corruption. The third part aims at measuring people's awareness of avenues for reporting corrupt practices, whether they have resorted to them before or not, whether they resort to the judiciary to resolve their disputes, and what obstacles stand in the way of doing that. The fourth and last part aims at identifying the citizens' opinions of the quality and integrity of the public services, and identifying places where bribery and tipping is most common. Data was collected through field research, and the interviews were conducted at different times of the day. Sample properties: Table (1) elaborates the properties of the sample's geographical distribution. The Lower Egyptian rural region is represented with the highest percentage of 31%, followed by the Upper Egyptian rural region with a percentage of 23%, then the urban governorates (20%), followed by the Upper Egyptian and Lower Egyptian urban regions with 13% each. As for the sample distribution in terms of age group, the age group (18 to less than 30) was the highest percentage (32%), followed by the age group (30 to less than 40) representing 24%, whereas the age group (50 to less than 60) comes last with 12%. As for the sample distribution in terms of gender, males amounted for 47% and females 53%. While for the educational level, the secondary educational level and its equivalents represented 34%, followed by the illiterate (31%), and in the last place came the university education or higher (12%). According to the employment status, the employed represented 44%, whereas the unemployed represented the other 56%. 1 the survey form is attached in the annex

ł Table (1) Sample properties Sample properties Percentage (%) Number Regional distribution Urban governorates ž Lower Egyptian Urban Lower Egyptian Rural ž Upper Egyptian Urban Upper Egyptian Rural ž Total žž ž Geographical distribution (Urban/rural) Urban Rural Total žž ž Age group (18 to less than 30) (30 to less than 40) (40 to less than 50) ž (50 to less than 60) 60 or more Total žž ž Gender Male Female Total žž ž Educational level Illiterate ž Less than secondary ž Secondary or equivalent University education or higher Total žž ž Employment status Employed Unemployed Total žž ž

Salient results Respondents opinion on corruption: 85% of the respondents said that manifestations of corruption exist in our community, whereas 8% do not see that. Concerning the spread of corruption, 70% of the respondents see that corruption has increased or even dramatically increased in our community during the last year, 19% see that it has not changed; while only 3% see that it has decreased and 3% see that there is no corruption. One quarter (25%) of the respondents insisted that corruption is more widespread on the central ministries level, whereas 19% see that it is more widespread within localities and directorates, and 42% see that it is present equally on both levels. As for how bribery takes place, 30% see that the civil servant openly asks for a bribe from the citizen, whereas 16% of the people see that the citizen himself offers to give the bribe, and 41% see that it is a previously known thing that happens spontaneously between the civil servant and the citizen. 92% of the people interviewed say that whoever pays a bribe is 100% sure that he/she will get what he/she wants. The majority of the respondents (94%) believe that corruption is a grave or even a very grave problem in our society. 92% of the respondents agree that corruption has become an undeniable part of our life. 55% of the respondents agree that corruption has become a part of our life that we can not fight. As for the responsible parties for the spread of corruption, more than half of the respondents (61%) affirmed that civil servants are mainly responsible for the spread of corruption, followed by senior officials (59%). Corruption and public services: The traffic department and building licenses services topped the list of places that rife with bribery and tips, according to the respondents (67% each). Actual practice showed that bribes are most common in traffic department services (52%) and police services (40%), according to the respondents who dealt with those bodies last year. During the last year, the respondents dealt mostly with governmental bodies that provide health and educational services (35%, 22% respectively). As for estimating the quality of the public services that the respondents benefited from last year, the survey showed that: - Social solidarity services, educational services, electricity services, water and sanitation services are the main services that were offered to people

in an adequate time frame. - Social solidarity, police and traffic services are reported to include the most complicated procedures, according to the respondents who made use of those services during the last year. - Social solidarity, education, and heath services are the most cost-friendly services, according to the respondents who made use of each of these services separately. - The most courteous treatment was offered in social solidarity and electricity services, according to the respondents who dealt with those bodies separately. - The most remote services from the residence of the respondents are those of the state property department and labor offices, whereas the closest to them are the educational services, water and sanitation, and electricity companies. Combating corruption: More than 3/4 of the sample respondents (77%) are unaware of the procedures or the bodies mandated to receive corruption reports. The findings of the survey show that 11% of the respondents have actually experienced or witnessed a case of corruption by a civil servant, during the last three years, whereas only 4% have themselves, or one of their family members, reported a case of corruption. Only 4% of the respondents are aware of all the anti-corruption control bodies, whereas 34% are totally unaware of these bodies. The most familiar regulatory bodies to the respondents are the General Department of Public Funds Crimes Investigation Police and the Public Funds Prosecution (54% and 53% respectively), whereas the most unfamiliar control body for them is the Central Agency for Organization and Administration. About half of the respondents (52%, 47%) - who are aware of each control body separately - believe that it adequately performs its role in combating corruption. As for the role of the different institutions in combating corruption, courts topped the list of bodies that participated in combating corruption according to 61% of the respondents, followed by mass media (42%), whereas nongovernmental organizations came at the bottom of the list (18%). It is worthwhile to note that only 8% of the respondents are familiar with the Committee of Transparency and Integrity due to its novelty; 47% of them believe that it adequately addresses corruption. 51% of the respondents agree or strongly agree that the Egyptian government has a sincere desire to combat corruption About half of the respondents (47%) agree or strongly agree that the current efforts exerted by the government to combat corruption are efficient and

influential. Resorting to the judiciary: About half of the respondents (49%) agree that whoever breaches law is punished regardless of his/her position. 63% of the respondents pointed out that the law is not equally enforced. The results show that the respondents abstain from resorting to the judiciary, as only 3% of the sample had to file a lawsuit during the last three years whereas only 1% of the sample pointed out that they needed to file a lawsuit but they refrained from it. The most significant obstacles that discourage people from resorting to the judiciary are the lawyers fees, the long litigation procedures (73% and 63% respectively) according to the respondents who refused to resort to the judiciary.

1- Citizens view of corruption This part tackles the respondents perception of the phenomenon of corruption, their attitudes towards it, how spread it is in their view, and who is responsible for such spreading. This part also depicts the respondents opinions regarding the different aspects of corruption. 1. 1. Perception of the existence of corruption The respondents have been asked how far they think that there are aspects of corruption in the Egyptian society. The question wording is "Do you think that aspects of corruption like bribery, intermediation or exploitation of public office currently exist in our society?" 8 out of every 10 respondents believe that aspects of corruption exist in our society. On the contrary, 8% of the respondents point out that there are no aspects of corruption in our society. The rest maintain that they do not know. Considering the demographic characteristics, more than 90% of urban residents perceive the existence of aspects of corruption, as opposed to 80% of rural residents. The majority of the respondents, males and females, tend to acknowledge the existence of aspects of corruption in society; 88% of males and 82% of females. It is also noticeable that there is almost a general consensus about the increase of such phenomenon within different age group less than 60 years, where more than 85% of the respondents of different age groups assert the existence of aspects of corruption currently in the Egyptian society, as opposed to 75% of respondents older than 60 years. The majority of university graduates (92%) tend to believe that there are aspects of corruption in the society. Such rate diminishes gradually till it reaches the smallest percentage: (78%) for illiterates. The people s opinions regarding the phenomenon of corruption vary according to their location of residence, whereas the majority of respondents in urban Lower Egypt (93%) feel the existence of aspects of corruption. Such percentage is similar to that of the urban governorates residents (93% as well). The least of such percentages is in the region of rural Lower Egypt (69%). Table (2) Proportional distribution of respondents opinion on the aspects of corruption according to demographic characteristics Geographical distribution Do aspects of corruption currently exist in our society? (%) Yes No Don t know Total Urban žž Rural ž žž Gender Yes No Don t know Total Male žž Sample Size (Single)

Female žž Age Categories Yes No Don t know Total 18 less than 30 žž 30 less than 40 žž 40 less than 50 žž 50 less than 60 žž 60 and more ž žž Educational Level Yes No Don t know Total Illiterate žž Lower than secondary žž Secondary and equivalent žž University and higher žž Regional Distribution Yes No Don t know Total Urban Governorates žž Urban Lower Egypt žž Rural Lower Egypt žž ž Urban Upper Egypt žž Rural Upper Egypt žž ž Total žž ž 1. 2. Respondents opinions on the spreading of corruption Respondents have been asked about the extent of the spreading of corruption, and whether it has increased or decreased compared to last year. They have been asked "In your opinion, according to what you see and hear, did corruption increase, decrease or remain the same throughout the past year?" Results indicate that nearly 7 people out of 10 believe that corruption increased during last year, as opposed to 19% who point out that there was no change in corruption during the same. In addition, 3% of the respondents maintain that corruption decreased, and another 3% state that there is no corruption. Palestine: 55.8% of respondents maintain that the level of corruption increased during the year 2008, 19% say it decreased and 20.3% say there was no change concerning the level of corruption.

Source: The results of a survey conducted by Aman regarding the public s impressions concerning corruption in Palestine, 2008. Figure (1) In your opinion, according to what you see and hear, did corruption increase, decrease or remain the same throughout the past year" The degree of sensing the severity of corruption varies according to the location of the residence. The survey results indicate the increase of respondents sense of corruption in urban areas in comparison to those in the rural ones. A percentage of 40% of urban respondents assert that corruption has increased immensely, as opposed to 28% of the rural residents. Further, 35% of urban and rural respondents assert that corruption increased during last year. The percentages of respondents believing there is no corruption in society in urban and rural areas are 2% and 4% respectively. Figure (2) The respondents perception of the severity of corruption spreading, according to the geographical distribution

The degree of sensing corruption severity varies according to respondent s gender. In effect, 75% of males believe corruption increased during last year, as opposed to 67% of females. In addition, 4% of the total females point out there is no corruption as opposed to 1% of the total males. Sensing corruption severity varies according to the work status. More than three quarters of non-working respondents indicate that corruption increased during last year as opposed to 60% of working respondents. 1.3. Respondents view of corruption spreading levels This part of the report aims at identifying citizens viewpoints regarding corruption spreading levels; whether it is more abundant in localities or in central ministries. This part also targets the identification of the bribery phenomenon, and who is responsible for initiating it and whether or not bribery is essential for receiving governmental services. The survey respondents have been asked about the levels of corruption increase "In your point of view and according to what you see and hear, where you think corruption is more abundant; on the level of central ministries or on that of affiliated directorates and localities?" Results show that almost a quarter of the respondents believe that corruption is more spread on the level of central ministries, as opposed to 19% who believe it is more abundant on the level of directorates and localities which are affiliated to ministries. Further, 42% of respondents indicate that corruption exists on both levels equally. Nearly 13% of respondents maintain that they do not know about the subject. Table (3) highlights that there is no difference between rural and urban areas regarding citizens view of corruption spreading levels. In effect, 27% of urban residents maintain that corruption is more abundant in ministries as opposed to 24% of rural residents. Table (3) Proportional distribution of respondents view of corruption spreading levels, according to the geographical distribution From your point of view and according to what you see and hear, where do you think corruption is more abundant? On the level of central ministries or Geographical distribution on that of affiliated directorates and municipalities? % On the level of central Both are ministries the same On the level of affiliated directorates and municipalities Don't know Total Urban ž žž Sample Size (single) Rural žž Total žž ž Citizens opinions regarding corruption spreading levels vary according to the geographic region, whereas 52% of respondents in the urban Lower Egypt areas believe that corruption exists in both central ministries and affiliated directorates and localities on equal basis, followed by 51% of urban Upper Egypt, then (40%) of urban governorates and finally rural Upper Egypt (almost third of respondents).

Figure (3) In your opinion, according to what you see and hear, at what level of the administration does the corruption exist more: the central ministries, the subsidiary directorates or the localities? 1.4. Respondents view of how bribery takes place Bribery and tips are considered among the most disseminated aspects of corruption represented in some of the public servants in governmental positions denying delivering a certain service or item till receiving a material advantage (bribe, tip, commission or another parallel service), which increases the cost of receiving the governmental service. This creates an additional burden on the shoulders of the Egyptian citizen on one hand, and on the other, such sums are considered an additional income gained by those involved in such corrupt practices. Figure (4) In your opinion, is it the public servant who openly asks for a bribe or a tip, or is it the citizen who usually takes the initiative of paying a bribe, or is the whole process known beforehand?

In order to know more about bribery, how it is voiced or requested and how it affects delivering the service, the respondents have been asked "In your opinion, is it the public servant who openly asks for a bribe or a tip, or is it the citizen who usually takes the initiative of paying a bribe, or is the whole process known beforehand?" In figure (4), 41% of respondents indicate that the process of paying a bribe is known beforehand and takes place by default between public servant and citizen, while 30% of respondents believe that it is the public servant who openly asks the citizen for a bribe. Further, 16% of respondents state that it is the citizen who takes the initiative of offering to bribe the public servant. Considering demographic characteristics, it is noted that 32% of urban residents believe that it is the public servant who takes the initiative of asking for a bribe, as opposed to 28% of rural residents. On the other hand, 12% of urban respondents maintain that it is the citizen who takes the initiative of paying a bribe, as opposed to 15% of rural respondents. The respondents in both urban and rural areas feel, in close percentages, that the process of bribery is known beforehand and takes place by default. This is indicated by 40% of urban residents as opposed to 43% of rural residents. 1.5. Extent of assurance of receiving the service in case a bribe is paid The respondents have been asked about how assured they are about receiving the service in case a bribe or a tip is paid "Is the person paying the bribe or the tip to receive a service or to solve a problem assured of receiving such service or solving such problem?" In table (4), results show that the majority of respondents especially in urban governorates believe that paying a bribe or a tip assures receiving the service. In addition, 39% of respondents indicate they are perfectly assured of receiving the service after paying the bribe, whereas 47% of respondents maintain that they are assured of receiving the service after paying the bribe or the tip. It is noted that a slight percentage of respondents believe that the person who pays a bribe or a tip is somehow assured or not assured of receiving the service; 5% and 4% respectively. Table (4) Proportional distribution of how assured the respondents are of receiving the service in case of paying a bribe, according to geographical distribution Is the person paying the bribe or the tip to receive a service or to solve a problem assured of receiving such service or solving such problem? % Geographic Region Perfectly assured Assured Somehow Not assured Urban governorates - Not assured at all Don t know Urban Lower Egypt ž Rural Lower Egypt ž ž Urban Upper Egypt Rural Upper Egypt ł

Table (4) Proportional distribution of how assured the respondents are of receiving the service in case of paying a bribe, according to geographical distribution Is the person paying the bribe or the tip to receive a service or to solve a problem assured of receiving such service or solving such problem? % Geographic Region Total Perfectly assured Assured Somehow Not assured ž Not assured at all Don t know 1.6. Respondents view of corruption reality in Egypt The respondents have been asked "Does corruption in Egypt currently represent a very big problem, only a big problem or no problem at all?" Answers in figure (5) indicate that the majority of respondents (94%) believe that corruption is currently a big problem, whereas more than half of the respondents (58%) believe that corruption currently represents a very big problem and 36% maintain that corruption represents a big problem. The survey addresses some Figure (5) statements to respondents who Does corruption in Egypt currently represent a very big are then asked whether they problem, only a big problem or not? agree to them or not. Results in figure (5) indicate that 92% of respondents agree that corruption is a part of our life that cannot be denied; 49% of whom strongly agree and 43% agree. On the other hand, results show that almost half of respondents (55%) agree that corruption is part of our life and cannot be combated, as opposed to 30% who reject this statement and believe in the possibility of combating corruption. Statements Corruption is part of our life that cannot be denied Corruption is part of our life and cannot be combated Table (5) Respondents view of corruption reality and the prospects of combating it Strongly agree Agree Neutral Don t agree ž Don t agree at all Don t know

1.7. Respondents opinions on the responsibility of corruption spreading and prevalence The survey asks the respondents about the categories that are most responsible for corruption spreading. Results in figure (6) indicate that the public servant is the number one responsible for corruption spreading and prevalence, which is indicated by 61% of respondents. Senior officials come next (59%), then the citizens themselves in the third place (26%), municipalities (16%), businessmen and private sector (15%) and finally the police (14%). Figure (6) "In your point of view, can you tell which category or group is responsible for the spreading and prevalence of corruption?" Jordan: Senior public sector officers are the category contributing the most to corruption spreading, followed by politicians 21.8%, small public sector officers 13.7% and businessmen 10.8%. Source: Results of Jordanian public opinion poll from the Center for Strategic Studies at the University of

Jordan, 2007

2. Corruption and Government Services This part of the survey aims to identify the opinions of those dealing with government institutions concerning the quality of the services offered, as well as their integrity. The survey also aims at studying and analyzing the general public s different attitudes and impressions towards the quality of the services offered by the service institutions. However, it should be noted that the results of this section are not sufficient to be considered among the tools to be used to ameliorate and support the positive aspects, or to alter and avoid the negative aspects of the performance of these public institutions. To achieve such a target, several studies and in-depth field surveys need to be conducted at the level of various service sectors. More to the point, this type of surveys, which gauges the performance of services, requires the clarity of the aim of conducting such a survey which is getting to know people s viewpoints concerning the services they receive at the service site, i.e. Client Exit Interview, and inside the institution concerned or in one of its operational branches frequented by clients. This requires collecting field data regarding the attitudes of the clients and their impressions towards the level of the services offered, as well as the positive and negative aspects of these services while they are leaving the offices of the service concerned. As to the survey on the quality of government services the data collected from the public focuses on a group of elements associated with efficiency, as well as administrative, organizational, and behavioral aspects, noted by the clients, whether the respondents of the survey or a member of their family, while dealing with civil servants. Thus, the survey tackles several sub-goals, included under the general goal, and asks specific questions about them. Some of these sub-goals are: Identifying the opinion of the respondent concerning how far the respondent s family members resort to paying bribes and tips in order to receive government services. Identifying the respondent s actual experience in dealing with government services, or that of any of his/her family members. Identifying whether any of the respondents has been asked directly to pay bribes and tips to receive a service. Identifying the respondent s assessment of the quality of the services with respect to the simplicity of the procedures, the period of time needed to obtain a service, how respectful and courteous the civil servant is in his/her relation with the public, the suitability or unsuitability of the cost of acquiring the service, and finally, the proximity of the service site to the respondent s home. The survey covers 13 governmental services; namely, government health services (government hospitals, health offices, health insurance, and government clinics), government educational services (schools, education directorates, and Al-Azhar

education system), traffic department services (licenses registration, and traffic fines), police services (inside and outside police stations), tax services, labor office services; justice and court services, water and sanitation services, public property department, electricity companies, social solidarity services (Al-Sadat pension, productive families, subsidies provided by the Social Affairs, and ration cards), issuing building licenses, and issuing professional and business work permits. 2.1. Respondents perception of paying bribes in return for government services The respondents are asked Do you think families like your family must pay bribes and tips in order to receive the following services.)? The results (table 6) reveal that traffic department services, and services of issuing building licenses come on top of the list of government services where the service-seekers are obliged to pay bribes and tips to receive the services (67% each). Police services (inside and outside police stations) come next (60%), followed by the services of issuing professional work permits (55%), and health services (53%). Electricity services are ranked sixth (52%), followed by water and sanitation services (51%), public property department, and taxes (49% each), justice and court services (45%), labor office services (42%), and finally social solidarity services and government educational services (40% and 39% respectively). Table (6) Do you think families like your family must pay bribes and tips in order to receive the following services.? Service Always Most of the time Yes (%) Sometimes Rarely Total Number of Cases Traffic department services 20 22 19 6 67 2363 Building licenses 20 20 20 8 67 2352 Police services (other than traffic) 13 15 22 10 60 2103 Professional work permits 14 13 19 10 55 1946 Government health services 12 12 22 7 53 1867 Electricity services 13 15 16 8 52 1814 Water and sanitation services 13 13 20 6 51 1804 Public property department 10 15 16 8 49 1734 Taxes 10 15 17 8 49 1726 Justice and court services 7 11 17 10 45 1579 Labor office services 8 12 15 7 42 1466 Social solidarity services 5 11 13 10 40 1388 Education services 7 9 14 9 39 1376

Palestine: 47.8% of the total of the respondents in the survey say that job appointment is the most corrupt service of all during 2008, whereas 24.3 % believe that the distribution of financial and material social aids is the most corrupt service of all during the same year. 6.3% say that corruption is pervasive in the police and security services, while less than 5% goes to health, education, taxes and customs, courts, and land registration services. Source: The results of a survey conducted by Aman regarding the public s impressions concerning corruption in Palestine, 2008. 2.2. Personal experience of respondents in dealing with government service providers Asking the public about whether they, or any of their family members, have used any government services during the past year is an opening Table (7) During the past year, have any of your family members used question that aims at targeting the following service? the groups that have actually No. of used these services. The Services Yes (%) Cases question has been During the past year, have any of your Government health services family members tried to have the following service? Government education services Table (7) shows that health services come on top of the list Water & sanitation companies (35%), followed by education services (22%), then water and Electricity companies ž sanitation companies (12%), to be followed by namely electricity, social solidarity, traffic, police, taxes, labor Solidarity services Traffic department services offices, justice and court, building licenses, public Police services (other than traffic) ž property department, and professional work permits (less Taxes than 10%) during the last year. Here, it is necessary to note the Labor office services number of cases for each service, since the number of Justice and court services the responding cases that used the services of taxes, labor Building licenses offices, justice and court, building licenses, public Public property department property department, and professional work permits are below 80 cases each. Professional work permits žł

2.3. Cases of bribe-seeking in government services The survey targets respondents who have used government services, service by service, asking if they were required to pay bribes or tips in return for a common service. Table (8) reveals that more than half the respondents of the survey who have dealt with traffic department services were required to pay bribes or tips to get their services done, to be followed by police services whether inside or outside police stations at (40%). Despite the fact that the percentage of bribe-seeking in the services of building licenses, taxes, and justice and court is considered rather high with almost one quarter of the sample, no general conclusions can be reached regarding bribeseeking in the different government services because of the small number of respondents that have taken the survey. 2.4. The quality of government services from the viewpoint of respondents The quality of government services to respondents is assessed based on five main axes: how appropriate is the period of time required to obtain the service, how complicated the measures are, how much the service costs, how respectful and Table (8) Has this person been asked to pay bribes or tips?(*) Services Yes (%) No. of Cases Traffic department services Police services (other than traffic) ž Building licenses Taxes Justice & court services Professional work permits Health services Education services Water & Sanitation companies Electricity companies Social solidarity services Labor office services Public property department ž ž (*) The percentage of the respondents who received each service during the past year. courteous the civil servants are, and how far the service site is from the respondent s home.

How appropriate is the period of time to obtain the service The time required to accomplish a government service is one of the most important and influential factors in judging the quality of the service offered. It shows how easy or difficult it is to obtain the Table (9) service. The respondents were Have you received your service in a reasonable period of time? (*) asked the following question: Yes No. of Have you received your service Services (%) Cases in a reasonable time (an appropriate period of time)? Social solidarity services ž The answers as shown in table Education services (9) reflect high levels of satisfaction with the period of Electricity companies time of the following services when obtained during the last Water & sanitation companies ž year: social solidarity, education, electricity, and water and Justice & courts services sanitation. These services are followed by the services of Traffic department services justice and court, traffic Health services department, and health having almost similar percentages. Taxes The levels of satisfaction are at a low level in the following Police services (other than traffic) ž services: labor offices, public property department, building Labor offices services licenses, as well as professional Public property department work permits. Building licenses Professional work permits (*) The percentage of the respondents who received each service during the past year.

How complicated/ accessible the procedures are The respondents were asked Were the measures difficult, numerous, or complicated? The following are the results: Table (10) shows that the majority of the respondents who have dealt with the social solidarity centers believe that the measures have been either difficult, numerous, or complicated (72%), to be followed by police services, traffic services, and justice and court services (60%, 55%, and 52% respectively). The percentages of those who believe that the following services are difficult, numerous, or complicated vary from one service to another: building licenses, labor offices, electricity companies, taxes, and health. They vary from building licenses at (50%) to education services at (22%). Table (10) Were the procedures difficult or complicated? (*) Yes Services (%) Social solidarity services Police services (other than traffic) Traffic department services Justice & court services Building licenses Water & sanitation companies Labor offices services Electricity companies Taxes Health services Public property department ž ž ž No. of Cases ž Professional work permits Education services (*) The percentage of the respondents who received each service during the past year.

How adequate the government service cost is When the respondents were asked Is the service cost adequate? the majority of the seekers of the services of social solidarity during the last year have answered that the service cost is adequate (72%). (62%) of the respondents were satisfied with the cost of the services of education, and health, whereas the services of justice and court, and water and sanitation received (52% and 49% respectively). Table (11) shows the ranking of the rest of the services. The service of professional work permits comes last, as one third of the respondents of the survey believe that the cost of the service was reasonable. Table (11) Is the service cost adequate? (*) Yes Services (%) Social solidarity Services Education services No. of Cases Health services Justice & courts Water & sanitation companies Taxes Electricity companies Traffic department Labor offices Building licenses ž ž Public property department ž Police services (other than traffic) Professional work permits 5 (*) The percentage of the respondents who received each service during the past year.

How courteous the civil servants are to government service seekers The results of table (12) show that the civil servants in the services of social solidarity and electricity treated service seekers courteously during the last year (76% and 75% respectively), to be followed by education services, water and sanitation services, and taxes at approximately (67%). The services of justice and court, health, and traffic department are slightly above (50%). Finally, according to the opinions and personal experience of the respondents, civil servants in the services of labor offices, professional work permits, police (other than traffic), building licenses, and public property department do not treat service-seekers courteously enough. Social solidarity Services Electricity companies Education services Table (12) Are you treated decently? (*) Services Yes (%) Water & sanitation companies ž Taxes Justice & court services ž No. of Cases Health services Traffic department services Labor office services Business/ professional work licenses Police services (other than traffic) Building licenses ž Public property department (*) The percentage of the respondents who received each service during the past year.

How accessible the service site is The accessibility of a public service site, as well as how near or far a service site is to the service-seeker s home, is an important factor in the assessment of the quality of the service offered. Table (13) shows that the most accessible service sites are those of the services of health, social solidarity, electricity, education, and water and sanitation according to those who sought each of these services during the last year. The least accessible service sites according to those who sought each of these services alone are the services of public property department, labor offices, justice and court, and taxes. Table (13) Is the service site far from your home? (*) Yes No. of Services (%) Cases Public property department ž Labor offices services ž Justice & court services Taxes Professional work permits Police services (other than traffic) Building licenses Traffic department Health services Social solidarity services Electricity companies ž Education services Water & sanitation companies (*) The percentage of the respondents who received each service during the past year.

3. Combating Corruption Combating corruption requires a synergy of concerted efforts on the part of the State and the state official institutions, on the one hand, and the citizens and CSOs on the other, to challenge and confront corruption. Given that the State s role is represented in creating efficient and influential control bodies to uncover and investigate cases of corruption, and to secure a powerful legal system which guarantees justice and persecution of delinquents, the role of CSOs, the citizens and the other state institutions is no less important. Such a role could be performed by raising citizens awareness, and empowering them to be able to act on their control role and to participate in uncovering cases of corruption. This section of the survey aims to identify how far the respondents are familiar with reporting corruption and the various control bodies, and their assessment of the roles of such bodies, together with their view of the endeavors of the current government in terms of combating corruption. 3.1. Corruption Reporting System The respondents were asked whether they know the procedures that should be taken or the bodies that could be resorted to for reporting an act of Figure (7) corruption. The findings stressed Do you know the procedures that should be taken or the bodies that could be contacted for reporting an act that more than three quarters of of corruption committed by a governmental employee? the sample (77%) do not know the procedures or the bodies competent to receive complaints related to corruption as compared to 18% only of the surveyed respondents that do know. This indicates the fragility of the corruption reporting systems, as the sweeping majority of respondents are ignorant thereof. Palestine: 54.9% of the respondents know the bodies competent to receive corruptionrelated complaints, whereas 45.1% reported they do not know them. Source: Findings of a poll conducted by Aman regarding the impressions of the citizens on corruption in Palestine, 2008 Taking into consideration the demographic characteristics of the respondents who do not know the corruption reporting systems, the findings in figure (8) show that the percentage of females who are ignorant of the corruption reporting procedures is higher than their male counterparts (80%, 74% respectively). The findings also indicate that

the younger age brackets (18-29) and the 60 and above age bracket are the most ignorant of such procedures compared to the other age brackets, notwithstanding how minimal the differences are. Figure (8) Respondents do not know about the corruption reporting systems, according to the demographic characteristics Regional distribution Urban/ rural Work place Work Status Educational level Age group Gender The findings show that respondents whose education is less than intermediary are the brackets most ignorant of the corruption reporting procedures. Also respondents who work know them more than the respondents who do not work. Respondents working in the governmental sector are more knowledgeable of these bodies as compared to workers in the private sector. This is justified by the fact that bodies reporting corruption are basically governmental. As for the geographical distribution and the type of residence area, urban respondents and respondents in urban governorates are the most ignorant of corruption reporting procedures compared to respondents falling under other categories.

3.2. Actual Exposure of Respondents to Cases of Corruption As for the actual exposure to cases of corruption and reporting them, the survey findings indicate that 11% of the respondents were subject of or actually witnessed an act of corruption by a governmental employee during the last three years. 4% only out of the total sample have indeed reported, either personally or through a family member, an act of corruption, which represents about 36% of the respondents who have actually been exposed to corruption incidents during the last three years. Figure (9) During the last three years, were you exposed to or did you witness an act of corruption committed by a governmental employee? Figure (10) During the last three years, did you or any of the members of your household report an act of corruption committed by a governmental employee? Palestine: 12.6% of the total respondents indicated that they or a member of their household were subject of an act of corruption. 27.4% stated that they were a victim of corruption during 2008. Findings also showed that 67.9% of the total respondents will report corruption if they witness any, whereas 80.5% said they will report corruption if they are victims thereof. Source: Findings of a poll conducted by Aman about the impressions of citizens regarding corruption in Palestine 2008. 3.3. Knowledge by citizens of the various control bodies and how they view their role There are different control bodies in Egypt including eight main control bodies operating in the field of combating corruption, in addition to internal audit agencies affiliated to the various ministries and authorities. In spite of the differences between these authorities, and the difference in their activities and the bodies affiliated thereto, they have a common goal, namely to combat administrative corruption. These bodies are : Definitions of control bodies are based on the second report of the Transparency and Integrity Commission, and the study the legal and institutional framework for combating corruption in Egypt, the Social Contract Centre.

- The Public Funds Prosecution is the control body competent to protect the stateowned funds against exploitation, to secure them and allow benefiting from them in the various legitimate expenditure outlets. This body is responsible for investigating crimes related to public funds committed by civil servants. - The Illegal Profiting Apparatus is competent to examine the asset disclosure forms on regular basis every five years of people subject to the Illegal Profiting Law, to verify the consistency between the person s fortune and his/her income, and to investigate complaints related to illegal profiting. - The Central Auditing Organization was established by virtue of Law 144 of 1988, lately amended by Law 157 of 1998. The CAO is affiliated to the Presidency of the Republic, and it is competent to undertake financial control in both its account-related and legal aspects, as well as control of performance and follow-up of the plan implementation. The CAO also supervises the decisions issued in relation to financial violations, and reviews personnel related decisions regarding the validity of appointments, salaries, wages, promotions, bonuses, travel allowances, transportation expenses, overtimes, incentives, allowances and in-kind and cash benefits. - The Administrative Control Authority is affiliated to the Cabinet. The ACA was established pursuant to Law 54 of 1964. It is competent to examine and investigate the causes of omission and delinquency in operation and production, including uncovering defects in the administrative, technical and financial systems, following-up the laws enforcement, verifying that the decisions and regulations are duly sufficient for realizing the purpose thereof, uncovering administrative and financial violations, and considering the citizens complaints. - The General Department of Public Funds Crimes Investigation Police combats all criminal forms of administrative corruption and occupational delinquency, such as bribery, embezzlement, stealing public funds, all forms of aggression against public funds and all forms of counterfeit and forgery, such as counterfeiting documents and seals, counterfeit of national and foreign currencies and the circulation thereof. - The Money Laundering Unit verifies how far the money used in investments in Egypt is legitimate, and blocks the entry of any money generated by illegitimate activities into Egypt for investment. - The Administrative Prosecution Authority is affiliated to the Ministry of Justice, and was established pursuant to Law 117 of 1958. The APA is competent to examine complaints referred thereto by competent chairpersons or any official body or individuals, and to investigate administrative and financial violations, as well as conducting disciplinary cases before the disciplinary courts. - The Central Authority for Organization and Administration is affiliated to the Cabinet, and was established by virtue of Law 118 of 1964. The CAOA is competent to supervise and oversee the enforcement of personnel-related laws and regulations, and to issue technical instructions and the bulletins regulating the same. The CAOA also expresses opinion on regulations related to work performance at administrative bodies, reviews administrative decisions related to personnel at governmental bodies, verifies the compliance thereof with the

laws and regulations, and supervises the process of personnel transfer and the settlement of their affairs and promotion at all governmental bodies. When asking the respondents about how far they are knowledgeable of the various control bodies, and whether they view that such bodies are playing their role in combating corruption sufficiently or not, results showed that 4% only of the surveyed sample know about all control bodies operating in combating corruption, whereas 34% know none of them. A more detailed view of the findings shows that the known of the control bodies to the respondents are the General Department of Public Funds Crimes Investigation Police and the Public Fund Prosecution (54%, 53% respectively). These bodies are then followed by the Administrative Prosecution Authority 39%, the Administrative Control Authority and the Illegal Profiting Apparatus (34% each), the Central Auditing Organization (33%), the Money Laundering Unit (31%), and finally the Central Authority for Organization and Administration (19%). Figure (11) Knowledge of respondents of the various control bodies, and their view on their roles* The respondents who know each supervisory body were asked separately about their assessment of the role of these bodies. The results showed that more than half of the respondents (50% to 60%), who know each supervisory body * Each body was assessed by the respondents who know it only. separately, view that the General Department of Public Funds Crimes Investigation Police, the Public Funds Prosecution, the ACA and the CAO sufficiently assume their role in combating corruption. Ranking next is the Money Laundering Unit and the CAOA (49% and 47% respectively).

3.4. The respondents view of the contribution of the various institutions in combating corruption Combating corruption is not the responsibility of the control bodies exclusively; it is rather the responsibility Figure (12) of all bodies and Did these bodies contribute in combating corruption? institutions operating in the State. Therefore, the survey focused on knowing the respondents opinions regarding the role of the different entities in combating corruption. The findings showed that courts come at the forefront of the bodies that contributed in combating corruption, as per the view of 61% of the respondents. Mass media ranked second in terms of combating corruption with 42%, and then comes the General Prosecutor (38%), the religious institutions (37%) and the police (35%). Members of parliament, university professors and teachers (22% each), and finally NGOs 18%. The Transparency and Integrity Commission is deemed one of the significant bodies working on laying down an anti-corruption national strategy. Since the commission is still recent (2007) the percentage of respondents who know it are 8% only, 47% of whom view that it is sufficiently fighting corruption. These results delineate the role of the key players in the field of combating corruption. Courts and mass media are the bodies that are most viewed by the respondents as contributors in combating corruption. Therefore, these bodies should be supported to perform their role more efficiently, and to have it more highlighted. Whereas, very significant bodies interrelated with the lives of individuals, such as the members of parliament and NGOs, came at the forefront of the bodies which have not contributed to anti-corruption according to the respondents (42% and 38% respectively). Thus, it is The Transparency and Integrity Commission: The Ministry of State for Administrative Development established the Transparency and Integrity Commission in 2007 to lay down mechanisms for combating administrative corruption and to enhance the principle of transparency, integrity and accountability in the State s administrative system.

necessary to consider the method whereby the roles of these bodies are enhanced, and to make room for them to perform their roles. On the other hand, similar surveys in Malawi, Ghana and Sera Leon show that mass media, religious institutions, and NGOs are the bodies that contributed the most in combating corruption, whereas the police or courts did not sufficiently contribute. Jordan: 72.9% of Jordanians believe that the Anti-corruption Division played an efficient role in combating corruption, followed by local mass media 55.3%, the Accounting Bureau 52.7%, the Parliament 38.5% and finally NGOs 36.2%. Source: Jordanian poll findings conducted by the Strategic Studies Centre at the Jordanian University, 2007. 3.5. The Endeavors of the current government to combat corruption As for the role of the current government in combating corruption, the survey posed two questions to the respondents regarding the Egyptian government s sincere desire to combat corruption, and how effective are the efforts of the government, and the results were as follows: The Government s desire to combat corruption The findings in figure (13) indicate that about half of the sample (51%) agree or strongly agree that the Egyptian Government has sincere desire to combat corruption, whereas 20% disagree or completely disagree with this statement. 19% of the respondents pointed out that they embrace neutral opinion in this regard, whereas 10% could not specify. This result reflects the confidence by a large sector of respondents in the government s sincere desire to combat corruption. Figure (13) The Egyptian Government sincerely intends to combat corruption Looking into the demographic characteristics of the respondents who agreed that the government sincerely desires to combat corruption, figure (14) shows that the respondents trust in the sincere desire of the government to combat corruption is more harbored by females compared to males. This trust is also found more in the categories of less educated respondents of qualifications below middle or high education, private sector employees, rural The survey conducted by the World Bank in Ghana, Malawi and Sera Lion

respondents, and respondents in Upper Egypt than in other categories, notwithstanding how minimal the discrepancies are. Figure (14) Respondents agree that the Egyptian Government sincerely intends to combat corruption, according to the demographic characteristics Regional distribution Urban/ rural Work place Work status Educational level Age group Gender Effectiveness of the current government s efforts to combat corruption When asking the respondents about their opinion in the phrase saying that the current government s efforts to combat corruption are efficient and influential the results showed that about half the respondents (47%) Figure (15) The current government s efforts to combat corruption are efficient and influential

agree or strongly agree to this statement, whereas quarter of the respondents (25%) disagree or completely disagree. 19% indicate that their opinion is neutral vis-à-vis this statement, whereas 9% could not specify. The foregoing indicates the positive attitude of the respondents toward the government s intention and endeavors to combat corruption. Therefore, the efforts of the State and citizens should be concerted and synergized to combat corruption. Figure (16) Respondent s view that the current governmental efforts to combat corruption are efficient and influential; compared to some Arab countries* *Ref.: Global Corruption Report 2009 - Transparency International, and the survey results

4. Resort to the judiciary 4.1. Trust in the judiciary and equality before the Law Nearly half of the surveyed sample (49%) agreed that any person who violates the law should be held accountable and should be punished notwithstanding his status, whereas 46% do not agree to this statement, as shown in figure (17). As for equality before the law, 63% of the respondents indicated that the law is not enforced equally to everybody; whereas 34% view that it is enforced equally to everybody without differentiation, as shown in figure (18). Figure (17) Whoever violates the law should be held accountable and should be punished notwithstanding his status Figure (18) Is the law enforced equally to everybody in Egypt without discrimination? Peru: 78% of the respondents disagree that the law is equally enforced to the rich and the poor, whereas 7% agree that it is equally enforced and 15% adopt a neutral opinion to this phrase. Source: A diagnostic study of governance, the state of law and corruption in Peru, the World Bank, 2001. Looking into the demographic characteristics of the respondents who view that the law in Egypt is equally enforced to everyboy, the results in figure (19) show no substantive differences among respondets in this concern.

Figure (19) Respondents agree that the law is enforced equally to everybody in Egypt, according to the demographic characteristics Regional distribution Urban/ rural Work lace Work status Educational level Age group Gender 4.2. The need to resort to the judiciary The results in figures (20) and (21) indicate the abstention by the respondents from resorting to the judiciary, as the percentage of respondents who resorted to the judiciary is very minimal compared to the remaining sample. The percentages of respondents who needed to resort to the judiciary and file a case against any person or authority within the last three years was 3% only of the entire sample. Furthermore, the percentage of respondents who pointed out that they needed to actually file a case within the last three years yet they refrained is 1% only from the entire sample, as shown in figure (21). Malawi: 6% of the respondents filed court cases during the last three years. Source: Survey of Governance and Corruption in Malawi, the World Bank, 2006 Zambia: 80% of the respondents needed to resort to the judiciary, yet they refrained.

Source: Survey of Governance in Zambia, World Bank, 2004 Figure (20) Did you or any of your family members need to file a lawsuit against any person or entity within the last three years? Figure (21) During the last three years, did you or any of your family members need to resort to the judiciary and then refrain from it? 4.3 Obstacles hindering the resort to the judiciary In terms of the reasons preventing the resort to the judiciary, respondents who needed to file a lawsuit during the last three years but refrained were asked about what are them (they represent 1% only of the total sample), and they responded as follows: high lawyers fees (73%), followed by the prolonged litigation proceedings (63%), the highly complicated litigation procedures (44%), and the high expenses of filing a lawsuit (38%). Figure (22) Reasons for not resorting to the judiciary (actual)* * The percentage from respondents who needed to file a lawsuit during the last three years but refrained (1% or 48 respondents from the total sample)

Further to the foregoing, the non enforcement of court rulings (25%) serves as one of the reasons, in addition to the bribes and tips to civil servants at courts (20%), and finally the location of courts situated far from residential areas (7%). Upon comparing the foregoing results of the actual obstacles hindering the resort to the judiciary (figure 22) to the perceptible results of the obstacles hindering the resort to the judiciary, the results of figure (23) indicate that the respondents who do not need to resort to the judiciary view all the reasons mentioned in figure (23) as obstacles or insurmountable obstacles challenging the resort to the judiciary (in almost equal percentages ranging between 75% and 83%, except for the location of courts which is the least hindering with 47%). Figure (23) Obstacles hindering the resort to the judiciary (perceptible)* * The percentage from respondents who view that these reasons are obstacles or insurmountable obstacles challenging the resort to the judiciary

Annexes Form of the National Survey of the Citizens Opinions on Corruption, the Judicial System, and the Quality of Governmental Services in Egypt

Form specific Code The Social Contract Centre The National Survey of Citizens Opinions on Corruption, the Judicial System and the Quality of the Governmental Services in Egypt March (2009) Data is used for scientific research purposes only Personal data is confidential by law