Innovation. Policy. and. the Economy. National Bureau of Economic Research. Volume 7. edited by Adam B. Jaffe, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern

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Innovation and the Economy Policy Volume 7 National Bureau of Economic Research edited by Adam B. Jaffe, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern Table of Contents Is the Pharmaceutical Industry in a Productivity Crisis? When Ideas Are Not Free: The Research Impact of Patents on Scientific Wrapping It Up in a Person: The Mobility Patterns of New Ph.D.s Innovation Incentives for Information Goods Innovating under Pressure: Toward a Science of Crisis Management

Innovation Policy and the Economy 7

Innovation Policy and the Economy 7 edited by Adam B. Jaff e, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England

NBER/ Innovation Policy and the Economy, Number 7,2006 ISSN: 1531-3468 ISBN-10: 0-262-10121-1 (he)?0-262-60070-6 (pb) ISBN-13: 978-0-262-10121-9 (he)?978-0-262-60070-5 (pb) Published annually by The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.? 2006 by Technology. the National Bureau of Economic Research and the Massachusetts Institute of All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced tronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. in any form by any elec or information storage are Standing orders/subscriptions available. Inquiries, and changes to subscriptions and addresses should be addressed to Triliteral, Attention: Standing Orders, 100 Maple Ridge Drive, Cumberland, RI 02864, phone 1-800-366-6687 ext. 112 (U.S. and Canada), fax 1-800-406-9145 (U.S. and Canada). In the United Kingdom, continental Europe, and the Middle East and Africa, send single copy and back volume orders to: The MIT Press, Ltd., Fitzroy House, 11 Chenies Street, London WC1E 7ET England, phone 44-020-7306-0603, fax 44-020-7306-0604, email info@hup-mitpress.co.uk, website.http:/ /mitpress.mit.edu. In the United States and for all other countries, send single copy and back volume orders to: The MIT Press c/o Triliteral, 100 Maple Ridge Drive, Cumberland, RI 02864, phone 1-800-405-1619 (U.S. and Canada) or 401-658-4226, fax 1-800-406-9145 (U.S. and Canada) or 401-531-2801, email mitpress-orders@mit.edu, website http://mitpress.mit.edu. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales use. promotional For information, please email or special_sales@mitpress.mit.edu write to Special Sales Department, The MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. This book was printed and bound in the United States of America. 10 987654321

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Contents Introduction xi Adam B. Jaffe, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern 1 Is the Pharmaceutical Industry in a Productivity Crisis? 1 Iain M. Cockburn 2 When Ideas Are Not Free: The Impact of Patents on Scientific Research 33 Fiona Murray and Scott Stern 3 Wrapping It Up in a Person: The Mobility Patterns of New PhDs 71 Paula Stephan 4 Innovation Incentives for Information Goods 99 Erik Brynjolfsson and Xiaoquan (Michael) Zhang 5 Innovating under Pressure?Towards a Science of Crisis Management 125 Daniel Diermeier, Wallace J. Hopp, and Seyed Iravani