International Relations Theory and Regional Transformation Regional transformation has emerged as a major topic of research during the past few decades, much of it seeking to understand how a region changes into a zone of conflict or cooperation and how and why some regions remain in perpetual conflict. Although all the leading theoretical paradigms of International Relations have something to say about regional order, a comprehensive treatment of this subject is missing from the literature. This book suggests that crossparadigmatic engagement on regional orders can be valuable if it can generate theoretically innovative, testable propositions and policyrelevant ideas. The book brings together scholars from the dominant IR perspectives aiming to explain the regional order issue through multidimensional and multicausal pathways, and seeking meeting points between them. Using insights from IR theory, the contributors offer policy-relevant ideas which may benefit conflict-ridden regions of the world. T. V. Paul is Director of the McGill/University of Montreal Centre for International Peace and Security Studies (CIPSS) and James McGill Professor of International Relations in the Department of Political Science at McGill University. He specializes in International Relations, especially international security, regional security, and South Asia.
International Relations Theory and Regional Transformation Edited by T. V. Paul
c a m b r i d g e u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: /9781107604551 Cambridge University Press 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2012 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Paul, T. V. International relations theory and regional transformation / T. V. Paul. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-107-02021-4 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-107-60455-1 (pbk.) 1. Regionalism. 2. Regionalism (International organization) 3. International relations. I. Title. JZ1318.P383 2012 327.101 dc23 2011052724 ISBN 978-1-107-02021-4 Hardback ISBN 978-1-107-60455-1 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents List of figures and tables About the contributors Acknowledgments page vii viii xii Part 1 Introduction 1 Regional transformation in international relations 3 t. v. p a u l 2 How regions were made, and the legacies for world politics: an English School reconnaissance 22 b a r r y b u z a n Part 2 Realist perspectives 3 Realism and Neorealism in the study of regional conflict 49 d a l e c. c o p e l a n d 4 Neoclassical realism and the study of regional order 74 j e f f r e y w. t a l i a f e r r o Part 3 Liberal perspectives 5 Economic interdependence and regional peace 107 j o h n m. o w e n, i v 6 Regional organizations à la carte: the effects of institutional elasticity 133 s t e p h a n i e c. h o f m a n n a n d f r é d é r i c m é r a n d 7 Transforming regional security through liberal reforms 158 j o h n r. o n e a l v
vi Contents Part 4 Constructivist perspectives 8 Ideas, norms, and regional orders 183 a m i t a v a c h a r y a 9 Regional security practices and Russian Atlantic relations 210 v i n c e n t p o u l i o t Part 5 Eclectic perspectives 10 The transformation of modern Europe: banalities of success 233 j o h n a. h a l l 11 Top-down peacemaking: why peace begins with states and not societies 255 n o r r i n m. r i p s m a n Part 6 Conclusions 12 Strategies and mechanisms of regional change 283 s t é f a n i e v o n h l a t k y Index 299
Figures and tables Figures 8.1 Ideas and regional orders page 195 8.2 Global ideas and regional identities 201 8.3 Localization and subsidiarity 202 Tables 1.1 Sources of regional change 16 1.2 Selected regions sources/outcomes of regional order 18 5.1 India s trade with SAARC countries 124 6.1 Regional institutional architectures 152 7.1 Estimated coefficients for the liberal-realist model, onset of fatal militarized interstate disputes, 1885 2001 167 7.2 Estimated probability of the onset of a fatal militarized dispute, selected pairs of states: based on the estimated coefficients in Table 7.1 168 7.3 Annual probabilities of the onset of a fatal militarized dispute, 1885 2001: based on the estimated coefficients in Table 7.1 169 7.4 Annual probabilities of the onset of a fatal militarized dispute, 1885 2001: historical estimates and counterfactuals, continental averages 173 vii
About the contributors Editor t. v. p a u l is James McGill Professor of International Relations in the Department of Political Science at McGill University and Director of the McGill/Université de Montréal Centre for International Peace and Security Studies (CIPSS). He is the author or editor of thirteen books and nearly fifty journal articles and book chapters. His books include Globalization and the National Security State (with Norrin Ripsman; 2010); The Tradition of Non-use of Nuclear Weapons (2009); South Asia s Weak States: Understanding the Regional Insecurity Predicament (editor; 2010); Complex Deterrence: Strategy In the Global Age (with Patrick Morgan and James Wirtz; 2009); Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century (with James Wirtz and Michel Fortmann; 2004); and International Order and the Future of World Politics (with John A. Hall; Cambridge, 1999, 2000 [twice], 2001, 2002 and 2003). Contributors a m i t a v a c h a r y a is the UNESCO Chair in Transnational Challenges and Governance and Professor of International Relations at the School of International Service, American University, Washington, DC. He is also chair of the American University s ASEAN Studies Center. Previously, he was Professor of Global Governance at the University of Bristol; Professor at York University, Toronto and at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; and Fellow of the Harvard University Asia Center and Harvard s John F. Kennedy School of Government. He is the author of Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia (2001, 2009) and Whose Ideas Matter: Agency and Power in Asian Regionalism (2009), and is coeditor of Crafting Cooperation: Regional International Institutions in International Politics (Cambridge, 2007). His articles have appeared in International viii
About the contributors ix Organization, International Security, International Studies Quarterly, Journal of Asian Studies, and World Politics. b a r r y b u z a n is the Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and honorary professor at Copenhagen and Jilin Universities. His most recent books include The Evolution of International Security Studies (with Lene Hansen; Cambridge, 2009) and Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security (with Ole Wæver; Cambridge, 2003). He has published numerous scholarly articles in journals such as European Journal of International Relations, Millennium, International Affairs, and Review of International Studies. d a l e c. c o p e l a n d is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Virginia. He is the author of The Origins of Major War (2000). A forthcoming book, Economic Interdependence and War, examines the conditions under which interstate trade and commerce will lead to either war or peace. He is the author of numerous articles in such journals as International Security, Security Studies, and Review of International Studies. j o h n a. h a l l is the James McGill Professor of Sociology at McGill University. His publications include Coercion and Consent (1994), International Orders (1996), Is America Breaking Apart? (with C. Lindholm; 1999), and Power in the Twenty-first Century (2011). He has been Honorary Professor of Sociology and Politics at the University of Copenhagen since 2001. He served as Dean of the McGill Faculty of Arts from 2003 to 2005. s t e p h a n i e c. h o f m a n n is Assistant Professor in Political Science at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, and a steering committee member of the Center of Conflict, Development, and Peacebuilding. Previously she has been a Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute, Florence. She has published in journals such as Perspectives on Politics, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cooperation and Conflict, and Politique Étrangère. f r é d é r i c m é r a n d is Associate Professor of Political Science at Université de Montréal, Professor of European Studies at LUISS University, Rome, and Associate Director of the Centre for International Peace and Security Studies (CIPSS). In 2004 2005 he was a policy advisor with the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. He is the author of European Defence Policy:
x About the contributors Beyond the Nation State (2008), and his articles have been published in Security Studies, Journal of Common Market Studies, Comparative European Politics, and Cooperation and Conflict. j o h n r. o n e a l is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Alabama. He is the author of Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (with Bruce Russett; 2001), and was selected as cowinner of Best Book of the Decade by the International Studies Association in 2010. In addition, he has published some fifty scholarly articles in such journals as American Sociological Review, International Organization, Journal of Peace Research, Journal of Conflict Resolution, and International Studies Quarterly. j o h n m. o w e n i v is Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia. He is the author of Liberal Peace, Liberal War: American Politics and International Security (1997) and The Clash of Ideas in World Politics: Transnational Networks, States, and Regime Change 1510 2010 (2010). He has published works in numerous journals, including International Organization, International Security, International Studies Quarterly, and Foreign Affairs. v i n c e n t p o u l i o t is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at McGill University and Associate Director of the Centre for International Peace and Security Studies (CIPSS). He is the author of International Security in Practice: The Politics of NATO Russia Diplomacy (Cambridge, 2010) and Metaphors of Globalization: Mirrors, Magicians and Mutinies (2008). He has published articles in International Organization, International Studies Quarterly, Journal of Peace Research, and European Journal of International Relations. n o r r i n m. r i p s m a n is Professor in the Political Science Department at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. He is the author of Peacemaking by Democracies: The Effect of State Autonomy on the Post-World-War Settlements (2002), a coauthor (with T. V. Paul) of Globalization and the National Security State (2010), a coeditor (with Steven E. Lobell and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro) of Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 2009), and a coeditor (with Jean- Marc F. Blanchard and Edward D. Mansfield) of Power and the Purse: Economic Statecraft, Interdependence, and International Conflict (2000). He is author of numerous articles in journals including International Security, International Studies Quarterly, Security Studies, Millennium, International Interactions, and International Studies Review.
About the contributors xi j e f f r e y w. ta l i a f e r r o is Associate Professor of Political Science at Tufts University. He is the author of Balancing Risks: Great Power Intervention in the Periphery (2004), for which he received the American Political Science Association s Robert L. Jervis and Paul W. Schroeder Award for the Best Book in International History and Politics. His articles have appeared in the journals International Security, Security Studies, and Political Psychology and he has contributed to two edited volumes. He is coeditor (and a contributor), along with Steven E. Lobell and Norrin M. Ripsman, of Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 2009). s t é f a n i e v o n h l a t k y is a senior researcher at the Center for Security Studies, ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) Zurich. Prior to this position she was a postdoctoral fellow at Georgetown and McGill Universities. In 2010 she was the Canada Institute Junior Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC. In 2011 she was a visiting professor at Dartmouth College. She holds a Ph.D. from Université de Montréal and served as Executive Director of CIPSS. Her research interests focus on alliance politics, Canada US relations, American foreign policy, and nuclear weapons policy.
Acknowledgments This volume evolved out of a conference I organized as part of the Globali zation and Regional Security Orders team project at the McGill/University of Montreal Center for International Peace and Security Studies (CIPSS) in May 2010. The volume is one of several works this project has sponsored that explore the issue of security and peace in an era of deepened globalization, by its core members, John A. Hall, Michel Fortmann, Vincent Pouliot, Norrin Ripsman, and myself. The funding for the conference came from the Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Société et la Culture (FQRSC), Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), James McGill Chair, and the Security and Defence Forum (SDF) research grants. Two successful panels were held at the March 2011 International Studies Association annual conference, and contributors thoroughly reviewed their papers in view of the comments they received from the discussants and the two anonymous reviewers of Cambridge. I thank the following discussants at the Montreal conference Zhiming Chen, Peter Jones, Michael Lipson, Vincent Pouliot, Stéfanie von Hlatky, and Norrin Ripsman and the two discussants at the ISA panels, Patrick Morgan and Steven Lobell. Able research assistance was provided by Steven Loleski and Mahesh Shankar. John Haslam, our editor at Cambridge University Press, showed much interest in this book project. T. V. Paul xii