UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA 1982 A COMMENTARY

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA 1982 A COMMENTARY

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA 1982 A COMMENTARY Myron H. Nordquist, Editor-in-Chief Satya N. Nandan and Shabtai Rosenne, General Editors Neal R. Grandy, Assistant Editor Matthew C. Allen, Editorial Assistant Other volumes to date in this series: I. Text of Convention and Introductory Material, edited by Myron H. Nordquist. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3145-3 II. Second Committee: Articles 1 to 85, Annexes I and II, and Final Act, Annex II, edited by Satya N. Nandan, Shabtai Rosenne and Neal R. Grandy. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2471-4 III. Second Committee: Articles 86 to 132, and supplementary documents, edited by Satya N. Nandan, Shabtai Rosenne and Neal R. Grandy (in preparation) IV. Third Committee: Articles 192 to 278, and Final Act, Annex VI, edited by Shabtai Rosenne and Alexander Yankov. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-0764-X V. Settlement of Disputes, General and Final Provisions: Articles 279 to 320, Annexes V, VI, VII, VIII and IX, and Final Act, Annex I, Resolutions I, III and IV, edited by Shabtai Rosenne and Louis B. Sohn. 1989 ISBN 90-247-3719-2 * '* * * * * * The final volume in this series will include a comprehensive subject index to the series, consolidated lists of treaties, cases and appendices, and additional reference material.

Center for Oceans Law and Policy University of Virginia School of Law UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA 1982 A COMMENTARY Volume II Articles 1 to 85 Annexes I and II Final Act, Annex II Satya N. Nandan and Shabtai Rosenne Volume Editors Neal R. Grandy Assistant Editor Martinus Nijhoff Publishers DORDRECHT I BOSTON I LONDON

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 85-8771 ISBN 0-7923-2471-4 Set ISBN 90-247-3161-5 Published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163,3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 1993 by Center for Oceans Law and Policy, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, and Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owners. Printed in the Netherlands

CONTENTS vii CONTENTS Foreword... John Norton Moore a~d Myron H. Nordquist.... Xlll Preface... Satya N. Nandan and Shabtai Rosenne... xvii Principal Contributors to Volume II....................... xxi Abbreviations and Acronyms........................... xxv Table of Cases... xxix Table of Treaties................ xxxi Note on Documentation... xxxv Note on Sources... xli Note on the Use of the Word "Shall"... xlv Officers of the Second Committee....................... xlvii Sessions of the Conference............................ xlvii COMMENTARIES INTRODUCTION: The Work of the Second Committee... 1 PART I. Introduction Article 1. Use of terms and scope.................. 27 PART II. TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE 51 Appendix: Report of the Committee of Experts on technical questions concerning the territorial sea... 59 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 2. Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil... 64 SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA Article 3. Breadth of the territorial sea... 75 Article 4. Outer limit of the territorial sea............ 83 Article 5. Normal baseline....................... 87 Article 6. Reefs... 91 Article 7. Straight baselines...................... 95 Article 8. Internal waters... 104 Article 9. Mouths of rivers... 109 Article 10. Bays... 113 Article 11. Ports.............................. 120 Article 12. Roadsteads... 123 Article 13. Low-tide elevations... 126 Article 14. Combination of methods for determining baselines........................... 129 Article 15. Delimitation of the territorial sea between States with opposite or adjacent coasts... 132 Article 16. Charts and lists of geographical co-ordinates.. 144

viii CONTENTS SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEA SUBSECTION A. RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPS Article 17. Right of innocent passage...... 151 Article 18. Meaning of passage... 158 Article 19. Meaning of innocent passage... 164 Article 20. Submarines and other underwater vehicles... 179 Article 21. Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage.............. 184 Article 22. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea...... 204 Appendix: Traffic Separation Schemes Established through the International Maritime Organization... 214 Article 23. Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances... 217 Article 24. Duties of the coastal State... 221 Article 25. Rights of protection of the coastal State... 228 Article 26. Charges which may be levied upon foreign ships... 234 SUBSECTION B. RULES APPLICABLE TO MERCHANT SHIPS AND GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES Article 27. Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship.. 237 Article 28. Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships.. 244 SUBSECTION C. RULES APPLICABLE TO WARSHIPS AND OTHER GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR NON-COMMERCIAL PURPOSES Article 29. Definition of warships... 248 Article 30. Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulations of the coastal State......... 253 Article 31. Responsibility of the flag State for damage caused by a warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes... 256 Article 32. Immunities of warships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes.. 260 SECTION 4. CONTIGUOUS ZONE Article 33. Contiguous zone... 266 PART III. STRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION... 279 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 34. Legal status of waters forming straits used for international navigation... 294

CONTENTS ix Article 35. Scope of this Part... 301 Article 36. High seas routes or routes through exclusive economic zones through straits used for international navigation................. 309 SECTION 2. TRANSIT PASSAGE Article 37. Scope of this section... 316 Article 38. Right of transit passage... 321 Article 39. Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage... 332 Article 40. Research and survey activities... 349 Article 41. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in straits used for international navigation... 354 Article 42. Laws and regulations of States bordering straits relating to transit passage... 367 Article 43. Navigational and safety aids and other improvements and the prevention, reduction and control of pollution... 379 Article 44. Duties of States bordering straits... 384 SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE Article 45. Innocent passage... 390 PART IV. ARCHIPELAGIC STATES... 399 Appendix: 18 Principles for Inclusion in Archipelagic Articles (Bahamas)... 405 Article 46. Use of terms... 407 Article 47. Archipelagic baselines... 416 Article 48. Measurement of the breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf... 433 Article 49. Legal status of archipelagic waters, of the air space over archipelagic waters and of their bed and subsoil... 437 Article 50. Delimitation of internal waters... 443 Article 51. Existing agreements, traditional fishing rights and existing submarine cables... 447 Article 52. Right of innocent passage... 455 Article 53. Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage... 463 Article 54. Duties of ships and aircraft during their passage, research and survey activities, duties of the archipelagic State and laws and regulations of the archipelagic State relating to archipelagic sea lanes passage... 481 PART V. EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE... 491 Article 55. Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zone.................... 511

x CONTENTS Article 56. Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone... 521 Article 57. Breadth of the exclusive economic zone... 545 Article 58. Rights and duties of other States in the exclusive economic zone... 553 Article 59. Basis for the resolution of conflicts regarding the attribution of rights and jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone... 566 Article 60. Artificial islands, installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone... 570 Appendix: Guidelines and Standards for the Removal of Offshore Installations and Structures on the Continental Shelf and in the Exclusive Economic Zone... 589 Article 61. Conservation of the living resources... 594 Article 62. Utilization of the living resources... 612 Article 63. Stocks occurring within the exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States or both within the exclusive economic zone and in an area beyond and adjacent to it... 639 Article 64. Highly migratory species.............. 648 Article 65. Marine mammals... :... 659 Article 66. Anadromous stocks... 665 Article 67. Catadromous species.............. 680 Article 68. Sedentary species... 687 Article 69. Right of land-locked States... 690 Article 70. Right of geographically disadvantaged States.. 732 Article 71. Non-applicability of articles 69 and 70... 768 Article 72. Restrictions on transfer of rights... 773 Article 73. Enforcement of laws and regulations of the coastal State...... 784 Article 74. Delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts... 796 Article 75. Charts and lists of geographical co-ordinates.. 817 PART VI. CONTINENTAL SHELF...... 825 Article 76. Definition of the continental shelf... 837 Appendix: Study of the implications of preparing large-scale maps for the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea... 884 Article 77. Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf... 891 Article 78. Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space and the rights and freedoms of other States... 900

CONTENTS xi Article 79. Submarine cables and pipelines on the continental shelf...................... 908 Article 80. Artificial islands, installations and structures on the continental shelf...... 918 Article 81. Drilling on the continental shelf........... 927 Article 82. Payments and contributions with respect to the exploitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles......... 930 Article 83. Delimitation of the continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts... 948 Article 84. Charts and lists of geographical co-ordinates.. 986 Article 85. Tunneling... 991 ANNEX I. HIGHLY MIGRATORY SPECIES... 995 ANNEX II. COMMISSION ON THE LIMITS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF... 1000 FINAL ACT, ANNEX II: Statement of understanding concerning a specific method to be used in establishing the outer edge of the continental margin... 1019 Subject Index... 1027