AFGHAN OPIATES TRAFFICKING THROUGH THE SOUTHERN ROUTE March 2014 Afghan Opiate Trade Project Statistics And Surveys Section
Afghan Opiate Trade Project (AOTP) Main Objectives: Global threat/risk and response analysis of Afghan Opiates on public security and health Capacity Building Enhance local research, monitoring and reporting capacity in order to help design local/global policies and strategies Increasing the awareness and knowledge database on threats of Afghan Opiates
Programme Implementation Government Institutions Data/Information exchange Data/Information analysis Threat Assessment of Opiate Trade Capacity building on Research Paris Pact, Regional Programmes and UNODC Field Offices Afghan Opiate Trade Project Regional Bodies (eg: CARICC, SECI, AUC, WACS, WACI, etc) International Organisations (eg: Europol, WCO, etc)
AOTP Activities: Capacity Building Research Coming soon
Supply and Demand SUPPLY : Global Opium Poppy Cultivation 1994-2012 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 Others Mexico and Colombia South-East Asia Afghanistan DEMAND - USERS Estimated number of opiate users : 2002 : 15.2 million 2011 : 16.5 million 50,000 0 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 : 179, 653 ha (41% in Afghanistan). 2004 2006 2013 : Around 300,000 ha (70 % in Afghanistan) Net increase in 10 years : Global (68%), Afghanistan (190%) 2008 2010 2014 : Further increase is expected. 2012 Number of Opiate User Region 2002 2011 Change Percent Change Western Europe 1,270,000 1,120,000-150,000-12% Eastern Europe 2,760,000 1,890,000-870,000-32% N. America 1,490,000 1,380,000-110,000-7% Rest of Americas 1,030,000 210,000-820,000-80% Asia 7,770,000 10,020,000 2,250,000 29% Oceania 100,000 40,000-60,000-60% Africa 800,000 1,820,000 1,020,000 128% Total 15,220,000 16,480,000 1,260,000 8%
Afghan opiate trafficking routes Some 350-400 tons of heroin produced in Afghanistan. Out of this: - 90 tons are trafficked via Northern route. - the rest is via borders with Iran and Pakistan
Combined Maritime Forces Challenges in the Indian Ocean Since 2012
South-West Asia Heroin Seizures reported in South-West Asia Account for 25%-43% of global seizures % of global seizures 25% 31% 37% 38% 39% 47% 54% 43%
South-West Asia Sizes of heroin seizures (in kg), 2010-2013 Sizes of Afghanistan seizures Sizes of Pakistan seizures Main focus on interdiction of <10kg. These account for <10% of total weight Large seizures >100kg accounts make up only 3% of all seizures. These account for 65-70% of total weight. Modes of trafficking in Pakistan
South-West Asia Arrests related to heroin seizures (>10kg), 2010-2013
Arrests related to heroin seizures (>10kg), 2010-2013
South-West Asia Nationalities Arrested, 2010-2013 Arrested in Pakistan Arrested globally departed from Pakistan Other* include citizens of Kenya, Philippines, South Africa, Canada, Ghana, India, Italy, Mali, Mozambique, Spain and Ukraine. * Benin, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia and Togo; **Italy and the Netherlands Heroin traffickers arrested globally, departed from Iran
Middle East and Gulf States Aggregate Heroin Seizures Account for 1% of global seizures Middle East and Gulf States: Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Palestine, Syria, UAE, Yemen
Middle East and Gulf States Air and mail to Europe Land to Africa Air and sea to Africa
Heroin seizures MEGS <-> Pakistan/Iran Seized in/ Departed from No. of seizures Weight (kg) Bahrain Pakistan 6 3 Kuwait Pakistan 1 0.1 Qatar Pakistan 1 10 Saudi Arabia Pakistan 71 63 UAE Afghanistan 2 1 Iran 1 16 Pakistan 10 268 Seized in/ Destined for No. of seizures Weight (kg) Iran Kuwait 1 1,000 Pakistan Bahrain 15 17.3 Kuwait 1 0.9 Oman? 64 51.1 Qatar 5 22.5 Saudi Arabia 101 123 UAE 89 210
Middle East and Gulf States Individual heroin seizures in MEGS 2010-2013
Middle East and Gulf States Nationalities of heroin-related traffickers arrested (2010-2013)
Africa seizures by region Aggregate Heroin Seizures Account for only 1% of global seizures (despite increase since 2009) Source: DELTA (UNODC) Africa heroin seizures by region (2010-2012): East Africa: 34%, 54%, 41% West & Central Africa: 31%, 35%, 42% North Africa: 35%, 11%, 17% Southern Africa: 1%
Africa individual seizures & routes To Europe and North America From MEGS and Iran/Pakistan To Europe and North America SE/E Asia & Oceania
Heroin from Africa (2010-2013) Seized in Africa intended for global destinations Intended for No. of seizures Weight (kg) Australia 1 0 Cameroon 2 7 China 2 4 Greece 1 3 Hungary 1 5 Italy 4 3 Japan 2 1 Malaysia 1 1 Mauritania 2 1 Mauritius 13 7 Qatar 1 2 Spain 2 3 Thailand 1 1 UAE 1 4 UK 2 2 USA 10 91 Seized globally from Africa Departed from No. of seizures Weight (kg) Benin 6 9 Burundi 2 10 Egypt 2 0 Ethiopia 9 14 Ghana 29 61 Ivory Coast 3 14 Kenya 36 96 Liberia 1 1 Madagascar 5 6 Mali 3 33 Morocco 4 15 Mozambique 1 865 Niger 2 3 Nigeria 12 14 South Africa 3 458 Tanzania 76 186 Uganda 17 23 USA Seizing country France, Italy, Slovenia Belgium Netherlands Hong Kong, Italy, USA
Africa Significant seizures in Africa, 2010-2013
Africa (2010-2013) AIR seizures are most frequently made (75%) but accounts for only 18% of quantity) SEA seizures are few (8%), but account for bulk of quantity (71%)
South Asia Bangladesh: - From Pakistan or Afghanistan: by air (directly or transiting UAE / Thailand) India: - Afghanistan (air) - Pakistan (land: highways or train) Maldives: (air) transiting Sri Lanka or Qatar Sri Lanka: mainly by air. : From India: (air/mail) - to Europe, Australia, North America, China, Liberia, South Africa. Transiting Germany/France Bangladesh->Hong Kong: :
South Asia Significant seizures (>11 kg) officially reported in South Asia (2010-2013) Mode of trafficking
East and South-East Asia (2010-2013) Seized in ESEA Seized globally destined for ESEA
Nationalities of arrested traffickers In South Asia In East & South-East Asia
Europe Individual heroin seizures in Europe (via Southern Route), 2010-2013 % of total reported individual heroin seizures in Europe 2013 : 73% 2012 : 52% 2011 : 32% Modes of trafficking for heroin seized in Europe (% of weight) 64% 32% 4% 0.4% Air Sea Land Mail
Europe Significant (>20kg) heroin seizures in Europe, via Southern Route (2010-2013) Date Amount Mode of Departed Concealment Seized In (kg) Trafficking From Method 11-01-2010 20 France Air Pakistan Freight 03-11-2010 80 UK Sea Pakistan Container 22-02-2011 24 UK Air Pakistan Baggage 23-03-2011 20 UK Air Pakistan Baggage 13-04-2011 60 Belgium Sea Pakistan Container 22-04-2011 70 UK Sea Pakistan Container 28-04-2011 128 UK Sea Pakistan Container 01-05-2011 23 Spain Air Pakistan Baggage 11-05-2011 90 UK Sea Pakistan Container 09-06-2011 20 UK Air Pakistan Freight 18-08-2011 60 Belgium Sea Pakistan Container 28-09-2011 150 Spain Sea Pakistan Container 26-10-2011 23 Italy Air Mali Luggage 01-02-2012 255 UK Sea Pakistan Container 07-02-2012 267 UK Sea Pakistan Container 20-03-2012 250 UK Sea Pakistan Container 26-03-2012 300 UK Sea Pakistan Container 09-06-2012 20 UK Air Pakistan Freight 16-07-2012 46 UK Air Pakistan Freight 27-07-2012 25 UK Air Pakistan Baggage 17-11-2012 451 Netherlands Air South Africa Freight 25-03-2013 865 Belgium Sea Mozambique Container
Trafficking route to Europe Europe Nationalities arrested (2010-2013)
North America Seizures (<10kg) officially reported via Southern Route Date In USA and Canada (2010-2013) Amount (kg) Mode of Trafficking Seized in Departed from Intended destination 15-04-2011 36 Sea Canada Pakistan Canada 19-05-2013 22 Air Canada Pakistan Canada 02-03-2012 20 Air Canada Pakistan Canada 11-07-2012 18 Mail U.S. Pakistan Canada 21-04-2013 13 Air Canada Pakistan Unknown 30-07-2010 11 Mail Canada Pakistan Canada 04-09-2012 11 Sea U.S. UAE U.S. 11-02-2011 11 Air U.S. Pakistan U.S. 19-02-2013 11 Air Canada Pakistan Canada 10-07-2011 10 Air U.S. Ghana U.S. 28-04-2013 10 Air Canada Pakistan Unknown 02-07-2013 10 Air Canada Pakistan Canada
North America Heroin seizures in USA and Canada (2010-2013) Seizures made globally destined for North America
Date Amount (kg) Mode of Trafficking Seized In Departed From Intended Destination 19-07-2012 252 Sea Australia Thailand Australia 07-11-2011 98 Sea Australia I.R. of Iran Australia 06-11-2012 58 Sea Australia 03-05-2011 42 Sea Australia Malaysia Australia 04-03-2011 27 Sea Australia Pakistan Australia 20-03-2011 25 Sea Australia Pakistan Australia 07-09-2012 21 Unknown Australia China Australia 19-05-2013 10 Air Australia Thailand Australia 27-01-2013 8 Air Australia Malaysia Australia 09-02-2010 8 Air Australia Thailand Australia 17-03-2013 5 Air Australia 15-03-2011 4.5 Air Australia India Australia 22-09-2011 3 Mail Australia Malaysia Australia 09-03-2013 2.5 Air Australia Singapore Australia 09-05-2012 2 Air Australia Hong Kong Australia 14-03-2012 2 Mail Australia Iran Australia 12-02-2013 2 Air Australia Madagascar Australia 07-11-2010 2 Mail Australia 14-05-2012 1.5 Air Australia Hong Kong Australia 07-11-2011 1.5 Air Australia Malaysia Australia 16-06-2011 1 Air Australia Malaysia Australia 16-06-2011 1 Air Australia Malaysia Australia 30-11-2011 1 Air Australia Malaysia Australia Oceania Officially reported heroin seizures, by Southern Route (2010-2013)
Acetic Anhydride Acetic Anhydride trafficking into South-West Asia
Summary Increasing supply of Afghan heroin Increased trafficking through Southern Route since 2010 Changing patterns of opiate markets Misuse of licit trade channels Africa remains vulnerable Increase in maritime trafficking Middle East and Gulf States pivot joining regions Lack of data and information sharing