Extra information Qing governmental structures

Extra information Qing governmental structures

Local governments 18 Provinces (China proper) + other regions Zhili, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui governor (province) governor-general(provinces) magistrate (prefecture, county [district])

Qing s Central Government Agencies (The Metropolitan Offices) The Grand Secretariat The Grand Council The Six Boards ( Ministries )

The Emperor The Grand Secretariat (The Hanlin Academy) The Grand Council Personal finance rites war punishment works The 18 provinces + other regions

Six Boards (Ministry) The Board of Personnel (Civil Appointments) The Board of Revenue (Finance) The Board of Rites (ceremonies, rituals, foreign relations ) The Board of War (defense) The Board of Punishments (judicial and penal processes) The Board of Works (infrastructure)

Beijing / forbidden city plan source: Wiki

The Forbidden City source: topchinatravel.com

Extra information Wars and Treaties of the later Qing

China s Century of Humiliation First Opium War (1839-1842) Treaty of Nanjing Second Opium (Arrow) War (1856-1860) Treaty of Tientsin, and Convention of Beijing The Sino French War (1884-1885) Treaty of Tientsin First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) The Treaty of Shimonoseki The Boxer War (1899-1901) the Boxer Protocol

Chinasage.info

Picture of Current Affairs, 1903 (Shijutu) Source: The Alarming News about Russia (1903-1904)

Carving the Chinese Melon British lower Yangzhi, Canton Germany Qingdao Russia Manchuria Japan Ryokyo, Korea, Taiwan French Indo-China, Guangzhouwan

Week 5 Reforms: Self Strengthening Movement

Three major reform movements The Self-Strengthening Movements, 1861-1898 oafter the Second Opium War The Hundred Day s Reform Movement, 1898 oat the time of the Western imperial scramble of China The New Policies, 1901-1911 oafter the Boxer War

Involving one powerful woman Empress Dowager Cixi who controlled the political powers throughout these years. two palace coup d'état three minor emperors: Tongzhi (reign 1861 1875), Guangxu (reign 1875 1908), and Xuantong (Puyi, reign 1908-1911) half century attempts of reforming the Qing s military, economic, political, and education systems in order to face up to the challenges posed by Western imperial powers, to make China strong and wealthy again

Reform? Several groups of scholar-official (the power holders) attempted, through reforms, to save the dynastic imperial nation. Most of them came from Statecraft School of Confucianism which emphasizes on practical learning and morality. They try to save the Qing nation through practical policy making reforming military, economic and political, educational structures. They faced oppositions from the arch-conservatives like Woren who belonged to the Neo-Confucianism school. The conservative believed China was at the centre of the world, achieved high civilisation; foreigners (not educated in Chinese culture, thus barbarians, know not the great ways of China) should be expelled. Learning from foreigners was unthinkable to them. Empress Dowager Cixi played the two sides off. She was not whole heartedly convinced the need to reform, cared more on preserving her own political power and on her on enjoyment.

The Self Strengtheners, 1861-1898

Self-strengtheners (who) Central Government (1861-1890) Prince Gong (Manchu) Wen Xiang (Manchu) Local Government (1861-1890) Zheng Guofan (Han) Li Hongzhang (Han) Zuo Zongtang (Han) Zhang Zhidong (Han)

Prince Gong (1833-1898) progressive minded; led central government s projects in reforms Taken by Felice Beato on 2 November 1860 after the signing of the Convention of Beijing; source: Wikipedia, entry: Prince Gong

Wen Xiang 1816-1876 leading central government s reform projects By John Thomson - Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library

Zeng Guofan (1811-1872) mainly in Hunan Source: from the book Search for Modern China (by Jonathan Spence, 1990)

Li Hongzhang (1823-1901) first in Jiangsu (Kiangsu) then in the north, mainly in Tianjin (Tientsin) Source: from the book Li Hung-Chang: His Life and Times. (Archibald Little, (1903, London: Cassell & Company).

Zuo Zongtang (1812-1885) In Fujian Source: by Boiarskii 1874-75, Thereza Christina Maria Collection, National Library of Brazil

Zhang Zhidong (1837-1909) Source: Wikipedia, entry Zhang Zhidong

1861 Coup d'état Amid Taiping Rebellion and, in the wake of the Second Opium War, on 21 August 1861 Xianfeng Emperor died at Rehe (Jehol), his six years old son ( Tongzhi) ascended the throne. Eight ministers appointed themselves as Council of Regents of the boy emperor. Prince Gong and Empress Cixi together launch a coup and taking control of the empire Implications: starting of Empress Cixi s 48 yeas reign of the Qing dynasty. She presided over and played a role in the down of the dynasty and the modernisation efforts. Prince Gong gained a degree of power and able to stat reform from the centre.

Chengde (Jehol, Rehe) Summer Palace source: Wikipedia entry Chengde

Empress Dowager Cixi The third woman to control dynastic imperial political authority in Chinese history. by Yu Xunling, (Source: from the book Two Years in the Forbidden City by Derling

Empress Dowager Cixi ruling behind the curtain playing off reformers and conservative by Yu Xunling, (Source: from the book Two Years in the Forbidden City by Derling)

Diplomatic related institutions

institution, Office in Charge of Affairs of All Nations, (Zongli Yamen, Tsungli Yamen) 1861, central Functioned as foreign office in charge of foreign affairs Before it: the Qing had no the so called foreign office ; interactions with foreign countries were through three institutions: Board of Rites tributary relations with Vietnam, Korea and others Court of Colonial Affairs in charge relations with Russia and Mongolia Canton: Trade controlled in one port Canton, local authorities in charge of it. Now: Western powers were in China, had to deal with them, so the new institution Function: receiving foreign representatives, payment of indemnities, opening of new ports Organization: directed by a board of high metropolitan officials; five bureaus (British, Russian, French, American, Coastal Defence); Inspectorate-general of Customs and language school

institution, College of Foreign Languages (Tongwen Guan, Tungwen Kuan), 1862, central For training language experts (translators, interpreters) in foreign service Before it: communication mainly through Chinese interpreters speaking pidgin English; missionaries were helpful Now: Europeans are a force to be reckoned with; to understand them one has to know their language first; Function: for establishing a reserve of their own trusted translators and interpreters; for translating new knowledge developed in the West and for diplomatic occasions W. A. P. Martin the President from 1869, a major figure in making the college working; 1879, 163 students; more than language, astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, and physiology liberal arts college; 1873 establishing its own press publishing translated books. 1902 absorbed into the Imperial University which is the precursor of today s Beijing University one step futher in westernising its education system.

Front gate of the Zongli Yamen Source: Enrique Stanko Vráz Bílý ďábel v Pekingu, toulky a dobrodružství v Číně (Toužimský a Moravec, Praha 1940)

Faculty of the Chinese Imperial University, W. A. P. Martin centre. Source: The Lore of Cathay or the Intellect of China. (Fleming H. Revell Company)

Foreign helper W. A. P. Martin,1827-1916 American Presbyterian missionary Source: The Lore of Cathay or the Intellect of China. (Fleming H. Revell Company)

Institution, The Maritime Customs Service, central For collecting tax of foreign trade in the ports Before it: The Qing government collected it themselves Starting point: Shanghai walled city was occupied by the small Sword Society in 1854 during Taiping War. The customs superintendent based there became dysfunctional. British consul in Shanghai Rutherford Alcock stepped in to collect on Qing s behalf. Other ports followed. It continued on as Qing was too weak to resume it. Inspector General Robert Hart in service for 48 year (1863-1911) ensuring its functioning and initiated other works for the Qing.

Hart and lady visitors Special Collections, Queen s University Belfast, MS 15.6.9.7 Foreign helper Robert Hart (1835-1911) as young man with watch, 1854 Special Collections, Queen s University Belfast, MS 15/6/1/B2

Foreign help Robert Hart with Lady Hart and children, c.1878: Special Collections, Queen s University Belfast

Foreign helper Robert Hart, 1908 Special Collections, Queen s University Belfast, MS 15/6/1/B33

Militaristic Self-Strengthening Most self-strengtheners believed the Qing was only fallen behind the West in terms of weaponry power and military organization. They established factories to produce gun power, guns and other weaponries: Weaponry production 1864 small gun factory in Suzhou (Soochow) by Li Hongzhang 1865 Jiangnan Arsenal at Shanghai by Zen Guofan and Li 1867 Tianjin Machine Factory industrialisation 1867 Nanjing Arsenal by Li 1867 Tianjin Machine Factory

Military ship building 1866 Foochow Dockyar and Fuzhou by Zuo Zongtang Military and naval institutions 1880 Naval Academy at Tianjin 1885 Board of Admiralty 1888 Beiyang (Peiyang) Fleet established under Li Hongzhang control Purchasing of weaponry and ships 1863, Lay-Osborn flotilla (Horatio Lay and Captain Sherard Osborn

Tianjin Machine Factory, 1890s, Source Wikipedia, entry Tianjin Modern Industry

Gun transportation at Jiangnan Arsenal Source: Wikipedia, entry Jiangnan Shipyard

The Foochow Arsenal 1867 to 1871, under construction Source: Canadian Centre for Architecture

Light industrialisation / national infrastructure Catching up with the West on machine production industrialisation Transport infrastructure 1875 China Merchants Steam Navigation Company (government supervised merchant undertaking) 1881 railway north of Tianjin transformation infrastructure Communication infrastructure 1879 telegraph line between Dagu and Tianjin 1881 Imperial Telegraph Administration, line between Shanghai and Tianjin

Com 75th Anniversary of China Merchants Steam Navigation Company Commemorative Issue (1948) Source: knowledge.taibif.tw

Energy infrastructure 1877 Kaiping Coal Mines at Tianjin 1887 Mints at Canton and Tianjin 1887 Mo-ho Gold Mines 1890 Ta-yeh Iron mines; Hanyang Ironworks, Ping-hsiang coal mines Light industries 1878 Textile Factory in Gansu by Zuo Zongtang garment 1878 Shanghai Cotton Cloth Mill by Li Hongzhang garment 1886 textile mill at Canton 1889 cotton mill and iron factory at Canton 1891 Lung-chang Paper Mill at Shanghai 1891 Kweichow Ironworks 1893 General office for machine textile manufacturing 1893 cotton and textile plants at Wuchang 1894 Match compiles in Hubei (Hupeh) province 1894 Hubei Textile Company

Kaiping Coal Mines Source: dianliwenmi.com

Dispatching of students abroad to study 1872, 30 teenage boys to the United States to study at Hartford Connecticut. Other batches followed. Between 1872-81, 120 sent out 1872, military officers were sent to Germany to study 1875-1876, naval school of Fuzhou Dockyard sent students to study in France and Britian 1884, 13 naval student to study shipbuilding in Britain, France, and Germany; 9 student to Britain to learn navigation

Yung Wing, 1828-1912 First Chinese graduate of Yale (1854) Source:Portrait of Yung Wing used as frontispiece in his 1909 book, My Life in China and America

Failed reform movements? The reformers attempted to preserve the social order they were familiar with and in which they were the privileged power holder and shouldered the responsibility of governing How do we measure failure and success? It terms of their aims to strengthen or save the Qing imperial state, they failed. In the War with France (1884-5) and with Japan (1895) the Qing lost both; but these did not destroy the Qing directly. We think they failed also because the Qing dynasty was toppled in 1911. But how much was the Qing s fall related to the reform projects? There are many contributing factors of the Qing s fall. Was the success/failure of reform part of it? Bureaucratic culture corruption and nepotism and conservatism prevented the institutions from reaching its potential, but the institution did function the role of strengthening the military power Another two waves of reforms to come: the Hundred Day Reform (1898) and the New Policies (1901).

The Hundred Day s Reform Movement, 1898 Guangxu emperor attempted to take back the control of the political power from his aunt Empress Dowager Cixi and to start reforms to save the nation. He recruited some ministers and the two scholars Kang Youwei and Laing Qichao to start reforming, political structure (constitutional monarchy), education system, and bureaucratic system much deeper reform than the Self-Strengthening Movements. Cixi and conservative stopped the reform after 103 days of its starting. Most of the programmes were implemented in the New Policy reform

Portrait of the Guangxu Emperor (1871-1908) in his study Source: Palace Museum Beijing

Kang Youwei (1858-1927) Confucius as a Reformer Kan attempted to provide a Confucian justification for institutional reforms Source: Wikipedia, entry Kang Youwei

Liang Qichao (1873-1929) Source: Wikipedia, entry Liang Qichao