CHAPTER III. Administrative sub-system of Backward area of District Shlmla and Slrmour

CHAPTER III Administrative sub-system of Backward area of District Shlmla and Slrmour Political History of Hlmachal Pradesh -Formation of H.P. as part 'C* State: The group of hill states constituted into Hlmachal Pradesh in 1948 came under the British protection at the conclusion of Anglo-Gorkha (1815) and Anglo-Sikh (1846) wars. These states were than designed as Shlmla Hill and Punjab Hill states and were placed under the supervision of a Superintendent at Shlmla and a political Agent at Lahore respectively. Under the inspiration of the All-India state people's conference, Praja Mandals were organised for the attainment of democratic rights for people in most of the 2 princely states openly as well as secretly. Late thirties and early forties of the century were trying years for freedom fighters, who had to carry on their struggle from within and outside the princely states that now comprise Hlmachal Pradesh. After the transfer of power from the British crown to India's representatives, the people of Hill areas wanted immediate merger of the Hill states with the Indian Union but to no avail. Consequently, on 26 January 1948, a convention of the Hill people was held under the aegis of "All India States People's conference" at Shlmla which passed a unanimous resolution urging the national leadership to merge all 3 hill states with united India. These resolution was moved by Dr. Y.S. Parmar and seconded and supported by Pt. Padam Dev, the founder of the Praja Mandals in Hlmachal Pradesh. It was also on this day that the Himalayan Prant provisional Government was formed and the

72 merger of princely states entered Its final phase. In February 1948, about a thousand Praja Mandals Satyagrahls decided to launch a struggle in each state and thus defeat the design of the rulers. This ultimately ended the personal rule of the Rajas and Ranas in Himachal pradesh. On April 15, 1948 they signed away their principalities. This development swept aside a tradition which was as old as the history of Himachal Pradesh itself and reflected a revolutionary urge for the establishment of 4 responsible Government. The Government of India too welcomed the idea of integration. All these efforts led to the creation of Commissioner's province on April 15, 1948. But this meant neither autonomy nor to the establishment of a democratic Institution. The struggle for the integration of the "leftout" hill areas with a proper status for it continued with the enforcement of the Republican Constitution of India on 26 January 1950. This led the Central Government to enact the Government of Part 'C State Act, 1951, which raised the status of the Preadesh by providing a popular Government in place of a Chief Commissioner's province, and the executive head of the state was designated Lieutenant Governor. Dr. Y.S. Parmar then a member of Partiament truly voiced the feelings of the Himachal people while speaking on 'C state bill when he said I wish - this distinction between 5 the various states had been eliminated. In 1952, Himachal Pradesh became a part 'C state of the Indian union with lieutenant Governor, a legislative assembly and a popular ministry. In the year 1956 the states Re- Organisation Commission set up by the Government of India, submitted its report early in the year. Its majority verdict recommended that Himachal be merged with the neighbouring state of Panjab while its Chairman Mr.

Fazal All, urgued that in small states the administration be accessible to people.6 In order to survive as a separate entity, Himachal lowering status of the state had to be lowered from a part 'C state to a union territory, losing its popular government in the bargain. The popular struggle for restoration of democracy continued in the traditional peaceful manner. On July 1, 1963 democratic set up of the Pradesh was restored and 7 its territorial council, which administered certain transferred subjects during the Lieutenant Governor's p rule, was converted into legislative assembly. 3o;t* Administrative organization of Hinachal Pradesh Administrative units. District administrative organization. Block administration units: Bureaucracy in India works through its headquarter organization and field units. Secretariat is the main headquarter organization in the centre as well as in the states. As a never centre of the Government, it carries out the policies and implements the decisions of the g executive. The Secretariat of the State Government of Himachal Pradesh has 48 departments. Each is headed by Secretary to the Government. Over and above them is the Chief Secretary, who occupies a position of pre-eminence unmatched by any office in the state bureaucracy. The new post of Additional Chief Secretary was created in 1986. He is also the Agriculture Production Commissioner of the state government having independent charge of six department, i.e. Agriculture. Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Rural Integrated Department and panchayat Raj. In the hierarchy of the state bureaucracy, he is just below the Chief Secretary. The Secretary is

74 over all administrative head and is supposed to be responsible for the smooth working of a department although in day to day working his powers are delegated to the Special Secretary, the Joint Secretary, the Deputy Secretary, and other functionaries. The Chief Minister is the head of the state Government. The Chief Secretary Is also the Cabinet Secretary who is responsible for the co-ordinating the work of the government. The Secretary of a department is its Chief functionary and Special Secretary, Joint Secretary, Deputy Secretary and under Secretary help the Secretary in discharge's his duties. The office consists of Section Officers, Superintendents, Assistants, Clerks, Daftry, Jamadars and Peons. The technical departments or executive departments are separate administrative units located outside the secretariat. A few heads of the executive departments are also designated Special Secretary or Join Secretary to the Government, e.g. the Director of Rural Development is a Joint Secretary to the Government. The Director of various departments are assisted by Joint Directors, Deputy Directors and Assistant Directors. The Heads/Directors of these executive departments are generally specialists, but this is not necessary. Administrative units after independence: After the Integration of Shimla hills States with Punjab hill states on April 15, 1948, the greatest problem faced by the Himachal Pradesh Administration was the organisation of these states into tehsils and districts. Bigger states like Chamba and Sirmour were

75 converted Into districts with the same name, whereas, the states of Mandi and Suket were integrated to form Mandi District. Twenty six Shlmla hill states, including their tributaries, were integrated to form Mahasu District, probably named after the name of Mahasu Deota, a deity widely worshipped in the area. The union Territory was 11 divided into four districts with the following tehsils: 1. District Chamba Tehsil 1. Chamba 2. Churah 3. Bhattlyat 4. Brahmaur Sub-Tehsil 5. Pangi Sub-Tehsll 2. Mandi (by Integrating Mandi and Suket States) 1. Mandi Sadar 2. Chachlot 3. Sarkaghat 4. Joginder Nagar 5. Sunder Nagar (Suket states area) 6. Karsog 3. Sirmour 1. Nahan 2. Paonta 3. Rainuka 4. Pachhad 4. Mahasu (by Integrating 1. Arki (By integrating 26 Shlmla hill states) Baghal, Kunlhar and Mangal States) 2. Solan (Baghal, Beja, Kuthar states) 3. Kasumptl (Junga Portion of Keonthal state, Dhami and Kotl states) 4. Theog (Theog,

76 Ghund, Ratesh and portion of Balson states) 5. Kumarsain (Kumarsain state) 6. Rampur (Rampur tehsil of Rampur Bushahr state) 7. Rohru (Rohru tehsil of Rampur Bushahr) 8. Chlnl (Chlnl tehsil of Rampur Bushahr) 9. Jubbal (Jubbal tehsil of Jubbal state Rawlngarh and Dhadl states) lo.chopal (Chopal tehsil of Jubbal state and Tharoch state) 11. Sunl (Bhajji state). In 1950 re-adjustment the boundaries of Mahasu District were re-adjustment and Kothkai and Kotgarh was made a separte Sub Tehsil in which were Integrated proper Kotkhal area, Khaneti and Darkoti and some portion of Kumarsain and some of Balson; Kotgarh was Integrated with Kumarsain. Two villages of Uttar Pradesh were Included in Jubbal tehsil. Chabrot area of PEPSU was Included in Kasumpti tehsil. Seven villages of Nalagarh state were included in Solan tehsil. The following villages of Kasumpti tehsil were given to Punajb Government in exchange for the seven villages of Nalagarh State included in Solan tehsil i.e. (1) Sanjouli (2) Bharari (3) Rampur (4) Wakna (5) Kato (6) Bhari (7) Kasumpti. On July 1, 1954 when the union Territory of Bilaspur was merged with Himachal Pradesh, it was converted into a district with Bilaspur and Ghumarwln as its tehsils. On May 1, 1960, when Klnnur District was cavred out of Chlnl tehsil. This District was divided Into three subdivisions, viz.: 1. Nichar (Nichar Tehsil) 2. Kalpa (Kalpa and Sangla tehsils) 3. Peo (Moorang and Pooh tehsils and hangrrang sub tehsil) In 1966, when the Punjab hill areas were

77 Integrated with Himachal Pradesh, the following districts and tehsils formed the new administrative divisions of 12 the Integrated area. Kangra District 1. Kangra tehsil 2. Palampur tehsil 3. Nurpur tehsil 4. Dehra Gopipur tehsil 5. Hamirpur tehsil 6. Una (it was a tehsil of Hoshiarpur District) Kullu District 1. Kullu tehsil 2. Banjar sub-tehsil 3. Anl Sub-tehsil 4. Nirmand Sub-tehsil 3. Shimla District 1. Shimla tehsil 2. Nalagarh tehsil 3. Kandaghat tehsil 4. Lahaul 6 Spittf District 1. Lahaul tehsil 2. Spitti tehsil After getting statehood on January 25, 1971, some districts were again reorganised vide Government notification No.3032/71 GAD dated August 29, 1972: 12 1. District Kangra Headquarters Dharamshala Tehsils 1. Kangra 2. Palampur 3. Nurpur 4. Dehra 2. Hamirpur Hamirpur 1. Hamirpur 2. Barsar 3. Una Una 1. Una

78 Tehsll 2. Amb Sub- Mahasu and Shimla district were reorganised as under; 1. Shimla Shimla 1. Shimla (Kasumpti tehsil was merged with Shimla tehsil) 2. Theog 3. Rampur 4. Chopal 5. Jubbal 6. Rohru 7. Kumarsain subtehsil 8. Suni sub-tehsil 9. Kotkhal sub-tehsil 2. Solan Solan 1. Solan 2. Kandaghat 3. Arki 4. Nalagarh In 1979, the case of the re-organisation of tehsils and sub-tehsils was taken again by the Government. Some sub-tehsils were upgraded to tehsils some Sub-tehsils were made out of over-sized tehsils. Notification to this effect was issued on January 24, 1980, then the Government has changed it several times; 13 the latest position is given below: Administrative Division/Sub Divisions, Tehshils a Sub- Tehsils as on 31.3.1994 as under:13

79 District Tehsils Sub-Division Tehsils Sub- 1. Bilaspur 1. Bilaspur 2. Ghumarwin 1. Bilaspur 1. Naina Dviji 2. Ghumarwin 2. Jhan-Dutta 2. Chamba 1. Chamba 1. Chamba 1. Holi 2. Churah 2. Churah 2. Sihunta 3. Pangi 3. Pangi 3. Bhallei 4. Bharmaur 4. Bharmaur (Dalhousie) 5. Dalhousie 5. Bhattiyat 6. Salloni 3. Hamirpur 1. Hamirpur 1. Hamirpur 1. Sujanpur 2. Barsar 2. Barsar 3. Bhoranj 4. nadaun 4. kangra 1. kangra 1. kangra 1. Rakkar 2. Palampur 2. Palampur 2. Harchakian 3. Dharamsala 3. Baijnath 3. Fetehpur 4. Nurpur 4. Jaisinghpur 4. Dheera 5. Dehra 5. Nurpur 5. Thural Gopipur 6. Baroh 7. Dharamsala 8. 9. Indora Jawali 10.Khandian 11.Dehra Gop ipu r 5. Kinnaur 1. Kalpa 1. Kalpa 1. Hangrang 2. Nichar 2. Nichar 3. Pooh 3. Sangla 4. Pooh

80 5. Moorang 6. Kullu 1. Kullu 2. Annl 3. Banzar 1. Kullu 2. Banjar 3. Nirmand 4. Ann i 1. Ani 2. Sanj 7. Lahaul-Splti 1. Lahual 1, Keylong 2. Spiti (Kaza) 2. Kaza 3. Udalpur 1. Udaipur 8. Mandi 1. Mandi Sadar 1. Mandisadarl. Balichow 2. Chachiot 2. Chachiot 2. Lad Bhar 3. Joglndernagar 3. Thunag 3. Sandhol 4. Sarkaghat 4. Joginder 4. Paddar 5. Sunder Nagar Nagar 5. Kotli 6. Karsog 5. Sarkaghat 6. Baldwara 6. 7. Sunder Nagar Karsog 7. 8. Nihri Oat 9. Shirala 1. Shimla Urban 1. Shimla 1. Cheta at 2. Shimla Rural Urban Kupvi 3. Theog 2. Shimla Rural 4. Rampur 3. Sunni 2. Nankhri 5. Chopal 4. Theog 3. Tikkar 6. Rohru 5. Kotkhai 4. Junga 7. Dodrakawar 6. Rampur Br.5. Nerwa 7. 8. 9. Kumarsain Chopal Rohru 10. Jubbal 11.Chairgaon 12.Oodrakawai r

10. Sirraour 81 1. Nahan 2. Paonta Sahib 3. Rajgarh 1. Nahan 1. Dadahu 2. Rainka 2. Kamrau 3. Shlllai 3. Nohara 4. paontasahib 5. Pachhad 6. Rajgarh 11. Solan 1. Solan 2. Nalagarh 3. Arki 4. Kandaghat 1. Solan 1. Ramshehar 2. Kasauli 2. Krlshangarh 3. Nalagarh (Kuthar) 4. Arkl 5. Kandaghat 12. Una 1. Una 2. Amb 1. Una 1. Haroli 2. Amb 3. Bangana 3«3- Administrative Organisation of Backward Areas of H.P.: "Redressal of dispasities in the levels of development among the various regions and micro-pockets is one of the most important functions of the process of development and planning. Our Government had started a policy to identify such backward pockets and prepare a sub plan for their development from 1985-86. Some positive indicators are now available that the policy has yielded dividends. The level of earmarking was initially fixed at 10 percent in the selected sectors. In persuance of the Election Manifesto promise to raise the level of earmarking from 10 percent to 15 percent, our Governemnt has decided to implement the enhanced earmarking from 1st April, 1994. As a result of this measure, the aggregate outlay earmarked for the development of identified backward areas for 1994-95 has gone up to Rs 34.14 crore as against an outlay of Rs 20.81

82 crore for 1993-94, indicating a mark up of 64 percent wtiereas the state plan outlay has grown only by 16 percent". In order to tackle the problem of regional disparities in development, a sub-plan for Backward Area plan was formulated within the general plan by the State Government administration after the fourth five year plan (1969-74). The most backward pockets which are out of parview of the Tribal Sub-Plan, special componant plan have been identified which are based on their extreme backwardness. The criteria of identifying the backwardness saw remoteness and inaccessible by coupled into a set of indicators depicting the level of socio-economic development and existence of developmental structure. In fact the process of identifying those areas was initiated in the fourth five year plan and ever since this the same process is being continued i.e. 1995. The State Government declared the backward area as per the directions commuted in the fourth five year plan and the detail latest notification shown in the annexure. Government of Himachal Pradesh "Planning Department" vide their notification No.PLG-F(BASP) 1-1/95 dated 16th June, 1995, in supersession of all earlier notification and subsequent amendments there to with regard to the declaration of certain Panchayats of various districts in H.P. as backward, the Governor, Himachal Pradesh to restructured the notified backward panchayats into (a) Backward Blocks, (b) Contiguous Area and (c) Dispersed Panchayats in accordance with the new policy laid down by the Government as per the detail given in Annexure with immediate effect for the specific purpose of development in accordance with the policy in terms of earmarking resources for their development in the following heads of development so as the make these outlays nondivertible. 1. Agriculture 2. Horticulture 3. Minor

83 Irrigation 4. Food and Supplies (Mlnnor Godawns) 5. Animal Husbandry 6. Forest (Special Forestry plantation) 7. Rural Electrification 8. Village a Small Industries 9. Rural Roads 10. Elementary and Secondary Education 11. Rural Health 12. 15 Rural Water supply. The total earmarking In the above Items will be to the extent of 15 percent w.e.f. 1.4.1994 Instead of previous 10 percent, of the outlays In the above Items. The share of outlays earmarked for different Districts and Panchayats belonging to those districts will be In proportion of the number of Panchayats declared as backward In the particular district to the total number of Panchayats decleared as backward in the entire state. The outlays earmarked for backward panchayats shall be nondivertlble and any shortfall in plan spending against the earmarked outlays shall result in corresponding reduction in the outlays for the respective heads of departments. The concerned department shall be required to maintain Panchayat-wise details of the programmes Implementation, Investments made and physical targets achlved. The Administrative set up of the Backward Areas in Hlmachal Pradesh is the same as for the General Administration already discussed in the chapter at the state headquarter i.e. Secretariat. The District and Bolock level Administration is also same as for the General Administration except only the plan outlays is more than the 1 fi other area's i.e. 15 percent. District level Administrative organization:

84 The whole of state administration is divided into 12 Districts. Each District has several district officers who are heads of their units at the district level. Above them is the Depty Commissioner/Collector, who is responsible for coordinating the functions of all district offices. The Deputy Commissioner is a very important official is considered the eyes, ears and arms of the State Government. A District is also the unit of Administration of various other State Departments like police, Co-operative societies, education, health, industry, agriculture, horticulture, etc. The District is, therefore, a multiple unit of administration representing a concentrated collection of public functionaries for managing the affairs of the 17 Government. District Level Administrative set-up: Himachal Pradesh has two broad patterns of district administration. The border districts of Kinnaur and Lahaul- Spiti have what is called single line administration. Deputy Commissioner is its kingpin. He is armed with the necessary authority over the entire range of district functionaries in 17 addition he enjoys some powers of the State Government. The District Collector is the head of the revenue hierarchy consisting of the Sub-Divisional Officer (civil), the Tehsildars, the Field Kanungos and the Patwaries. The Deputy Commissioner is assisted in his work by the Assistant Commissioner. There is also an Additional District Magistrate who also helps him in day to day functioning. In big districts like Shimla, Mandi, Kangra, there is an Additional Deputy Commissioner from Indian Administrative Service (IAS). The District Collector also writes the character rolls

85 of a number of district functionaries working in department 18 having a rather close functional relationship with him. The character rolls of the district officers of technical departments such as health, education, fisheries, public work department, animal husbandry, superintendent are not written by the Deputy Commissioner. of police, etc. SHIMLA DISTRICT: The Deputy Commissioner of Shimla is appointed from among the senior cadre of the l.a.s. He looks after all the affairs of the district, he is assisted by an Additional Deputy Commissioner. There are two Additional District Magistrates I and II: A.D.M. (Protocol) and A.D.M. law and order. Besides there are one District Revenue Officer two Tehsildar urban and rural. Two Tehsildar recovery, one for bank and other for revenue. There is also one Research Officer Planning and one Project Officer. There are 30 19 Kanungo circle and 214 Patwar circle in Shimla district. For the development purpose of the district there are Eight development blocks, headed by Block Development Officer viz. Mashobra, Theog, Jubbal, Kotkhai, Rohru, Chirgaon, Chopal, Kumarsain at Narkanda and Rampur blocks. For the development of the district, there are Municipal Corporation, Municipal Committee and notified areas viz. Municipal Corporation Shimla (11) cantonment Area Jotog (111) Municipal Committee, Rampur Bushahr and Theog. Notified area Committee's Dhalli, Sunl, Narkanda, Jubbal, Kotkhai, Rohru and Chopal. The other offices in the district which have to coordinate with the Deputy Commissioner, Shimla for the speedy implementation of development programms of the district are. Police, Agriculture, Cooperative Societies, Horticulture, Welfare, Health, Food and Supply, Banks, Transport, electricity, P.W.D. and I.P.H. etc.

86 District Sirmour at Nahan: The composition of Sirmour district Nahan is similar on the pattern of district Shimla, though it is smaller than Shimla. It has one post of A.D.M., three S.D.M.'s (Civil) at Nahan, Rajgarh and Paonta Sahib, and five B.D.O.'s at Nahan, Paonta Sahib, Pachad, Ranuka and Shi Hal. There are two Municipal Committees at Nahan and Paonta Sahib and one notified area Committee at Sarahan. The other function of the Deputy Commissioner Nahan are similar to the Deputy Commissioner, Shimla. Tehsil and Block level Administrative set-up: Most district level departments are represented in the Sub-Division at tehsil level and the most conspicuous and the oldest is Sub-Divisional Magistrate (S.D.M. Civil) who is the head of the revenue hierarchy in his jurisdiction and writes 20 the character rolls of all the functionaries under him. At the block level the head of the administration is the Block Development Officer, who has a number of extension officers under him. He is responsible for the overall development of the block. The development staff working under him Includes Extension Officer, Agriculture, Cooperatives, Panchayat, industry. Horticulture, Junior Engineer, S.E.B.P.O., Pramukh sevika (LSEO), Gram Sevak and Sevikas. Village level worker (VLW) now named Development Coordinator (UDC) and other ministerial staff for maintaining the establishment. At the village level there are three functionaries, namely, VLW, Patwari and Numberdar. The V.L.W. look after developmental tasks, whereas patwari and Numberdar perform

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87 revenue functions. The post of a numberdar Is hereditary. 21 The detail of the administrative structure and an overview of Dodra and Shillai is given under. In Dodra, there Is post of S.D.M. who looked after all the work of B.D.O. in Shillai there is Block Development Officer and the Tehsil is under the administrative control of S.D.M. Paonta Sahib. ^t^" Sub-Divlsloaal Administrative set-up at Dodra Kawar tehsil (an over view) The Rohru Tehsil forms the south-eastern portion of the erstwhile Bushahr State, and is be sub-divided into two portions, viz., the isolated pargana of Dodra Kawar and the Rohru tehsil proper. Geographically, Dodra Kawar is connected with tehsil Garhwal rather than Bushahr to which it was ceded by the former states on the occassian of a matrimonial alliance between the two ruling 2It is completely cut off from Rohru tehsil during the winter months; at other times, it can be reached by crossing one of the two passes the first of which (the Chansail) is over 13,000 feet and the second (the Rupin) over 15,000 feet. After this, one has to take a bus up to Natwar (UP) and then by foot the distance of 40 Km. 23 An overview: (General information about Dodra Kawar tehsil) 1. Name of the Area - Dodra Kawar (District Shimla (H.P.) 2. Administrative status - Sub-Division of District Shimla (H.P.) 3. Economic status - Backward Area declared by the State Government. 4. Legislative constituency - Rohru 5. Parliamentacy Constituency - Shimla 6. Distance from nearest road head - (i) Chirgoan (50 Km.) (ii)natwar UP (50 Km.)

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88 7. Distance from District Headquarter - (i) 200 Km. via Rohru. (II) 240 Km. via Netwar. 8. No of Revenue estate - 20 9. Number of Panchayats - 3 10. Geographical Area - 36,697 hecters. 11. Net Cultivated Area - 1242 hecters. 12. Area under Forests - 3767 hecters. 13. Pesture Land - 31,411 hecters. 14. Area under Horticulture - 96 hecters. 15. Population - (1991 census) (i) Male = 2539 (it) Female = 2417 16. Literacy percentage - 24.5% (1991) (i) Male = 36.57% (ii) Female = 11.8 5% 17. No of IRDP families - 294 (upto March 1992) 18. Number of Antodya families - 149 (i) Adults - 399 (ii) Childern - 208 19. Educational Institutions - (i) Senior Secondary School -1 (11) Middle School - 2 (iii)primary School - 9 20. Medical Institutions - (i) Primary Health Centre -1 (11)Ayurvedic Dispensary - 1 21. Veterinary Institutions - (I) Veterinary hospital -1 (11)Veterinary dispensary -2 22. Food and Civil supplies: (I) Food S Civil Supplies Corp. Godown -2 (II) Fair price shope - 3 23. Postal facilities - (1) Sub-post office - 1 (11) Branch post office - 2 24. Other offices:

89 (i) Sub-block (ii) Sub-Tehsil (lii) Sub-Treasury (Iv) Rang office (v) Police post (vl) Police Radio station (vil) J.E., H.P. P.W.D. (B8R) (vlii) J.E. H.P. P.W.D. (IPH) (ix) J.E. Electricity (x) Assistant Development Officer (Agriculture) (xi) Inspector and Sub-Inspector (Food S Supplies) (xii) Inctiarge Bee Keeping Centre (xiii) Progeny-cum-Demostration orchard. 25. Rest House (i) P.W.D. (ii) Forest (iii) Inspection Hut Dodra and Jakha. 26. Means for transporting Luggage - Mules available at Natwar. 27. Main occupation of the poeple - Agriculture, Sheep rearing and collection of Medicinal Plants, Dhop, Guchhi. 28. Approximate Number of Sheep : 12,000 heads Marino = 6,000 heads Local = 6,000 heads 29. Approximate production of Wool = 36,000 Kg./year 30. Food crops - Ogla, China, Phaphra, Cholee, Bathu, Koda, Wheat, Potato and Rajmash. 31. Fruit trees - Apple, Apricot and Akhrot. 32. Forest trees - Guercus S/o (Khrasu 5 Mohru), Deorli fir. Spruce, Walnut, Texus, Rhodo - Dondren and Birch. 33. Medicinal Plant Forest produce - Acorltum; Dhoop, Mohru and Cuchhi 34. Climate: (i) Hight - Temprature 6500' to 14000 feet above the sea level, (ii) Main temprature - Max. 25 c Min. 2 c. (iii) Precipitation - Heavy during rainy season moderate during winter, (iv) 6' to 8' feet November 15th to April end. 35. Catchment area - Rupin river contributry of river Tons which is a trlbutory of river Yamuna.

90 ^.^«Shillai Tehsll: (Administrative set up and general Information) ShiUal Is one of the tehsll of Dlstirct Slrmour. It has 24 Panchayats, out of three are backward panchayats: (1) Jerwa Januall, (2) Hallaln and (3) Kota-Pab. Shillai tehsll has a population of 41,559, male and female ratio of 22,492: 19067 (1991 census). Shillai Tehsil profile:^^ 1. Administrative status - Block Developemnt Officer, Shillai under Sub-Division Officer (Civil) and Paonta Sahib. 2. Economic status - Bconomocally and socialy backward 3. Legislative constituency - Shillai 4. Paliamentory constituency - Shlmla 5. Distance from District Headquater - 6. Number of Revenue villages - 50 7. number of Panchayats - 24 8. Geographical Area - 369.99 sq.km. (1991 census) 9. Net Cultivated Area - 4542 hecters (1990-91) 10. Literacy percentage - 21.36% (1991 census) 11. Educational Institution - (1) Senior Secondary Schools-6 (ii)high Schools = (iii)middle Schools = 8 (iv) Primary Schools = 68 12. Medical Institutes - 16 13. Electricity - 100% Except two villages of Kota-Pab Panchayat. 14. Veterinary Institutions = 6 15. Banks = 5 16. Post Office (1) Sub-post offices =2 (it) Branch post Offices = 15

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91 17. Main occupation - Agriculture and labour work in the state. 18. Food crops - Maize, Paddy, Mash, Mandwa, Kulth, Ginger, Turmeric, Chillies, Cholai, Sesamun and Potato. 19. Fruit trees - Peach, Plum, Apricot and early Apple. 20. Language - Sirmouri, popularly called Dharthi.

9iL NOTES & REFERENCES 1. Sharma Ranvir: Party Politics in a Himalayan State, National Publishing House, New Delhi, 1977, p.12 2. Parmar, Y.S.: "Himalayan Polyandry - its Social, Economic and Political Background", Ph.D. Thesis (unpublished) Lucknow University, Lucknow, 1942, p.30. 3. Chark, Sulehdev Singh:, History and Culture of Himalayan States - Vol. II, Himachal Pradesh, Light and Life Publishers, New Delhi, 1979, p.291. 4. Ibid, p.293. 5. Himachal Pradesh University, Himachal : Past, Present, Future, Directorate of Correspondence Cource, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, p.132. 6. Report of State Reorganisation Commission 1955, p.238-43. 7. Report of Committee on union Territories 1962 p.210-13. 8. Government of Union Territory (Resolution) 1963. 9. Meheshwari, S.R., State Government in India, The Macmillan Co. of India Ltd., Delhi, 1979, p.58. 10. Source: SAD (Administration Branch) of Himachal Pradesh Secretariat, Shimla - 2. 11. Main Goverdhan Singh; Himachal Pradesh, History, Culture and Economy, Shimla, 1992, p.240. 12. ibid, p. 241-242. 13. Himachal Pradesh. & Statistical Department, Statistical outline, Himachal Pradesh, 1994, p.3. 14. H. P. Government: Budget Estimates for 199 4-95, W«f%ted by the Chief Minister, Himachal Pradesh, on 17-1-l^ifcl iw the Legislative Assembly, Shimla-4. 15. Himachal Pradesh, Planning Department; Annual Plan 1995-96, Shimla, p.58-59.

9A-A 16. Ibid, p.60. 17. Meheshwari, op. cit. p.107-108. 18. Ibid, p.108. 19. Source: D.C. Office, Shimla I 20. Meheshwari, op. cit. p.108. 21. Ibid. p.109. 22. Assessment Report of the than Rohru Tehsil of Bushah State, December 1914, Supdt Hill, States, Shimla. (Bushahr Gazetteer 1914) 23. Source: S.D.M. Office Dodra Kawar. 24. Source: B.D.O. Office, Shillai.