China today China: The Historical Context (Reading: Chapter 3) Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 1 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 4 Questions to ponder Neolithic China 12,000 B.C. - 2,000 B.C. What are the most significant events in Chinese history? How have they shaped China s mentality and development? How do we evaluate some important people and dynasties/eras? E.g. Qin dynasty, 1 st emperor; the socialist era, Chairman Mao; the reform era, Deng Xiaoping Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 2 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 Cultivation of plants and domestication of animals Make and use tools Multiple cultures At least three independent centers 5 Outline Neolithic China 12,000 B.C. - 2,000 B.C. The Neolithic China The imperial era: dynastic cycles The Republic era The Socialist era The Reform era Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 3 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 6 1
Yangshao Culture (5000-3000 B. C.) Middle Yellow River and Wei He basin Considered as source of Chinese civilization Hand-made painted pottery Sedentary farming, main crop is foxtail millet; supplemented by hunting and gathering Village settlement in river valleys The Xia Dynasty 2100 B.C. - 1600 B.C. Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 7 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 10 Longshan Culture (3000-2000 B. C.) Lower reaches of the Yellow river, Yangtze river, and Huai He Black pottery with thin walls and lack of decoration; use of potter s wheel; ding, dou, gui Shang Dynasty (advanced bronze casting) 1600 B.C. - 1027 B.C. Capital: Anyang Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 8 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 11 Longshan Culture (3000-2000 B. C.) Recorded history began Subsistence farming, planted millet and rice, raised pigs, dogs, sheep and cattle Lived in communities surrounded by defensive walls; larger and more permanent settlements Occupational specialization More advanced, considered the main and true prototypes for Chinese civilization Chinese writings on oracle bones Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 9 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 12 2
Zhou Dynasty (Chinese classics, feudalism, Confucius) 1027 B.C. - 221 B.C. Capital: Xi an Consolidated the Great Wall Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 13 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 16 Different States in late Zhou Dynasty: Spring and Autumn Period Standardized the Language/writing Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 14 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 17 Qin Dynasty (Emperor: Qin Shi Huang) 221 B.C. - 207 B.C. (first dynasty to unify China) Terracotta Army Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 15 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 18 3
Evaluating Qin Shi Huang Unified the nation Consolidated the Great Wall to protect the country from invasion Expanded the national canal network Extended the national trunk-road network Standardized Chinese writing, currency, measures and even the axle-lengths of carts Established a national civil administration (nation-commanderies- prefectures) Built magnificent palaces, terracotta army The Han Dynasty 206 B.C. - 220 A.D. Capital: Xi an Han People Bureaucratic Model Move toward the south Silk Road started Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 19 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 22 Evaluating Qin Shi Huang But he was very unpopular He ruled with brutality Legalist vs. Confucian governance Strict legal codes and regulations on every aspect of life Mega-projects required labor and money He concentrated all power in his own hand He banned all books that advocated different forms of government, burned classic writings, and executed opponents The Three Kingdoms 220 A.D. - 265 A.D. Han people moving south Buddhism into China The Romance of the Three Kingdoms Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 20 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 23 Tang Dynasty, the Golden Dynasty 618 A.D. - 907 A.D. Trailer Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 21 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 24 4
The Golden Tang Dynasty Capital Chang an (Xi an) 2 M+ population, largest city in the world Walled city (6 X 5 miles), with different wards for different functions Many different ethnics and foreigners (25000+) Re-opened Silk Road to allow trade and travel Established a tax system and conducted a census (50 M population) Selected officials through imperial examinations Ceramics, poetry, music, architecture, arts and religions all flourished Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 25 YouTube: China's Most Honourable City (Ancient Xi'an) Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 28 Five-stringed Pipa Tri-color glaze The Song Dynasty 960 A.D. - 1279 A.D. Northern Song (960-1125) Southern Song (1127-1279 Fi Calligraphy of Emperor Taizong Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 26 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 29 02-JUL-2005 Ancient City Wall in Xi an The Song Dynasty China s medieval economic revolution A time of remarkable advances in technology, culture, and economics Agricultural technology, rice Shipbuilding, steel production, glass making, and gunpowder Book printing Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 27 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 30 5
The Song Dynasty Ming Dynasty 1368 A.D. - 1644 A.D. Shift of economic policy and foreign diplomacy From a reliance on domestic trade and silk roads to a dependency on Pacific orientation Rise of maritime trade in the southeast Asia emergence of ports such as Guangzhou, Quangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, and Hangzhou Yet, the boom in technology, innovation and economy did not lead to long-term efforts at combining maritime trade with colonial expansion Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 31 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 34 The Yuan Dynasty, a part of the Mongol Empire 1279 A.D. - 1368 A.D. Foreign Foreign control of the south Government of occupation: Language: Mongolian Non-Chinese officials Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 32 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 35 The Travels of Marco Polo He lived and serviced in China for 17 years Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 33 Admiral Zheng He s Seven Expeditions (1405-1430) Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 400 ft Vs. 85 ft 36 6
1418 map Who Really Discovered America? 1421: the Year China Discovered America Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 37 Lin Zexu Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 40 Qing (Manchu) Dynasty (international trade) 1644 A.D. - 1911 A.D. Britain is the largest trader Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 38 The Opium Wars 1 st war between Britain and China (1839-42) State-sponsored drug trade 1842: Treaty of Nanjing Opened coastal ports to British trade and residence Hong Kong ceded to U. K. Paid a huge war indemnity 2 nd war: 1858-60 Trigger: illegal Chinese search of a British ship Treaty of Tianjin (1858) Opened more ports, including inland river ports Allowed Christian missionary activities Legalized the import of opium 1859, occupied Beijing, burned the Old Summer Palace Paid a huge war indemnity Similar privilege extended to other Western nations Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 41 Outline The Neolithic China The imperial era: dynastic cycles The Republic era The Socialist era The Reform era The 1 st Sino-Japanese (1894-1895) Politics within Korea and dispute over control of Korea Treaty of Shimonoseki Korea became a Japanese protectorate China ceded Taiwan, Liaodong peninsular to Japan Opened more ports for factories Paid a huge war indemnity Creation of Manchuria (the Northeast) Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 39 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 42 7
Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 43 China Custom House The Peace Hotel 46 Qingdao Re-cap: The Imperial Era Dynastic cycles 3-century cycle Periods of territorial expansion and political stability Cultural continuity Civilization originated in Yellow River Valley Expanded to south, center moved back and forth Significant contributions to world civilization Chinese firsts: paper and printing, porcelain, silk, compass, gunpowder, ship design, wheelbarrow, discovery of blood circulation, distillation, bronze casting, Leader in civilization and technology for centuries, lagging behind recently Internal problems such as corruption Foreign invasions and exploitation of resources. 44 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 47 1937 "The Dynasties Song 45 This "dynasties song," sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao Zedong Mao Zedong Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 48 8
The Republic Era (1911-1949) Dr. Sun Yat-sen Founder of the Republic of China (1911), Nationalist Party, or Kuo ming tang (KMT) Three Principles of the People 民族主義 People s Relation - Nationalism 民權主義 People s Power- Democracy 民生主義 People s livelihood Socialism 1921, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Helped the alliance between KMT and CCP Created Huangpu Military Academy near Guangzhou Sun died in 1925, leaving the power to Chiang Kai-shek (or Jiang Jieshi), who ended the alliance with the CCP 1934, CCP s Long March The Long March Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 49 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 52 Northern Expedition (Guangzhou Shanghai) Jiang Jieshi / Chiang Kai-shek Alliance between CCP and KMT The Republic Era (1911-1949) Invasion by Japan (1937-1944) 2 nd sino-japanese War (WWII) Three-alls policy (kill all, burn all, destroy all) 35 million Chinese killed The Nanjing Massacre Rape of Nanjing by Iris Chang Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 50 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 53 Mao Zedong Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 51 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 54 9
Beijing Soccer Fans Demonstrating against Japanese Team, 2004 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 55 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 58 Anti-Japan Protest in Shanghai, 2005 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 56 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 59 U. S. Help Chinese activists land on Diaoyu Island Chinese from mainland China, HK and Taiwan have the same position on this issue Protesting in front of Japanese embassy Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 57 Youqin Youqin Huang Huang GOG GOG/EAC160 160/EAC 160 Spring 2008 60 10
The Republic Era (1911-1949) Invasion of Japan (1937-1944) 2 nd sino-japanese War (WWII) three-alls policy (kill all, burn all destroy all) The Nanjing Massacre 35 million Chinese killed Civil War between CCP and KMT KMT fled to Taiwan Oct 1 st, 1949: Mao declared the rise of People s Republic of China The Socialist Era (1949-78) Unity restored again Sever socioeconomic problems socialist transformation Capitalist private economy Planned state economy (five-year plans) Provide welfare benefits: housing, education, medical care, food, employment The concept of socialism Utopian society with equality and prosperity Brief popularity among people Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 61 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 64 United, we are undefeatable Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 62 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 65 Working People as Masters Group Discussion What would you do if you were the leader of the socialist China? Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 63 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 66 11
Post-revolutionary peasant art People s Communes Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 67 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 70 Chubby children and bumper harvests Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 68 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 71 Loyalty The fish and the boy are big and fat The harvest is bountiful Celebration of Chairman Mao s Longevity Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 69 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 72 12
Promote physical education in countryside Literacy program Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 73 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 76 The Socialist Era (1949-78) Socialist transformation Significant improvement in every aspect of the society The Great Leap Forward (1958) Exceed U.S. and U. K. Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 74 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 77 Barefoot Doctors in Countryside The Socialist Era (1949-78) The Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) Created People s Commune Increased production of steel and agricultural output ( backyard furnaces, satellite field ) (coupled with bad weather) Disastrous results: massive starvation Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 75 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 78 13
The Socialist Era (1949-78) Socialist transformation & recovery The Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) Readjustment and Recovery (1961-1965) The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Red Guards : challenge the status quo, destroy the old Up to the mountains and down to the villages (the sent-down movement) Go to the countryside, be educated by peasants Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 79 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 82 Encourage Rebellion The Socialist Era (1949-78) The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Red Guards Up to the mountains and down to the villages (the sent-down movement) Emphasized on redness and class struggle, instead of experts and economic development Stagnant economy A lost, uneducated generation Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 80 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 83 Go to the countryside, go to the border regions, go to places needed by the motherland The Reform Era (1978- ) Transition back to capitalism Socialism with Chinese characteristics Deng (1978-1989); Jiang (1989-2002); Hu (2002- ) Goals: four modernizations (by Deng) Agriculture, industry, defense, science and technology Emphasize economic development It doesn't matter if a cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice. Poverty is not socialism. To be rich is glorious. Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 81 Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 84 14
Deng Xiaoping the architect of economic reform; a pragmatist Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 85 "The Dynasties Song This "dynasties song," sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao Zedong Mao Zedong Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 88 The Reform Era (1978- ) Transition back to capitalism Goals: four modernizations (by Deng) Gradual reform: Rural reform: Household Responsibility System Urban reform: privatization Open-door policy Phenomenal economic growth vs. New concerns and challenges Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 86 Summary The Neolithic China The imperial era dynastic cycles China s contribution to the world Foreign invasion and unfair trade The Republic era Sun, Yat-sen Japanese invasion and WWII, Civil war between CCP and KMT The Socialist era Socialist transformation Great Leap Forward Cultural Revolution The Reform era Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 89 post-1978 propaganda posters Youqin Huang GOG/EAC160 87 15