Securitizing Immigration
Palgrave Studies in International Relations Series General Editors: Knud Erik Jørgensen, Department of Political Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark Audie Klotz, Department of Political Science, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Syracuse University, USA Palgrave Studies in International Relations, produced in association with the ECPR Standing Group for International Relations, will provide students and scholars with the best theoretically-informed scholarship on the global issues of our time. Edited by Knud Erik Jørgensen and Audie Klotz, this new book series will comprise cutting-edge monographs and edited collections which bridge schools of thought and cross the boundaries of conventional fields of study. Titles include Barry Buzan and Ana Gonzalez-Pelaez (editors) INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY AND THE MIDDLE EAST English School Theory at the Regional Level Cornelia Navari (editor) THEORISING INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY English School Methods Robbie Shilliam GERMAN THOUGHT AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS The Rise and Fall of a Liberal Project Rens van Munster SECURITIZING IMMIGRATION The Politics of Risk in the EU Palgrave Studies In International Relations Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978 0230 20063 0 You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
Securitizing Immigration The Politics of Risk in the EU Rens van Munster Senior Researcher, Research Unit on Defence and Security, Danish Institute for International Studies, Denmark
Rens van Munster 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-20006-7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-29917-1 ISBN 978-0-230-24495-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230244955 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
Contents List of Figures Acknowledgements List of Acronyms vii viii x 1. Introduction 1 Immigration and European integration 1 The securitization of immigration in the EU 3 Security and the political: Liberalism, mobility, abjection 7 Abject mobility and the unmaking of security 11 The content of this book 14 2. Immigration and the Emergence of a European Threat Environment 16 Introduction 16 Who speaks? Security and the constitution of authority 17 The leverage of the security frame 35 Words spoken, deeds done. The consequences of securitizing immigration 39 Conclusion 43 3. The Maastricht Treaty: The Formalization of the Immigration/Security Nexus 46 Introduction 46 Member state negotiations: Allocating symbolic authority 47 The institutional endurance of informal security groups 52 Supranational actors and the JHA pillar 59 Conclusion: From Maastricht to Amsterdam 63 4. Amsterdam and Beyond: Immigration and the Establishment of an AFSJ 65 Introduction 65 The AFSJ: Agenda-setting and member state negotiations 67 Beyond Amsterdam: Establishing the AFSJ 72 v
vi Contents Post-Amsterdam bureaucratic working structures 78 The normalization of security: Implications for immigration 91 Conclusion 97 5. Freedom, Mobility and Abjection: The Management of Immigration Risk in the AFSJ 98 Introduction: Framing freedom and security 98 Governing risk, targeting immigration 100 The commodification of immigration risk 112 Conclusion: Risk and the contradictions of liberalism 121 6. Unmaking Security, Remaking Belonging 125 Introduction: From unmasking to unmaking security 125 Unmaking security as managing multiculturalism 127 Unmaking security as enforcing universality 131 Unmaking security as bottom-up citizenship 136 Conclusion 138 7. Conclusion: The EU as an Area of Security, Security and Security 141 Notes 147 Bibliography 156 Index 173
List of Figures Figures 1.1 Securitization: The bureaucratic and political level 7 1.2 Two logics of security: Political realism v. liberalism 10 3.1 Post-Maastricht working structures in the area of JHA 54 4.1 The Directorate General Justice and Home Affairs (DG-JHA) 81 4.2 Post-Amsterdam Council working structures on asylum and immigration 87 vii
Acknowledgements This book builds on PhD research completed at the University of Southern Denmark, Odense. I would like to thank the Department of Political Science for providing a generous research environment. I would also like to express thanks to my colleagues and friends at the department for their academic and practical support. In 2003 2004, I was awarded a one-year Marie Curie Fellowship in International Political Community by the Department of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. It was a huge privilege to spend a year at what must be one of the most vibrant environments for IR scholars. I would also like to thank Claudia Aradau, Didier Bigo, Ken Booth, Jenny Edkins, Stefano Guzzini, Finn Laursen, Andrew Linklater, Debbie Lisle, Cian O Driscoll, Columba Peoples, Jens Ringsmose, Christilla Roederer-Rynning, Sten Rynning, Casper Sylvest, Nick Vaughan-Williams, Mike Williams and Nick Wheeler for taking their time to discuss and comment on some of the ideas that are part of this book. Thanks to two anonymous reviewers for their extensive and useful comments. Amy Lankester-Owen and Gemma d Arcy Hughes from Palgrave patiently assisted during the production process. Stefan de la Puente Kristiansen and Toke Lassen compiled the index. A few people deserve special mention. As my teachers at the University of Twente, Wouter Werner and Jaap de Wilde were my first encounter with the field of International Relations theory. Their engagement and enthusiasm for IR proved to be contagious. I am delighted that today we are good colleagues and friends. Alistair Shepherd read drafts of various chapters and showed me that epistemological differences need not stand in the way of good discussions. Knud-Erik Jørgensen read an earlier version of this manuscript and encouraged me to turn it into a book project for this Palgrave series. Anna Leander also commented on an earlier version of this manuscript. Her sharp suggestions and advice were always on the spot. To Jef Huysmans I owe more than he is probably aware of himself or wants to take credit for. Not only did he comment on an earlier viii
Acknowledgements ix version of this manuscript, but his work and generous feed-back over the past years has been very influential for the development of my thinking about security. I am sure many other younger scholars feel the same way. Thanks to Tanja Aalberts for being my constructivist partner in crime at more methodological courses than either of us cares to remember. Many megabytes of real-time frustration, joy and encouragement have been sent back and forth between our respective computers I hope these exchanges were as rewarding for her as they were for me. I would especially like to thank Ton and Tineke van Munster for their incalculable support and encouragement over all those years. I truly could not wish for better parents. Finally, I want to thank my partner Anna Christina Riisager for risking her life with me. Cheerful, loving and intelligent, she constantly reminds me of life s true priorities. Every day, she makes Denmark feel like home.
List of Acronyms AFSJ AHWGI CCTV CIREA CIREFI CIS COREPER DG ECJ EP EU HIG HLWG IGC JHA RSC SCIFA SIS TEC TEU Trevi UN VIS Area of Freedom, Security and Justice Ad Hoc Working Group on Immigration Closed Circuit Television Centre for Information, Reflection and Exchange on Asylum Matters Centre for Information, Reflection and Exchange on the Crossing of Borders and Immigration Customs Information Database Committee of Permanent Representatives Directorate General European Court of Justice European Parliament European Union Horizontal Information Group High Level Working Group on Immigration Intergovernmental Conference Justice and Home Affairs Robmarine Shipping Consultants Strategic Committee for Immigration, Frontiers and Asylum Schengen Information System Treaty Establishing the European Communities Treaty on European Union [Maastricht Treaty] Terrorisme, Radicalisme, Extrémisme et Violence Internationale United Nations Visa Identification System x