The Age of Napoleon Early Life: Napoleon Bonaparte is born in Corsica (1769), Shy, timid, bullied in school for his thick Corsican accent, and short stature. Military school, Joins the Army, rapidly advances Intelligent, charming, witty, decisive, driven
Napoleon s Rise Hero of the Hour: l Arc de triomphe Rapid rise when declares loyalty in wake of a resignations of officers. In 1795 - defeats royalists rebelling against the Directory. In 1796 - stunning victories in Italy made Napoleon a celebrity of sorts. In 1797- defends the Directory again from the Monarchists. Jacques-Louis David s Napoleon Crossing the Alps (Realist-Picture)
Napoleon s Rise French Invasion of Egypt (1798-1799) Goal: Weaken Britain, cut of British trade and communication with India Admiral Horatio Nelson (1758-1805) destroys the French Fleet in 1798 French Army cut off from France Second Coalition (Russia, Austrians, Ottomans, and British) threaten France Result: Napoleon leaves troops behind in Egypt; suppresses news of defeat Rosetta Stone: Found by the French Essential in discovering How to translate Hieroglyphics
The Consulate (1799-1804) Napoleon s Coup D'état Executive branch of three consuls though dominated by Napoleon Façade of democracy (reality dictatorship) Ended the Revolution: Hereditary and feudal privileges abolished Careers open to talent and merit secured Peasants gained land and opportunity I found the crown of France of France lying on the ground, and I picked it up with my sword. Napoleon.
The Consulate (1799-1804) Cartoonists sometimes portrayed Napoleon as a Crocodile; Brumaire 1799
The Consulate (1799-1804) Building Security (Suppressing Foreign Opposition): 2 nd Coalition s Russia (1800) and Austria (1801)defeated 1801: Concordat with Pope Pius VII Catholicism is the religion of the great majority of French Citizens. Clergy swear oath of loyalty to the state. Catholic church give up claims to confiscated lands Effect: Ends hostility of the Church. 1802-Treaty of Amiens makes peace with Britain.
The Consulate (1799-1804) Building Internal Security : 1802 Plebiscite (vote) ratifies Napoleon as consul for life. Amnesty for opposing political factions many given key positions in government. Secret police and censorship of opposing viewpoints Napoleonic Civic Code: a unified set of laws. equality before the law right to choose a profession religious tolerance end of serfdom and feudalism outlawed unions and strikes. Divorce more difficult for women than men.
The Consulate (1799-1804) Building Internal Security National Bank of France: efficient tax collection Loans to industrial entrepreneurs Lycées: nationally-run schools to train officials 1803: Sells Louisiana territory to the United States Goals: Raise money ($15 million) and increase pressure on Britain. Nicholas Appert invents canning process for food for the French Navy, 1803
The Consulate (1799-1804) Napoleon s sale of the Louisiana to the United States, 1802.
The Empire (1804-1814) Establishing a Dynasty: 1804, plebiscite declares Napoleon an Emperor. 1804, crowns himself Emperor at the Cathedral of Notre Dame Powerful Support: Rhetoric of the French Revolution. French Nationalism Extremely large and loyal military force Napoleon s Coronation by Jacques-Louis David (Video)
The Empire (1804-1814) Conquering Europe: Opposition from the Third Coalition: Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden (later Prussia) Oct 1805 Defeats Austrian force at Ulm Dec 1805 Defeats Austria and Russia at Austerlitz Oct 1806 Swiftly defeats Prussians at Jena Oct 1807 Defeats Russians at Friedland Russia signs Treaty of Tilsit with Tsar Alexander I 1812: Empire reaches largest extent.
The Empire (1804-1814) British Naval Superiority Battle of Trafalgar (1805) Naval defeat of Napoleon by the British Admiral Horatio Nelson dies; no British ship is lost. Continental System Economic blockade to defeat the British. Stop all trade between the continent and Britain. British establish their own blockade of the continent; smugglers continue to trade. American fights War of 1812 with Britain System builds resentment on the continent
The Empire (1804-1814) Invasion of Russia Russia left the Continental System. 1812: Napoleon invades with the Grand Army of 600,000 soldiers. Russians practice scorched-earth policy and even burned Moscow to deny the French food and shelter. Great Retreat left Napoleon with only 40,000 soldiers.
The Empire (1804-1814) New Opposition: Budding Nationalism. Spreading principles of the French Revolution stirred up hatred for the oppressors (the French) The revolution taught these countries the power of a nation in arms. After his Russian campaign, other countries rose up to attack his crippled army. 1814: Paris was captured; Napoleon exiled to Elba.
Exile and Return The Hundred Days Napoleon escapes Elba and Louis XVIII is quickly overthrown by March 20, 1815. Troops shout Vive L Empereur! Led by the Duke of Wellington, the British and Prussian forces defeat Napoleon at Waterloo (Belgium). Napoleon is exiled to the isle of St. Helena
The Congress of Vienna A series of meetings designed to reshape Europe led by Klemens von Metternich of Austria. Goals: Balance of Power: Contain and weaken France. Map Legitimacy: Restore disposed leaders and compensate them for their losses. Conservatism: Concert of Europe is a pledge by European nations to fight political liberalism and revolutions.
French Revolution s Legacy Britain and Prussia gain influence and power in Europe. Spreading Nationalism will lead to more war and revolutions. Many Spanish and Portuguese colonies gain independence.