Europe before WWI
Europe after WWI
Country Dead Wounded POW/MIA Total Mobilized Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 7,800,000 Belgium 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 267,000 British Empire 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 8,904,467 Bulgaria 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 1,200,000 France 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 8,410,000 Germany 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 11,000,000 Greece 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000 230,000 Italy 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 5,615,000 Japan 300 907 3 1,210 800,000 Montenegro 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 50,000 Portugal 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 100,000 Romania 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 750,000 Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 12,000,000 Serbia 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 707,343 Turkey 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 2,850,000 US 116,516 204,002 0 320,518 4,734,991 TOTALS 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,746,419 37,464,404 65,418,801
HORRORS OF WWI
HORRORS OF WORLD WAR I
THE FINANCIAL COSTS OF THE WAR Allied Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18 United States 22,625,253,000 Great Britain 35,334,012,000 France 24,265,583,000 Russia 22,293,950,000 Italy 12,413,998,000 Belgium 1,154,468,000 Romania 1,600,000,000 Japan 40,000,000 Serbia 399,400,000 Greece 270,000,000 Canada 1,665,576,000 Australia 1,423,208,000 New Zealand 378,750,000 India 601,279,000 South Africa 300,000,000 British Colonies 125,000,000 Others 500,000,000 Total of all Costs 125,690,477,000 Central Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18 Germany 37,775,000,000 Austria- Hungary 20,622,960,000 Turkey 1,430,000,000 Bulgaria 815,200,000 Total of all Costs 60,643,160,000
WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF WWI IN AMERICA? U.S. BECAME A WORLD SUPERPOWER U.S. ECONOMY GREW DURING THE WAR, ALTHOUGH IT DID GO INTO A RECESSION SHORTLY THEREAFTER BIRTH OF AN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT BIRTH OF ANTI-AMERICANISM WITHIN THE COUNTRY U.S. CULTURE WAS STARTING TO SPREAD ABROAD BIRTH OF BLACK EMPOWERMENT MOVEMENT WOMEN WORKED OUTSIDE THE HOME IN HUGE NUMBERS BIRTH OF ANTI-COMMUNISM
Six women war workers, representing thousands of others, were delegated to see President Wilson to urge him to support passage of the federal suffrage amendment. These women were employed at Bethlehem steel company's plant at Newcastle, Pennsylvania. They argued that the women were serving the government in war industries and felt the urgent need of federal enfranchisement. 1917-1918 suffrage riots in front of the white house gates. Several of the women picketing were arrested.
WOMEN GET THE RIGHT TO VOTE WITH THE 19 TH AMENDMENT AUGUST 24, 1920 AMENDMENT XIX THE RIGHT OF CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES TO VOTE SHALL NOT BE DENIED OR ABRIDGED BY THE UNITED STATES OR BY ANY STATE ON ACCOUNT OF SEX. CONGRESS SHALL HAVE POWER TO ENFORCE THIS ARTICLE BY APPROPRIATE LEGISLATION.
WOMEN S CLOTHING BEGAN TO CHANGE WOMEN AT TURN OF THE CENTURY WOMEN IN THE 1920s
FEAR OF COMMUNISM
AFTER THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION, THE BOLSHEVIKS FOUGHT A BLOODY CIVIL WAR AGAINST THE MODERATE MENSHIVIKS FOR CONTROL OF RUSSIA.
AFTER THE BOLSHEVIKS WON THE CIVIL WAR, LENIN RENAMED RUSSIA THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR) IN 1922
COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA LENIN TURNED THE SOVIET UNION INTO A COMMUNIST COUNTRY THAT WAS HOSTILE TO AMERICA S CAPITALISTIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM. UNDER COMMUNISM, ALL MEANS OF LENIN PRODUCTION ARE CONTROLLED STALIN BY THE GOVERNMENT. IN A CAPITALIST SYSTEM MOST MEANS OF PRODUCTION ARE OWNED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS. LENIN HELD THE PHILOSOPHY THAT COMMUNISM MUST EXPAND TO OTHER NATIONS IN ORDER TO SURVIVE AND THRIVE.
FEAR OF OUTSIDE INFLUENCES LED TO RESTRICTIONS ON IMMIGRATION EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT OF 1922
RED SCARE EVENTS IN RUSSIA AND EUROPE AND MASSIVE STRIKES AT HOME LED TO A FEAR THAT THE U.S. WOULD BE THE NEXT TARGET OF COMMUNISTS A LARGE NUMBER OF VIOLENT STRIKES SCARED MANY AMERICANS WHICH LED TO A TIME OF WIDESPREAD ANXIETY AND FEAR OF A COMMUNIST TAKEOVER
Republican Warren Harding declared that "America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality..."
TRADITIONAL U.S. FOREIGN POLICY WAS TO AVOID FOREIGN ENTANGLEMENTS It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1796
REASON FOR ISOLATIONISM FROM EUROPEAN AFFAIRS
ATTEMPTS AT DISARMAMENT FOR THE U.S. TO HAVE CONTINUED ECONOMIC GROWTH, WORLD STABILITY WAS REQUIRED. TO ACCOMPLISH THIS GOAL THE U.S. PARTICIPATED IN SEVERAL WORLD DISARMAMENT CONFERENCES. SECRETARY OF STATE CHARLES EVANS HUGHES HELPED ORGANIZE INITIATIVES TO AVOID A NAVAL ARMS RACE BETWEEN THE U.S., GREAT BRITAIN, AND JAPAN. WASHINGTON NAVAL CONFERENCE (1921-22) LIMITED THE NUMBER OF LARGE WARSHIPS AND PROVIDED FOR A TEN YEAR BAN ON THE BUILDING OF BATTLESHIPS. NINE POWER ACT RECOGNIZED THE OPEN DOOR IN ASIA AND HELPED TO EASE IMPERIALIST COMPETITION IN THE EAST. FIVE POWER ACT - FROZE SHIP BUILDING FOR TEN YEARS. SOME SHIPS SCRAPPED. RATIOS SET AT 5:5:3:1.75:1.75 BETWEEN U.S., GB, JAPAN, FRANCE, ITALY. CHARLES EVANS HUGHES
WAR DEBTS CAUSE CONFLICT U.S. HAD LOANED THE ALLIES MONEY DURING WWI, AND DEMANDED REPAYMENT PASSAGE OF FORDNEY-MCCUMBER TARIFF (1920) CUT EUROPEAN EXPORTS TO U.S. FROM 5 BILLION TO 2.5 BILLION IN 1922. ALLIES NEEDED TO GET MONEY FROM GERMANY TO PAY THE U.S. AND DEMAND REPARATIONS FROM GERMANY. GERMANY WAS IMPOVERISHED AS A RESULT OF WWI AND BORROWED MONEY FROM U.S. BANKS TO GIVE TO ALLIES
GERMAN ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AFTER WORLD WAR I In January 1921, German currency was worth 64 marks to the dollar. By November 1923, Currency value was 4,200,000,000,000 marks equaled one dollar. In 1918 a loaf of bread cost just over half a mark. By 1922 the cost had risen to 163 marks for a loaf of bread. By November of 1923 a loaf of bread cost 201,000 million marks.
FRENCH TROOPS ENTERING GERMAN RUHR, 1923
Kellogg Briand Pact Treaty Providing for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy Signed in Paris, August 27, 1928 Entered into force 24 July 1929 ARTICLE I The high contracting parties solemnly declare in the names of their respective peoples that they condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies, and renounce it as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another
LONDON NAVAL CONFERENCE 1930