Funded by the Henry Luce Foundation

www.asiamattersforamerica.org Funded by the Henry Luce Foundation

The East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding among the people and nations of the United States, Asia, and the Pacific through cooperative study, research, and dialogue. Established by the US Congress in 196, the Center serves as a resource for information and analysis on critical issues of common concern, bringing people together to exchange views, build expertise, and develop policy options. Headquarters East-West Center 161 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawai i, 96848 USA Tel: 88.944.7711 AsiaMatters@EastWestCenter.org EastWestCenter.org Washington, DC, Office East-West Center in Washington 1819 L St., NW, Suite 6 Washington, DC 36 USA Tel:.93.3995 Asia Matters for America / America Matters for Asia Asia Matters for America / America Matters for Asia is an interactive resource for credible and nonpartisan information, graphics, analysis and news on US-Asia Pacific relations at the national, state and local levels. AsiaMattersforAmerica.org Project Team Director: Satu P. Limaye, Ph.D. Coordinators: Aaron Siirila and Chris Feddersen Research & Content: Grace Ruch and Damien Tomkins Research Assistance: Hoi Ying Cecilia Chan, Jake Choi, Marquis Clayton, Alex Forster, Eric Gomez, Brigitta Kinadi, Seonghyeon Lee, Annie Liu, Sean Mitra, Anne Paisley, John Andrew Petrushka, Yi Ling Tan, Alexandra Tran Copyright 13 East-West Center The East-West Center gratefully acknowledges the support of the Henry Luce Foundation, the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), the Sasakawa Peace Foundation, the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney and the Asan Institute for Policy Studies. 1

Asia Matters for America Highlights TRADE 8% of US goods and 7% of services exports go to Asia Asian countries are among the United States fastest growing markets. Vietnam, India and China are among America s fastest growing trade partners. JOBS FROM EXPORTS 3% of US jobs from exports depend on exports to Asia Exports to Asia supported 1. million jobs in 1, 5% more than in. Asians & Asian Americans 5.6% or 17 million Americans identify as Asian or Asian American Asians and Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial groups in the United States, up 46% from to 1. TRAVEL & TOURISM 8.5 million visitors from Asia contribute $41 billion to the US economy Tourism from Asia earned the US economy more revenue than tourism from Latin America or the European Union in 11. highlights INVESTMENT 1% is the increase of US investment in Asia and Asian investment in the US over the past decade Singapore, India, China and South Korea are four of the top ten fastest growing sources of foreign direct investment in the US. SISTER PARTNERSHIPS 85 sister partnerships between the US and Asia build civic and people-topeople relationships 95 US communities raised $.4 million for their Japanese sister cities affected by the March 11 earthquake and tsunami disasters. INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS 64% of international students in America are from Asia contributing $14 billion to the US economy Students from Asia have increased by 5% since the 1- academic year. SECURITY Asia is critical to US national security because of the region s rising powers, long-standing American allies and new partners, economic growth and military modernization Five US treaty allies are in the Asia Pacific, and the US has close or growing partnerships with India, Indonesia, New Zealand, Singapore and Vietnam, among others. STUDY ABROAD 16% of Americans studying abroad go to Asia Over 45, American students went to Asia in 1-11, nearly 11% more than a decade earlier. STATES & CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS 39 states send at least a quarter of their exports to Asia 68% of congressional districts exported more than $5 million to Asia in 11. 3

4 America s Definitions of Asia and the Pacific Americans have never had a consistent definition of Asia and the Pacific. Their conceptions of the region have been influenced by European ideas, breakthroughs in map-making and racial stereotypes, among other factors. America s definitions of Asia for policy purposes mainly diplomacy and defense have usually been shaped not by grand strategy but by bureaucratic battles and ad hoc decisions of key officials. Today, US policy increasingly sees an interlinking of interests across the broad expanse from South Asia through East Asia to the Western Pacific. Official statements describe the East Asian littoral running from the Sea of Japan to the Bay of Bengal or, more simply, the Indo-Pacific region. The Asia Matters for America initiative has adopted an interpretative definition of Asia to encompass 4 countries, from Afghanistan to the Pacific islands. MONGOLIA AFGHANISTAN CHINA PAKISTAN NEPAL BHUTAN BANGLADESH INDIA BURMA LAOS Arabian Sea THAILAND CAMBODIA Bay of Bengal MALDIVES SRI LANKA SINGAPORE Indian Ocean VIETNAM NORTH KOREA SOUTH KOREA TAIWAN HONG KONG, S.A.R. South China Sea BRUNEI MALAYSIA Yellow Sea PHILIPPINES INDONESIA TIMOR-LESTE East China Sea Sea of Japan AUSTRALIA JAPAN Phillippine Sea PALAU MICRONESIA PAPUA GUINEA Coral Sea NAURU SOLOMON ISLANDS MARSHALL ISLANDS VANUATU Pacific Ocean TUVALU FIJI SAMOA TONGA KIRIBATI Hawai i introduction Tasman Sea Note: Borders are not necessarily authoritative. Source: Adapted from Satu Limaye, Want a New Map of Asia? Include the United States, Asia Pacific Bulletin, No. 15. ZEALAND 5

6 8% of US Goods and 7% of Services Exports Go to Asia The United States exported $48 billion in goods and $156 billion in services to Asia.* Goods and services exports to Asia from 1 to 11 have grown 8% per year. Thirty-nine states sent at least a quarter of their goods exports to Asia. Together, exports of goods and services to Asia ($586 billion) exceeded those to the European Union ($463 billion) and to Canada and Mexico combined ($563 billion). Asia presents a fast-growing market for US exports, particularly Vietnam (where US goods exports have grown 3% per year since ), India (18%) and China (17%). Nevada experienced the largest yearon-year increase in goods exports to Asia, from $1.4 billion in 11 to $3.4 billion in 1, a growth of over 14%, with nonferrous metal the leading export. Utah s goods exports to Asia have grown by 31% per year over the past five years, the fastest growth rate in the country, from $.3 billion in 7 to almost $9 billion in 1. WASHINGTON $4,5 OREGON $,88 CALIFORNIA $1,775 ALASKA $4,97 NEVADA $1,15 IDAHO $,531 UTAH $3,16 ARIZONA $76 GOODS EXPORTS TO ASIA, PER CAPITA VERMONT HAMPSHIRE $,693 $685 MONTANA MAINE NORTH DAKOTA MINNESOTA $817 $869 $,34 $1,761 WISCONSIN YORK SOUTH DAKOTA $1,1 $1,173 MASSACHUSETTS $1,3 $1,96 MICHIGAN WYOMING $9 RHODE ISLAND $45 $937 PENNSYLVANIA CONNECTICUT $1,36 IOWA NEBRASKA $748 $,87 JERSEY $875 $,377 ILLINOIS INDIANA OHIO $898 WEST DELAWARE $1,416 $1,643 $1,54 VIRGINIA COLORADO $1,8 VIRGINIA MARYLAND $497 $588 KANSAS MISSOURI KENTUCKY $615 DC $18 $1,388 $865 $1,41 N CAROLINA TENNESSEE $86 OKLAHOMA $1,8 $474 S CAROLINA MEXICO ARKANSAS $1,484 $199 $997 MISSISSIPPI GEORGIA $4, or more per person $78 ALABAMA $1,15 $, - $3,9 $1,95 $1, - $1,999 TEXAS $1,746 LOUISIANA FLORIDA $5 - $999 $1,73 $388 less than $499 HAWAI I $484 trade US$ (in billions) US EXPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES Asia is the leading destination for US exports, with strong growth since the 9 Global Financial Crisis. 6 5 4 3 1 Asia European Union Canada Mexico 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 *Based on 1 data for goods and 11 data for services, the most recent available as of April 13. $586B $463B $339B $4B Goods exports to Asia accounted for 81% of Hawai i s $88 million goods exports in 1, the largest share in the country. West Virginia s goods exports to Asia increased by 5% over the previous year, from $. billion to $3.3 billion, the second largest increase nationwide. COMPOSITION OF US Goods Exports to asia OIL, GAS & MINERALS % WASTE AND SCRAP 4% MISC. MANUFACTURED COMMODITIES* 5% FOOD MANUFACTURES 6% METAL MANUFACTURING 7% OTHER 1% AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 11% Delaware s services exports to Asia have almost doubled in five years, from $85 million in 6 to $566 million in 11, the fastest growth in the country. COMPUTERS & ELECTRONICS 17% TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT 14% CHEMICALS 1% MACHINERY 1% * Includes medical equipment and supplies, jewelry, sporting goods, toys & games, and others. Sources: US Bureau of Economic Analysis; US Census Bureau; State data estimated by The Trade Partnership (Washington, DC) from the US Census Bureau and the US Department of Agriculture. 7

8 3% of US Jobs From Exports Depend on Exports to Asia Exports to Asia supported 1. million American jobs in 1, up 5% from. Twenty five states have more than a third of their export-dependent jobs supported by exports to Asia five are located on the West Coast, fifteen are located in the West, Midwest and South and five are located on the East Coast. Top Ten: Share of all export-dependent jobs supported by exports to Asia State share Alaska 71% Hawai i 69% Idaho 64% Oregon 54% Nebraska 5% South Dakota 51% Utah 47% Iowa 46% Minnesota 45% Washington 45% Share of total non-farm workforce supported by exports to Asia State share Alaska 4.% Washington.9% Idaho.% Iowa.% Nebraska.% North Dakota.% South Dakota.% Vermont.% Utah 1.6% Minnesota 1.3% Exports to Asia supported 83,55 jobs in Washington in 1, the third most in the country. Nearly 3% of all non-farm jobs in the state are accounted for by exports to Asia. WASHINGTON 84,55 VERMONT HAMPSHIRE 5,951 3,43 MONTANA MAINE NORTH DAKOTA MINNESOTA 3,35 3,499 9,8 36,787 OREGON 7,1 IDAHO WISCONSIN YORK 13,79 SOUTH DAKOTA,51 64,714 MASSACHUSETTS 7,39 9,157 MICHIGAN WYOMING 3,379 RHODE ISLAND 1,35 1,1 PENNSYLVANIA CONNECTICUT 11,8 IOWA NEBRASKA 7,5 33,141 JERSEY 19,443 NEVADA,88 8,355 UTAH ILLINOIS INDIANA OHIO 34,487 DELAWARE 3,577 71,899 7,858 WEST,644 COLORADO VIRGINIA MARYLAND 7,7 1,571 KANSAS 8,797 VIRGINIA MISSOURI KENTUCKY 15,838 13,463 CALIFORNIA 19,386 18,81 194,555 N CAROLINA TENNESSEE 5,738 OKLAHOMA,85 ARIZONA 6, S CAROLINA 16,685 MEXICO ARKANSAS 14,73 1,663 11,79 MISSISSIPPI GEORGIA, or more jobs 8,87 ALABAMA 3,9 15, -, 1,139 1, - 15, TEXAS 19,449 LOUISIANA FLORIDA 5, - 1, 1,393 19,499 less than 5, ALASKA 13,931 Exports to Asia supported about 4.% of Alaska s non-farm workforce, the highest share in the country. More than 7% of Alaskan jobs from exports depend on exports to Asia. Jobs Supported by Exports to Asia HAWAI I 1,698 Georgia s goods exports to Asia directly supported 3, jobs in 1, about one-third of all jobs supported by exports. Source: Jobs estimated by The Trade Partnership (Washington, DC) from the US Bureau of the Census, US Department of Agriculture, and Moody s Analytics data; US Bureau of Labor Statistics; The Boeing Company; US International Trade Administration. Boeing finalized its largest ever commercial deal with the sale of 3 aircraft to Indonesia s Lion Air. The deal will help support over 11, US workers at Boeing and its suppliers in 43 states, including the Boeing factory in Renton, Washington. PHOTO COURTESY OF BOEING jobs from exports 9

1 Investment To and From Asia Has Doubled US investment in Asia reached $65 billion in 11, up from $7 billion in 1 and growing at an average rate of 1% per year. Asian investment in the United States was $41 billion in 11, more than double what it was in 1. Japan is the only major Asian country that has invested more in the US than the US has in the corresponding country. Investment also supports trade, as US affiliates of Asia-owned companies accounted for 5% ($67 billion) of all US goods exports and 11% ($1 billion) of all US goods imports in 1. DIRECT INVESTMENT US investment in Asia has increased by 166% since 1 and Asian investment in the US has jumped 19% US$ BILLIONS 6 5 4 3 1 US DIRECT INVESTMENT IN ASIA ASIAN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN US 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 $65B $41B US DIRECT INVESTMENT ABROAD (STOCK IN US$ BILLIONS*) American direct investment in Asia is concentrated in the most developed economies CANADA $319b WORLD EUROPE $,38b LATIN AMERICA $831b OTHERS $93b ASIA $65b SINGAPORE $117b JAPAN $117b ASIA CHINA $54b AUSTRALIA $136b HONG KONG $53b OTHER ASIA $43b SOUTH KOREA $3b INDIA $5b TAIWAN $16b MALAYSIA $14b *Numbers may not add up to total due to rounding FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN US (STOCK IN US$ BILLIONS) Japanese companies account for nearly three-quarters of direct investment from Asia in the US investment TOP 1 FASTEST GROWING INVESTORS IN US Asian companies account for four of the top ten fastest growing major sources of foreign investment in the US, 1-11 15 1 5 33% Denmark 41% 451% Israel 51% Belgium South Korea 61% 613% Norway Singapore Source: US Bureau of Economic Analysis (countries with more than US$5 million in investment in the United States in 1) China 745% Brazil 861% Spain 1795% 187% India WORLD EUROPE $1,81b ASIA $41b CANADA $11b LATIN AMERICA $86b OTHERS $3b JAPAN $89b ASIA AUSTRALIA $56b SINGAPORE $4b SOUTH KOREA $18b TAIWAN $5b INDIA $5b HONG KONG $5b CHINA $4b ZEALAND $b OTHER ASIA $b 11

1 64% of International Students are from Asia About 49, Asian students studied in the US during the 11-1 academic year, accounting for 64% of America s international students and contributing $14 billion to the US economy. The number of students from Asia has increased by 164,, or 5%, since the 1- academic year. Top Ten: Share of Students from Asia Asia s share of all int l State students Nevada 76% Washington 73% Indiana 71% Hawai i 7% Illinois 65% Iowa 64% Connecticut 6% Pennsylvania 6% Delaware 61% California & Ohio 6% WASHINGTON 14,77 OREGON 5,65 IDAHO 833 NEVADA 1,945 UTAH 3,838 CALIFORNIA 6,11 ARIZONA 7,83 ALASKA 56 MONTANA 43 WYOMING 551 COLORADO 3,63 MEXICO 1,6 HAWAI I 3,113 International Students from Asia VERMONT HAMPSHIRE 478 1,53 MAINE NORTH DAKOTA MINNESOTA 318 1,87 7,488 WISCONSIN YORK SOUTH DAKOTA 5,99 45,138 MASSACHUSETTS,67 493 MICHIGAN 14,911 RHODE ISLAND,51 PENNSYLVANIA CONNECTICUT 5,838 IOWA NEBRASKA,8 7,177 JERSEY 8,57,76 ILLINOIS INDIANA OHIO 15,857,95 15,79 WEST DELAWARE 3, VIRGINIA MARYLAND 7,49 856 KANSAS VIRGINIA MISSOURI 7,646 3,64 4,866 KENTUCKY D.C. 7,81,9 N CAROLINA TENNESSEE 7,116 OKLAHOMA,38 4, S CAROLINA ARKANSAS,317 1,817 ALABAMA 3,78 MISSISSIPPI GEORGIA 15, or more students 1,44 9,634 1, - 15, TEXAS 5, - 1, 3,119 FLORIDA LOUISIANA 1, - 5, 11,76 3,37 less than 1, North Dakota s international student population from Asia has increased by 8% per year since 1-, the fastest growth in the continental US. Chinese and Indian students made up two-thirds of Asian students studying in North Dakota during 11-1. INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS Economic Contribution of Students from Asia (US$ M) State contribution California $1,943 M New York 1,415 Massachusetts 74 Texas 78 Pennsylvania 67 Illinois 648 Indiana 49 Michigan 443 Ohio 43 Washington 39 US Total $14 B Sources: Institute of International Education (IIE) and NAFSA (Association of International Educators). Note: State totals on map do not add up to national total as some students residences are not reported. Top places of origin Asia accounts for six of the ten leading countries of origin of international students in the US STUDENTS, 15, 1, 5, 194,9 157,558 China 1,7 India 7,95 34,139 South Korea Saudi Arabia 6,81 Canada 3,5 Taiwan 19,966 Japan 15,57 Vietnam 13,893 Mexico 11,973 Turkey 13

Milestones in United States-Asia Relations 175 18 185 19 191 19 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 1 1 Asia asia in in America america 198: The State Department establishes what later becomes the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. 1914: Panama Canal opens, providing faster trade route to the Pacific Ocean. 191: The Washington Naval Conference begins in Washington, DC, the first US-organized conference of powers concerned with East Asia and the Pacific. 194: The Immigration Act is passed in the US, prohibiting the immigration of East Asians and Asian Indians. 194: 11, Japanese Americans are relocated by the US government to internment camps for the duration of World War II. 195: The Immigration and Nationality Act is passed in the US, which restricts the immigration of East and Southeast Asians. 1965: The Immigration and Nationality Act abolishes previous national quotas and removes preferences against non-european immigration. 197: President Nixon visits the People s Republic of China. 1989: The Asia- 1993: President Bill Pacific Economic Clinton hosts the first Cooperation Asia-Pacific Economic (APEC) forum is Cooperation (APEC) established. leaders meeting. 1: US exports to Asia surpass US exports to Europe for the first time. china japan korea southeast asia 1784: The New York ship Empress of China arrives in Canton, China, to open trade links between China and the newly independent US. 1853: Japanese depiction of an American warship 1868: The Burlingame Treaty provides for free immigration and most favored nation status between the US and China. 1854: US Commodore Matthew Perry opens Japan to diplomacy and trade. 1871: A US diplomatic naval mission to Korea leads to the Battle of Ganghwa, the first US military action in Korea. 1833: The Roberts Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the US and Siam (Thailand) is signed, the first treaty between the US and an Asian country. 188: US passes the Chinese Exclusion Act, suspending all immigration by Chinese to the US. 1883: Diplomatic relations between the US and Korea are established. 1899-193: The Spanish- American War. The Philippines becomes a US territory. 191: Mayor of Tokyo sends cherry blossom trees to Washington, DC. 1898: Battle of Manila 1919: Woodrow Wilson s ideal of political selfdetermination gives encouragement to Asian antiimperialist leaders at the Paris Peace Conference in Versailles, motivating the May Fourth Movement in China, the March First Movement in Korea, and the Vietnamese revolutionary leader Ho Chí Minh. 194s: Japanese Americans in internment camp during World War II 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. 1941-45: Southeast Asia is a major theater of conflict during the Pacific War. 1943: The Chinese Exclusion Act is repealed. 1945: US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the first wartime use of nuclear weapons. 195: Korean War begins after North Korean troops invade the South and continues until signing of armistice agreement in 1953. 1949: US threat to withdraw vital Marshall Plan funds forces Dutch to recognize Indonesian independence. 1949: The People s Republic of China (PRC) is established. US recognizes Taiwan as the legitimate government of China. 195: Treaty of San Francisco officially ends World War II and brings Japan back into Western bloc. 195: US and the ROK sign a Mutual Defense Treaty 1954: The South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is formed as a bloc against communist gains in Southeast Asia. 1955: Official US military involvement begins in the Vietnam War, lasting almost years. 1955: St. Paul, MN, becomes the sister city of Nagasaki, the first US sister city relationship in Asia. 1971: The US table tennis team visits China, the first US delegation to visit China since 1949. 196: President Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes the first sitting US president to visit South Korea and Asia. 196: Malaysia and Thailand become among the first host countries for US Peace Corps 196: Revised US-Japan Security Treaty goes into effect. 197: President Richard M. Nixon visits the PRC, meeting with Chairman Mao Zedong, beginning the process of normalization of relations. 197: Okinawa is formally returned to Japan, though significant US troop and base presence remains. 1967: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Phillipines, Singapore, and Thailand. 1989: Beijing s Tiananmen Square demonstrations are violently suppressed by Chinese authorities, resulting in hundreds of deaths. 1988: President Ronald Reagan signs an act compensating Japanese-Americans interned during World War II. 1994: US and North Korea sign the Agreed Framework to replace North Korean nuclear plants with light-water reactor power plants. : US grants China Most Favored Nation trading status. 1: 5th Anniversary of the US-Japan Alliance. 3: US, South Korea, China, Russia, 6: and Japan hold the first North Korea Six-Party Talks with conducts its North Korea to end its first nuclear nuclear program. test. 4: Disaster relief in the Indian Ocean President Barack Obama attends the East Asia Summit in November 11. 4: The US-Singapore FTA is implemented, America s first free trade agreement in Asia. 8: China surpasses Japan as largest holder of US Treasuries. 11: US and Japanese military forces conduct Operation Tomodachi (Friendship) to assist after the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. 1: The South Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) comes into effect. 9: US signs the ASEAN Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, allowing it to join the East Asia Summit regional grouping. 9: The first US-ASEAN summit is held. south asia 198: The Great White Fleet 1954: US and Pakistan sign a Mutual Defense Agreement. 1955: Pakistan joins US-sponsored Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), along with Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and the UK. 196: US assists India in the Sino- Indian Border War. 1971: US sends a carrier battle group, headed by the USS Enterprise, toward the Bay of Bengal during the India-Pakistan War of 1971. 1974: India conducts its first nuclear test. US responds with sanctions. 1979: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan prompts the US to begin supplying training and arms to the Afghan mujahedeen. 1998: India and Pakistan conduct nuclear tests. 1999: US presses Pakistan to pull back during Kargil War with India. 8: The US- India Civil Nuclear Agreement goes into effect. australia, new zealnd, pacific islands 1856: US Congress passes the Guano Islands Act, leading to acquisition of unoccupied islands in the Pacific Ocean. 1898: Republic of Hawai i is annexed as a US territory. 198: The US Navy s Great White Fleet stops in Hawai i, New Zealand, and Australia on its voyage around the world. 195: Guam becomes a US territory. 1951: The ANZUS Treaty is signed, establishing a formal trilateral alliance among the US, Australia, and New Zealand. 1975: The Northern Mariana Islands establish a commonwealth with the US. 3: The Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands renew their Compact of Free Association with the US. 5: The Australia-US Free Trade Agreement is implemented, the first free trade agreement with a G country outside of North America. 1: The US and New Zealand sign the Wellington Declaration, reaffirming close ties and outlining future practical cooperation in a number of areas.

18 16% of Americans Studying Abroad Go to Asia The number of Americans studying abroad in Asia has more than doubled in the last decade, from 1,7 in the 1- academic year to 45, in 1-11. About one-third of students go to English speaking countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, but the popularity of other countries, especially China, is growing rapidly. Europe continues to be the leading region of choice for US students studying abroad, but Europe s share has declined to 55% from 63% a decade ago. 5, AFGHANISTAN 8 PAKISTAN 14 US students studying in India have increased by an annual growth rate of 4% per year since 1-. Study Abroad in Asia American students in Asia have increased by nearly 11% since 1-, led by rapid growth to China. BHUTAN 4 MONGOLIA 76 CHINA 14,596 SINGAPORE 715 Indian Ocean Study Abroad in Asia SOUTH KOREA,487 INDONESIA 3 TIMOR-LESTE NORTH KOREA AUSTRALIA 9,736 JAPAN 4,134 NEPAL 1 TAIWAN BURMA/ 814 INDIA MYANMAR HONG KONG 4,345 9 LAOS 1,33 38 THAILAND PHILIPPINES BANGLADESH 1,41 63 158 CAMBODIA 73 VIETNAM PALAU SRI LANKA 881 31 69 BRUNEI 1 MALDIVES MALAYSIA 167 MICRONESIA 58 PAPUA GUINEA China is the most popular destination in Asia for Americans studying abroad, and is the fifth most popular destination in the world (after the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain and France). Nearly five times as many Americans studied in China in 1-11 than in -1, increasing from,94 to 14,596. Pacific Ocean NAURU SOLOMON ISLANDS MARSHALL ISLANDS VANUATU 7 TUVALU FIJI 59 SAMOA 3 TONGA 47 KIRIBATI 4 study abroad 4, China 14,596 STUDENTS 3,, 1, 1- -3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-1 Australia India Japan Southeast Asia New Zealand South Korea Other 9,736 4,345 4,134 4,,9,487,844 1-11 Australia is the sixth most popular destination in the world for Americans studying abroad, and the second most popular in Asia. ZEALAND,9 5 or more students 1-5 5-1 1-5 less than 1 Source: Institute of International Education (IIE) 19

5.6% of the US Population is Asian or Asian American More than 17 million people in the United States identify as Asian or Asian American. From to 1, this population grew faster than any other ethnic group, increasing by 46%, much faster than the total US population, which grew by 1% over the decade. The number of Asians and Asian Americans grew by at least 3% in all states except for Hawai i (11%). WASHINGTON 9 OREGON 4.9 ALASKA 7.1 NEVADA 9 CALIFORNIA 14.9 IDAHO 1.9 UTAH.8 ARIZONA 3.6 MONTANA 1.1 WYOMING 1. COLORADO 3.7 MEXICO Asians and Asian Americans Share of State Population VERMONT HAMPSHIRE 1.7.6 MAINE NORTH DAKOTA MINNESOTA 1.4 1.4 4.7 WISCONSIN YORK SOUTH DAKOTA.7 8. MASSACHUSETTS 6 1.3 MICHIGAN.9 RHODE ISLAND 3.5 PENNSYLVANIA CONNECTICUT 4.4 IOWA NEBRASKA 3..1 JERSEY 9. ILLINOIS INDIANA OHIO.1 WEST DELAWARE 3.8 5. VIRGINIA MARYLAND 6.4.9 VIRGINIA KANSAS MISSOURI KENTUCKY 6.5 D.C. 4.5.9.1 1.4 N CAROLINA TENNESSEE.6 OKLAHOMA 1.8. ARKANSAS S CAROLINA 1.5 1.6 MISSISSIPPI GEORGIA 1% or more 1.1 ALABAMA 3.8 9-1% 1.4 6-9% TEXAS 4.4 LOUISIANA FLORIDA 3-6% 1.9 3 less than 3% of population asians & asian americans Top Ten: Fastest Growing Asian Populations State asians & asian americans, 1 increase from Nevada 4,916 116% HAWAI I 57.4 New York City has the largest Asian and Asian American population of any city in the country with 1.1 million, followed by Los Angeles (484,) and San Jose, California (37,). Arizona 3,97 95% North Carolina 5,585 85% North Dakota 9,193 85% Georgia 365,497 83% New Hampshire 34,5 8% Delaware 33,71 78% Arkansas 44,943 77% Indiana 16,75 74% Texas 1,11,666 7% US Total 17,3,856 46% Asians and Asian Americans make up more than half of the population of Hawai i. Source: US Census Bureau 1 data (individuals self-identifying as either Asian alone or Asian in combination with another race) Asians and Asian Americans by Group POPULATION (in millions) 5 4 3 1 4. Chinese 3.4 Filipino 3.18 Indian 1.74 1.71 Vietnamese Korean 1.3 Japanese.41 Pakistani.8.6 Cambodian Hmong 1.6 Other 1

VISITS (in millions) Visitors from Asia Spend $41 Billion in the US 8.5 million visitors from Asia came to the United States in 11, more than 5% of all overseas visitors. Tourism is one of America s largest exports; accounting for 5% of all services exports, and 7% of total US exports in 11. Travelers from Asia contribute more to the US economy than do visitors from Latin America or the European Union (each spent nearly $38 billion). Japan is the leading Asian country of origin for visitors to the US, but China has recently surpassed Japan as the leading destination in Asia for US travelers. Visits To & From Asia Asia is the second leading source of foreign travelers to the US and in recent years has tied for second as a destination for American travel overseas. 1. 1 1 8 6 4 9 8.5 5.6 3.8 6.1 Visits to US, 11 US Visits Abroad, 1 1.8 1.9 Visitor Spending To & From Asia Country US Revenue from Asia, 11 (US$ B) US Spending in Asia, 11 (US$ B) Japan 14.8 5. China 5..5 Australia 5..5 India 4.4.4 South Korea 3.8 4. Taiwan 1.1.7 Other.9 1.9 New Zealand.8 1. Philippines.7 1.4 Hong Kong.6.5 Singapore.6.6 Thailand.3.7 AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN MALDIVES Air Passengers between US and Asia There were 18.5 million two-way air passengers between the US and Asia, accounting for 16% of all US source or destination air flights. BHUTAN NEPAL MONGOLIA CHINA BANGLADESH INDIA BURMA LAOS SRI LANKA million or more passengers 1 million - million 5, - 1 million 5, - 5, less than 5, SINGAPORE THAILAND CAMBODIA VIETNAM BRUNEI MALAYSIA NORTH KOREA SOUTH JAPAN KOREA TAIWAN HONG KONG PHILIPPINES INDONESIA TIMOR-LESTE AUSTRALIA Pacific Ocean MICRONESIA PALAU PAPUA GUINEA NAURU SOLOMON ISLANDS passengers in millions.1 Pakistan. China 6.8 Japan.9 South Korea.7 India 1.6 Hong Kong 1. Taiwan.1 Thailand.1 Singapore.6 Philippines.1 Micronesia 1.6 Australia.5 New Zealand.1 Fiji VANUATU FIJI TUVALU ZEALAND TRAVEL & TOURISM Western Europe Asia & Pacific South America 1.1 Caribbean.8 Middle East 1..7.7 Central America Eastern Europe.3 Africa.9 Indonesia.3. Malaysia.. Asia Total $41.1 $8.7 Sources: Tourism from US International Trade Administration (excludes Canada and Mexico -- 34.4 million visits to US in 11, and 31.8 million US visits in 1). Flights from US Department of Transportation (twoway T-1 segment). 3

4 85 Sister Partnerships Between the US and Asia Build Civic and People-to-People Relationships The first US sister city partnership in Asia was formed between St. Paul, Minnesota, and Nagasaki, Japan, on December 7, 1955, the fourteenth anniversary of the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Since then, sister cities have engaged in cultural, educational, informational and trade exchanges. In response to the March 11 earthquake and tsunami disasters in Japan, 95 US communities raised $.4 million for affected sister cities and their partners. Sister city partnerships are municipal partnerships between US cities, counties, ports and similar jurisdictions in Asia. There are also 88 sister relationships between US states and provinces/ prefectures across Asia. Many, but not all, sister cities are members of Sister Cities International, which assists in the matching process, and supports new and established sister cities. Most of Michigan s 35 sister city partnerships in Asia are with Japan, due to the 1968 Sister State Agreement with Shiga prefecture. Many partnerships have featured middleschool student exchanges or student artwork swaps. In addition, an annual Goodwill Mission features sightseeing and homestays. Bakersfield, CA, and Bucheon City, South Korea, have a young but active sister city partnership. This relationship was officially signed in 6. Students from both cities have made reciprocal visits, including a Korean dance troupe performance at California State University and a concert by members of the Bakersfield Youth Symphony in Bucheon. WASHINGTON 65 OREGON 33 CALIFORNIA 9 ALASKA 15 NEVADA 7 IDAHO 5 The state of Hawai i maintains 1 sister state relationships with provinces and prefectures in China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and the Philippines. The policy of the state s Office of International Relations is to build active partnerships where economic benefit is co-equal to the historic purposes of friendship, cultural ties, and goodwill. UTAH 3 ARIZONA 14 Sister City and State Partnerships between the US and Asia VERMONT HAMPSHIRE MONTANA MAINE NORTH DAKOTA MINNESOTA 3 6 16 WISCONSIN YORK SOUTH DAKOTA 19 13 MICHIGAN WYOMING 35 PENNSYLVANIA IOWA NEBRASKA 8 14 7 ILLINOIS INDIANA OHIO 7 WEST VIRGINIA COLORADO 18 KANSAS VIRGINIA MISSOURI KENTUCKY 14 7 14 9 N CAROLINA TENNESSEE 7 OKLAHOMA 11 13 S CAROLINA MEXICO ARKANSAS 5 5 MISSISSIPPI GEORGIA ALABAMA 18 18 TEXAS FLORIDA 39 LOUISIANA 8 1 Countries with Most Sister City Partnerships in the US Comparative numbers based on SCI membership; independent partnerships increase the totals beyond those listed below. 15 1 HAWAI I 5 17 146 1 117 MASSACHUSETTS 15 RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT 5 JERSEY 9 DELAWARE MARYLAND 7 D.C. 3 4 or more partnerships 3-4 - 3 1 - - 1 9 SISTER PARTNERSHIPS 5 Source: Sister Cities International (SCI); CLAIR (Japan); individual sister city partnerships. (Note: not all sister cities are affiliated with SCI) Japan Mexico China Germany France 5

6 In US$ Billions Asia s Security Significance for the US is Rising Asia is an area of potential conflict due to territorial disputes, historical animosities and changes in the distribution of power. Asian countries are also emerging (or reemerging) as regional and global powers. They will have a crucial role in meeting such global challenges as equitable economic growth, environmental pollution, pandemic disease, climate change and global governance. The US, with long-standing treaty commitments and new partnerships in Asia, is devoting more attention and resources to Asia. The US is working with regional groupings, including the East Asia Summit (EAS), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to address regional problems. 15 1 5 16.8 Asia 11.4 Africa 9.1 World (Other) 6.4 Middle East 3. Latin America & Caribbean AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN Arabian Sea US ECONOMIC AND MILITARY ASSISTANCE Asia received US$16.8 billion in US foreign assistance in FY11, more than any other region in the world. US Alliances and Military Personnel in Asia.9 Europe Military Assistance Economic Assistance.4.5 North America BHUTAN NEPAL Central Asia MONGOLIA CHINA NORTH KOREA BANGLADESH TAIWAN Pacific Ocean INDIA BURMA US FORCES HONG KONG LAOS Phillippine Sea AFLOAT South 11,5* THAILAND China Sea PHILIPPINES CAMBODIA Bay of Bengal VIETNAM PALAU MICRONESIA SRI LANKA BRUNEI GUAM MALDIVES MALAYSIA 5,65 Indian Ocean SINGAPORE (Strategic Framework Agreement) Sources: US Department of Defense (as of December 31, 1; *March 31, 1);**IISS, The Military Balance 13; US Agency for International Development (USAID) MAP Treaty Allies U.S. troop presence SOUTH KOREA 8,5** Yellow Sea INDONESIA TIMOR- LESTE East China Sea Thailand: In 1833, the United States signed its first treaty in Asia with Thailand, which was then called Siam. The US and Thailand upgraded their defense alliance in November 1 with the 1st Century Security Partnership which supports Thailand s position as a regional leader. Sea of Japan ON ROTATION up to,5 AUSTRALIA JAPAN 5,7 PAPUA GUINEA Tasman Sea HAWAI I 49,5 Japan: The foundation of US security policy in Asia remains its alliance with Japan. The United States and Japan work closely together on a wide range of security issues including nuclear nonproliferation, the Korean Peninsula, freedom of navigation, and a ballistic missile defense system. Korea: The 1953 Mutual Defense Treaty forms the foundation of the Korea-US alliance, which the White House recently characterized as a linchpin of regional stability and prosperity. Dealing with North Korea remains the central challenge facing the alliance. Australia: The alliance between the United States and Australia is based on the 195 Australia, New Zealand, and United States (ANZUS) security treaty. Military personnel from Australia have fought alongside US forces in every major conflict since WWII. In 11, the two countries expanded collaboration on security issues in Asia. ZEALAND Philippines: The Mutual Defense Treaty signed in 1951 forms the basis of the alliance between the United States and the Philippines. The 11 signing of the Manila Declaration and the inaugural United States-Philippines Ministerial Dialogue in 1 laid the groundwork for increased cooperation on issues ranging from counterterrorism to maritime security. Security 7

8 www.asiamattersforamerica.org Funded by the Henry Luce Foundation Publication Design and Illustration Top Shelf Design Washington, DC www.topshelfdesign.net The asia matters for america initiative The Asia Matters for America Initiative AsiaMattersforAmerica.org is an interactive resource for credible and nonpartisan information, graphics, analysis and news on US-Asia Pacific relations at the national, state and local levels. 9

Asia Matters for America / America Matters for Asia Asia Matters for America / America Matters for Asia is an interactive resource for credible and nonpartisan information, graphics, analysis and news on US-Asia Pacific relations at the national, state and local levels. AsiaMattersforAmerica.org The East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding among the people and nations of the United States, Asia, and the Pacific through cooperative study, research, and dialogue. Established by the US Congress in 196, the Center serves as a resource for information and analysis on critical issues of common concern, bringing people together to exchange views, build expertise, and develop policy options. EastWestCenter.org East-West Center in Washington 1819 L St., NW, Suite 6, Washington, DC 36 Tel:.93.3995 Fax:.93.14 Washington@EastWestCenter.org East-West Center headquarters is in Honolulu, Hawai i Main Telephone: 88.944.7111 EastWestCenter.org