Chapter 21-23 Study Guide Chapter 21: The World Economy Chapter 22: The Transformation of the West Chapter 23: The Rise of Russia Short Answer Questions Read chapters 21-23 from your textbook and answer the following questions based on the reading in the space provided. 1. Describe the early European exploration of the world. Characterize the nature of early settlement. 2. What was the nature of the "Colombian Exchange"? 3. The European expansion of the 16th and 17th centuries created an imbalance in world trade. Discuss the emergence of dominant core areas and peripheral dependent zones. 4. Prior to 1600, what areas of the world remained outside the global trading network? What areas were then incorporated into the network after 1600? 1
5. Of all the colonial systems, the Atlantic colonies of North America most fully incorporated Western civilization. In what ways were the Atlantic colonies similar to the West? In what ways did they differ? 6. In what ways was Western Europe in 1750 different from the medieval West? 7. Compare and contrast the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution. 8. In what ways did the commercial revolution of the 16th century change the social structure of the West? 9. How was the absolute monarchy of the 17th century different from the political forms of the Middle Ages? 2
10. How did the Enlightenment effect changes in popular outlook? 11. What was the nature of early Russian expansion under the Ivans? 12. In what way did Peter the Great reform the economy and government of Russia through Westernization? 13. In what ways were the policies of Westernization undertaken by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great more appearance than substance? 14. What were the primary differences by the 18th century between Russia and the West? 3
Create a list of important terms and concepts you will need to know. Chapters 21-23 Term/Name Definition Memory Clue Page# 4
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1. Which of the following statements is true? a. From 1100 European leaders and merchants isolated themselves from the rest of the world. b. From 1100 European leaders and merchants had begun to colonize the Americas. c. From 1100 European leaders and merchants had forged trading links with the Americas. d. From 1100 European leaders and merchants had become increasingly aware of the larger world. 2. What land was claimed for Spain as the result of Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe beginning in 1519? a. Philippines b. New Zealand c. Chile d. Australia 3. Why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern European nations in the later 16th century? a. Spain and Portugal were defeated in a critical war with the Ottoman Empire. b. The Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than their Catholic rivals. c. Famine and disease disastrously reduced the population of the Iberian peninsula after 1588. d. The Spanish defeat of the English Armada cut England off from further advance in Europe and forced English attention to foreign conquest. 4. In what way were the early Dutch and British exploration and trade projects different from those of the Iberian nations? a. The expeditions of Spain and Portugal did not enjoy government support. b. Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the formation of chartered trading companies. c. Dutch and British exploratory expeditions were independent of their respective governments. d. The Dutch and British operated joint explorations in the names of both governments while Portugal and Spain competed in the competition for conquest. 5. As part of the "Colombian Exchange," which of the following was a European contribution to the Americas. a. Bullion b. Raw materials c. Disease d. Corn 6. What was the impact of the introduction of American crops into Europe? a. The introduction of the potato led to major population growth in Europe. b. Fungi introduced to Europe, along with American crops, led to a severe decrease in agricultural productivity. c. Although American crops were introduced around the world by European traders, they were not adopted in Europe itself. d. Plantation agriculture fueled by slave labor became the norm in European agricultural systems. 8
7. Which of the following statements accounts for the Spanish failure to hold a position of dominance in world trade? a. The Spanish withdrew voluntarily from the race for world trade dominance and established a policy of international isolation. b. The Catholic church that dominated Spanish society argued against the establishment of a commercial mentality in Spain. c. Spain's interests were increasingly directed toward the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. d. Spain's internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accommodate the bullion from the new world. 8. What economic policy supplemented the development of colonies, particularly in northern Europe? a. Mercantilism b. Free trade c. Socialism d. Communism 9. Dependence in the world economy and the consequent need to produce unprocessed goods cheaply led to the development of labor systems. a. proletariat b. independent c. coercive d. socialist 10Which of the following statements most. accurately describes the impact of the development of core-dependent economic zones on state formation? a. Forced labor and European influence tended to generate weak governments in dependent regions, while increased trade revenues tended to generate increasing government strength in core states. b. While the profits of global trade tended to strengthen the governments of core regions, the creation of colonies extended powerful governments to dependent zones as well. c. The efforts of international trade tended to enrich private commercial interests but weaken core governments who were unable to tap the wealth. Dependent zone governments, based on company organization, tended to be strong. d. No state government benefited from the creation of core-dependent zones. Neither core regions nor colonies were able to develop strong, centralized governments. 11. Which of the following statements concerning the British policies toward India in the 17th century is most accurate? a. Britain attempted to foster the development of the cotton manufacturing industry in India. b. Britain applied tariffs to destroy the cotton industry in India as a means of protecting the British cloth industry. c. Britain was disinterested in expanding the trade with India. d. The British balance of trade with India in the 17th century remained negative, as Britain was forced to exchange bullion for Indian products. 9
12While it was most common for the. Europeans to establish coastal fortresses in Africa without attempting to claim large territories of their own, Portugal created a more disruptive colony in in search of slaves. a. Cape Colony b. Angola c. the Sudan d. Zimbabwe 13What was a Boer?. a. Dutch farmer b. Indian prince c. British officer d. French citizen 14Why did the southern colonies of the. Atlantic seaboard win importance before those farther north? a. Gold was discovered within the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard. b. The harsh climate of the northern colonies left those regions virtually unsettled. c. Only the southern colonies were able to eliminate the native Indian population. d. Patterns of plantation production of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there. 15Which of the following statements. concerning the interaction of North American colonists with the Indians is most accurate? a. Colonists interacted with Indians, learned from them, and misused them, but did not forge a new cultural amalgam as occurred in much of Latin America. b. Constant warfare between the numerous sedentary agricultural tribes and the European colonists resulted in limited immigration from Europe. c. Rapid intermarriage between Europeans and the Native Americans resulted in the creation of a new class of people, the mestizos, who continued to play a significant role in North American colonial development. d. The occurrence of disease that rapidly decimated the Indian populations of Latin America did not take place in North America, thus Indian populations remained large and intermingled with the European immigrants. 16. Which of the following sequences lists the major developments of Western civilization in proper sequence? a. Protestant Reformation, Renaissance, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment b. Absolute monarchy, Renaissance, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation c. Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment d. Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Enlightenment, absolute monarchy 10
17Which of the following accounts in part. for the decline of the Italian Renaissance ca. 1500? a. Routes through Russia to the East undercut the Italian monopoly of trade. b. The creation of a single nation-state in northern Italy sapped the vitality of artistic patronage. c. French and Spanish monarchs invaded the peninsula, cutting down on political independence. d. Much of Italy was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. 18Which of the following was NOT a. religious proposition advanced by Martin Luther? a. Sale of indulgence, or grants of salvation, for money was wrong b. Only faith could gain salvation c. Monasticism was wrong d. Priests should practice celibacy 19Which of the following statements most. accurately describes the reason why Luther picked up widespread support among the German elite? a. Luther proposed moving the papacy from Rome to Germany. b. Luther's support for a more centralized German government under the control of the Holy Roman Emperor struck a responsive chord in German nationalism. c. German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories. d. Luther proposed that indulgences should be collected by the Holy Roman Emperor instead of the pope. 20Which of the following reasons suggests. why common people supported the Lutheran Reformation? a. Luther advocated the overthrow of the authority of the German princes. b. Lutheranism sanctioned moneymaking and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did traditional Catholicism. c. Luther's reforms meant that indulgences and other ecclesiastical means of salvation would become less expensive and more readily available to the poor. d. Luther advocated redistribution of land and property throughout Germany. 21What was the political impact of. Calvinism? a. Due to the location of the center of Calvinism in Switzerland, most governments that accepted the new religion were city-states. b. Because of the insistence of Calvinism of the acceptance of a single ecclesiastical authority, Calvinism spread rapidly among the absolute monarchies. c. Calvinism was regarded as so potentially revolutionary that it failed to find a foothold outside of Germany. d. Calvinists sought the participation of all believers in church administration, which had the political implications of encouraging the idea of a wider access to government. 22. The religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation led generally to a. the restoration of Catholic unity. b. the establishment of Protestant dominance. c. a limited acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism. d. the end of the involvement of the state in religion. 11
23Which of the following statements most. accurately describes a change in popular mentality as a result of the Protestant Reformation? a. Protestants were more likely to credit miracles or divine interruptions in nature's course. b. Protestant churches, as physical structures, were more closely connected to market activities in the cities, encouraging the idea that religion and daily life were related. c. Protestants and Catholics considered the family in more positive terms not simply as an institution necessary because of human lust. d. Religious change tended to discourage the growth of literacy in the era following the Protestant Reformation. 24Which of the following statements most. accurately summarizes the view of Deists? a. While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion. b. God can be found in all elements of creation, whether plant, animal, or mineral. c. The authority of the church is paramount, and all political power is derived from divine sanction. d. The institutional church has failed Western society, and it is necessary for the reestablishment of the church through new institutions founded by the state. 25How did the Western view of science. compare with that of other civilizations? a. The West was the only civilization to develop scientific and technological expertise. b. In China, science was based on practical, empirical advances. c. The West was not alone in developing crucial scientific data, but its thinkers were the only ones to see science in broader philosophical terms as central to intellectual life. d. Islam remained vastly ahead of the West in terms of scientific knowledge, despite the clear advances made during the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. 26Adam Smith's economic theory. advocated a. government intervention in order to control the flow of bullion through extensive tariff systems. b. the use of a controlled money supply as a means of limiting inflation. c. that governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces. d. the institution of state-controlled guilds to fix standards of production and wages. 27. How did agriculture change in the late 17th century? a. Western Europe continued to rely largely on the methods and techniques characteristic of the Middle Ages. b. Tomatoes were introduced from the Americas and rapidly became a major food source in western Europe. c. The practice of fallowing was introduced to restore fertility of fields. d. New technology and better stockbreeding methods resulted in higher productivity. 12
28Which of the following statements. concerning mid-18th century Western society is most accurate? a. Agricultural changes, commercialism, and manufacturing had combined to produce a rapidly growing population in the West. b. Radical changes in the nature of government resulted in the creation of essentially new political forms. c. As a result of the Enlightenment, established churches no longer were forces to be reckoned with in Western society. d. The spread of domestic manufacturing destroyed the traditional habits and family patterns of earlier Europe. 29What was the state of the Russian. economy immediately after the expulsion of the Mongols in the 15th century? a. Russia was already a dependent region within the global economy dominated by the West. b. Fueled by the establishment of the Tartar trade routes with the East, Russia had developed a significant export trade and merchant class. c. Russia had become a more purely agricultural economy, dependent on peasant labor. d. Russia's economic ties were almost exclusively with the Ottoman Empire and hence with Africa. 30Why did the Russian expansion policy. focus particularly on central Asia? a. The Russians wished to seize control of the trade routes with China. b. Most of the Russian population remained ethnically Mongol with clear cultural ties to central Asia. c. There were natural barriers to westward expansion. d. The Russians were motivated by a desire to push the former Mongol overlords farther back to prevent renewed invasion. 31Politically, what aspects of Western. culture did Peter the Great emulate in Russia? a. Parliamentary government b. Aristocratic control of the bureaucracy c. Streamlined bureaucracy and reorganized military d. Republicanism 32Which of the following was NOT one of. Peter the Great's political reforms? a. Improved military weaponry b. Elimination of noble councils c. Reduction of taxes on the peasantry d. Systemization of law codes 33What was the purpose of Peter the Great's. policy of economic development? a. To create a free working class devoted to industry rather than agriculture b. To create a wealthy merchant class capable of financing further expansion c. To raise the standard of living of all Russians d. To avoid the need of importing military armaments 34. What was Catherine the Great's attitude toward the program of Westernization? a. Catherine flirted vigorously with the ideas of the French Enlightenment, but failed to take steps to abolish serfdom. b. Catherine rejected the concepts of Westernization in favor of a distinctive Russian culture. c. Catherine earned the title of Enlightened Monarch by fully embracing the ideas of the French Enlightenment, including the abolition of the serfs. d. Catherine was eager to continue the policy of Westernization, but was unable to attract Western philosophers to backward Russia. 13
35What was the relationship between. Catherine the Great's government and local administration? a. The government established by Catherine the Great exercised exclusive control over both central and local government. b. The tsarist government combined a real monopoly of formal politics by a central administration, but over nobleowned estates the power of the government was nonexistent. c. The powers of the government were exercised almost entirely by the nobility and little formal authority was exercised by the central administration. d. Under Catherine the Great, there was little central authority, but village governments under the jurisdiction of peasant headmen continued to function. 36What was one of the primary differences. between the social organization of the West and Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries? a. Russia's merchant class was more fully developed than that of the West. b. The West had no formal aristocracy by the 18th century, but in Russia the nobility retained their political and social function. c. Russia saw a progressive intensification of serfdom while the West was relaxing this institution in favor of other labor systems. d. The agricultural labor of the West was subject to a more restrictive form of serfdom than that of Russia. 37The development of coercive labor. systems in eastern Europe was indicative of a. Russia's economic dominance over Asian trade. b. eastern Europe's growing economic subordination to the West. c. the creation of a core economic zone in Russia. d. the development of industrial strength in the region. 38Compared to Western governments, how. great a role did the Russian government play in economic development? a. Because of the absence of a merchant class, the Russian government played a greater role than was common in Western states. b. Like the West, the government's role in the economy was largely restricted to establishing tariffs and protective measures for domestic industries. c. Because of the dependent nature of the Russian economy, the government played a relatively less significant role in economic development. d. The Russian government had no role in economic development, a task they abandoned to foreign investors. 39What percentage of the Russian. population remained rural in the 18th century? a. 95 percent b. 75 percent c. 60 percent d. 50 percent 40. A substantial merchant class in Russia during the 18th century a. was restricted to the cities of Moscow, Novgorod, and St. Petersburg. b. sprang from peasant origins. c. emerged among the lesser nobility within the Russian cities. d. failed to develop. 14