Contents Foreword.......................... xiii Preface........................... xv Introduction.........................xvii Flags and Emblems..................... xix National Anthem and Participants to the First Ministers Constitutional Conference.........xxviii Fathers of Confederation................. xxix Prime Ministers of Canada................ xxxi Governors General of Canada.............. xxxiv Maps............................ xxxvi Chapter 1 One of the Best Countries on Earth............... 1 Against Formidable Odds.....................1 An Overwhelming Landscape: The Geography of Canada.....8 Canada s Political System.................... 13 Canada s Economy....................... 16 The Peoples of Canada..................... 18 Canada in a New Century: A Product of Its Past......... 20 Chapter 2 Native Peoples, Europeans, and a Clash of Cultures (Prehistory 1663).................23 Canada Before the Contact Period................ 23 Migration of Native Peoples to Canada............. 26 Native Groups, Economies, and Cultures............ 27
Norsemen: Exploration and Settlement............. 30 The New World: Early Exploration............... 31 Cartier s Voyages: An Attempted French Foothold........ 32 Champlain and the Establishment of New France........ 34 Acadia: Early French-English Rivalry in Canada......... 37 A European Foothold in the New World............ 38 The French Design for the New World............. 39 New France to 1663...................... 40 New France by 1663...................... 42 Chapter 3 The Age of New France (1663 1763)..............45 The Rise and Fall of New France................ 45 Royal Control and Governance................. 47 The Peoples of New France................... 49 The Seigneurial System..................... 50 The Fur Trade......................... 52 Towns and Trade........................ 54 New France Before the Conquest: A Distinctive Society..... 55 Contest for the Continent.................... 55 New France: Strengths and Weaknesses............. 56 Colonial Wars to the Conquest................. 57 The Seven Years War and the Conquest............ 59 The Acadian Expulsion..................... 60 The Conquest.......................... 62 The Conquest s Impact..................... 63 New France Becomes Quebec.................. 65 Chapter 4 British North America (1763 1850s)..............67 Britain at the Helm....................... 67 The Quebec Experiment..................... 69 The American Revolution.................... 70 The Arrival of the Loyalists................... 72 British North America at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century.. 73 The War of 1812........................ 75 Rebellions in the Canadas.................... 78 Life in British North America.................. 81
Boundary Issues and Trade with the United States........ 86 British North America at Midcentury.............. 88 Chapter 5 Confederation and National Expansion (1850s 1890s)......89 A Critical Juncture....................... 89 The Impulse for Confederation................. 91 The British North America Act: A Constitution for a Dominion. 97 Challenges for a New Dominion............... 100 Western Expansion...................... 102 Politics, The Economy, and International Affairs........ 107 Late Nineteenth-Century Canada: A Nation of Contrasts... 110 Chapter 6 A New Century (1890s 1929)................ 113 Canada s Century?...................... 113 Conservatives and Liberals.................. 115 Immigration and Western Expansion............. 117 Canada and the British Empire................ 119 Canada and the United States................. 120 Canada and the Great War.................. 122 Women and the Vote..................... 128 Canada in the Twenties: Roaring or Whimpering?....... 129 Workers and the Economy.................. 132 Canadian Culture in the 1920s................ 134 Canada and the Triangle in the Postwar Era.......... 135 Canada Through War and Peace............... 136 Chapter 7 Trial of Nationhood: The Great Depression and the War (1929 1945)................... 139 Canada Comes of Age.................... 139 A Global Depression..................... 141 Governmental Responses to the Depression.......... 143 The Human Dimension of the Great Depression........ 146 Political Storms: Left, Right, and Center............ 148 Another Global Conflict................... 151 Canada at War........................ 154
The Home Front....................... 157 Canada in the Immediate Postwar World........... 162 Chapter 8 Cold War Canada (1945 1960s)............... 163 A New World........................ 163 Political Changes in the Late 1940s.............. 165 1949: A Remarkable Year................... 166 The Postwar Economy.................... 166 Politics: Liberal Style..................... 168 The Conservative Plan: Diefenbaker s One Canada...... 169 The Middle Power Ideal.................... 171 Korean War......................... 172 Suez and Peacekeeping.................... 173 Continental Defense and Relations with the United States... 174 Life in Cold War Canada................... 176 A Quiet Revolution?.................... 180 Canada in the Mid-1960s: A Tumultuous Time........ 184 Chapter 9 One Nation or Two? (1960s 1984).............. 187 Competing Nationalisms................... 187 The Liberals and the Social State............... 189 Canadian Nationalism Triumphant.............. 191 Bilateralism or Multilateralism?................ 193 Trudeaumania........................ 195 Trudeau s Foreign Policy................... 197 Quebec and the Question of Sovereignty............ 198 The Parti Québécois and Sovereignty-Association....... 200 Trudeau s Travails and the Clark Interlude.......... 202 Quebec s 1980 Referendum.................. 203 A New Constitution..................... 205 Constitution Act (1982).................... 206 The Close of the Liberal Era................. 208 The End of Cold War Canada?................ 209
Chapter 10 Late Twentieth-Century Canada (1984 2000)......... 211 The Challenges of Nationhood................ 211 The Conservative Impulse................... 213 A Distinct Society?...................... 214 Going with the Flow: Free Trade............... 216 Canada and the World at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century 218 Canada and the United States: Defense and Sovereignty Issues. 220 Canada s Complex Face.................... 222 Chrétien and the Return of the Liberals............ 226 Quebec and the Question of Sovereignty............ 227 Western Thunder: the Reform Movement........... 229 Canada s Regions and Provinces at the Century s End..... 230 Canadians Look to a New Century.............. 232 Chapter 11 Contemporary Canada (2001 2010)............. 235 Canadians Greet a New Century............... 235 The Nuances of Modern Politics............... 237 The Cycles of Capitalism and Trade in a New Century.... 242 A Foreign Policy in the Post Cold War Era.......... 246 Canadian Citizens Exercise their Rights............ 256 Contemporary Canadian Culture............... 258 Canada and the Twenty-First Century............. 260 Notable People in the History of Canada.......... 263 Timeline of Historical Events................ 279 Primary Documents..................... 285 Bibliographic Essay..................... 401 Index............................ 405