IT S STORY TIME! UNIT 4 AMERICAN IMPERIALISM 1872-1912 Part 1 The Imperialist Vision Part 2 The Spanish-American War Part 3 New American Diplomacy
AMERICAN DIPLOMACY in ASIA
Each LEASEHOLD became center of country s SPHERE of INFLUENCE = an AREA where a FOREIGN NATION controlled ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT such as RAILROAD BUILDING, MINING, & other KEY INDUSTRIES
was IMPORTANT to the UNITED STATES = By the early 1900 s, TRADE with CHINA because U.S BUSINESSES wanted to EXPORT GOODS to CHINA, a HUGE MARKET. Q-25
So we can say that the = GROWTH of U.S. MANUFACTURING affected our country s INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS during the late 1800 s because. increasing DEMAND for MARKETS contributed to SUPPORT for OPEN DOOR POLICY in CHINA Q-26
ANTI-IMPERIALIST CARTOON TAKING OUR PLACE AMONG THE NATIONS
OPEN DOOR POLICY = 1899 supported by both Pres. McKINLEY & Sec. of State John HAY = to further U.S. TRADE interests 1 st instituted in = CHINA
In 1899, the U.S. declared an OPEN DOOR POLICY (aka OPEN DOOR NOTES) which reflected the IDEA that = ALL COUNTRIES should have EQUAL TRADING RIGHTS in CHINA Q-27
OPEN DOOR POLICY
OPEN DOOR policy reflected 3 deeply held AMERICAN BELIEFS GROWTH of U.S. ECONOMY depended on EXPORTS U.S. had RIGHT to INTERVENE ABROAD to KEEP FOREIGN MARKETS OPEN FEAR that CLOSING of AREA to AMERICAN PRODUCTS, CITIZENS or IDEAS threatened U.S. SURVIVAL
Q-28,Q-29 BOXER REBELLION CHINESE REVOLUTIONARIES NATIONALISTS = BOXERS attempt to remove FOREIGN INFLUENCE from CHINA TARGETED: *Chinese Christians *Missionaries *Foreign Businessmen
The CHINESE PEOPLE react to IMPERIALISM BOXER SOLDIER Boxer rebel BOXER TROOPS entered the foreign-held PEKING (Beijing)
BOXER REBELLION = MAP illustrates BOXER s RESENTMENT against RUSSIAN, BRITISH, JAPANESE & AMERICAN INCURSIONS in CHINA
An INTERNATIONAL FORCE retaliated & seized control of PEKING Several WESTERN COUNTRIES sent troops to CHINA, such as U.S., JAPAN, RUSSIA, GERMANY, AUSTRIA, FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN.
BOXER REBELLION
BEAR = RUSSIA, EAGLE = U.S., LION = ENGLAND, OTHER ANIMALS = ITALY, JAPAN, & FRANCE.
CHINA The POWERS CELEBRATING the FALL of PEKING was forced to pay REPARATIONS to FOREIGN INVADERS of CHINA for damages the BOXERS did to FOREIGNERS PROPERTY in the SPHERES of INFLUENCE France Germany Italy Russia Britain U.S. REPARATIONS = money for war damages. = what winning nations make losing nations pay for damages during the war.
WHO are the LAND GRABBERS? WHY do you think UNCLE SAM is trying to STOP THEM?
During the BOXER CRISIS, Sec. of State John HAYS & Q-30 BRITISH LEADERS worked to persuade EUROPEAN NATIONS NOT to use BOXER REBELLION as a EXCUSE to PARTITION CHINA. As RESULT of 1900 BOXER REBELLION, the U.S issued = 2 nd set of OPEN NOTES U.S. would safeguard for the world the principle of equal & impartial trade with all parts of the CHINESE EMPIRE.
The MAIN PURPOSE of the OPEN DOOR POLICY (aka OPEN DOOR NOTES) was to = protect U.S. INTERESTS in CHINA by securing EQUAL ACCESS to its MARKETS Q-31
1 LASTING EFFECT of the U.S. OPEN DOOR POLICY CHINA in was that it = set a PRECEDENT for continuing U.S. INVOLVEMENT in ASIA! Q-32
THEODORE ROOSEVELT s RISE to POWER
Theodore ROOSEVELT s EXPLOITS during the SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR had made him FAMOUS = enabled ROOSEVELT to win ELECTION for GOVERNOR of NEW YORK in 1898 REFORM GOVERNOR = as committed PROGRESSIVE believed GOVERN. should actively balance the needs of competing groups. We draw the line against MISCONDUCT, NOT against WEALTH!
Q-33 REPUBLICAN LEADERS chose Theodore ROOSEVELT as PRES. McKINLEY s running mate in the ELECTION of 1900 because they = knew his heroic WAR RECORD would be a great ASSET & hoped that the relatively POWERLESS POSITION of VICE-PRESIDENT would QUIET his REFORM-MINDED SPIRIT
McKINLEY s RE-ELECTION in 1900 seemed to indicate = many AMERICANS favored IMPERIALIST policies
SEPT. 1901- Barely served 6 months of 2 nd TERM McKINLEY assassinated! that damned COWBOY = now PRESIDENT of U.S.
ROOSEVELT REVIVES the PRESIDENCY In DOMESTIC AFFAIRS, Pres. Theodore ROOSEVELT is considered to be a committed PROGRESSIVE! = as committed PROGRESSIVE believed GOVERNMENT should actively balance the needs of competing groups. We draw the line against MISCONDUCT, NOT against WEALTH! In INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, Pres. Theodore ROOSEVELT is considered to be a SOCIAL DARWINIST = believed U.S. was in COMPETITION w-other NATIONS of world & that only the FITTEST would SURVIVE!
Theodore ROOSEVELT; ROUGH RIDERS returning home, INAUGURAL PARADE & REPUBLICAN PROGRESSIVISM
SPEAK SOFTLY & CARRY BIG STICK; YOU WILL GO FAR -West African proverb = FOREIGN POLICY STATEMENT 1901 SPEECH - MINNESOTA STATE FAIR
Big stick diplomacy President Theodore Roosevelt We have become a great nation, forced by the fact of its greatness into relations with the other nations of the earth, and we must behave as beseems a people with such responsibilities. We must show not only in our words, but in our deeds, that we are earnestly desirous of securing their good will by acting toward them in a spirit of just and generous recognition of all their rights. But justice and generosity in a nation, as in an individual, count most when shown not by the weak but by the strong. No weak nation that acts manfully and justly should ever have cause to fear us, and no strong power should ever be able to single us out as a subject for insolent aggression. Roosevelt, 1905
= & As PRESIDENT, Theodore ROOSEVELT supported the OPEN DOOR policy worked to PREVENT any single NATION from MONOPOLIZING TRADE in CHINA!
Q-34 RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR = fought over CONTROL of KOREA
JAPANESE were winning the WAR BUT asked AMERICANS to mediate WHY? = because WAR was costing JAPAN too much $$$
Let s REVIEW 3 CONFLICTS in which U.S. MILITARY TROOPS WERE INVOLVED 1893 HAWAIIAN REVOLUTION 1898 WAR for CUBAN INDEPENDENCE 1900 BOXER REBELLION 1 CONFLICT in which the U.S. MILITARY was NOT INVOLVED 1905 RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR Q-35
Q-36 Theodore ROOSEVELT negotiated END to RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR = won 1906 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
= the GREAT WHITE FLEET 16 gleaming white BATTLESHIPS sent on GOODWILL TOUR around the WORLD in 1907 by Pres. ROOSEVELT to demonstrate U.S. NAVAL POWER
Q-37 Pres. ROOSEVELT s decision to send the GREAT WHITE FLEET on a WORLD TOUR in 1907 is considered to be an EXAMPLE of his = BIG STICK POLICY
A GROWING PRESENCE in the CARIBBEAN Pres. ROOSEVELT believed in a strong GLOBAL MILITARY PRESENCE
In INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Pres. Theodore ROOSEVELT was = a SOCIAL DARWINIST SURVIVAL of the FITTEST believed U.S. was in COMPETITION w-other NATIONS of world & that only the FITTEST would SURVIVE! Q-38
ROOSEVELT s POLICY SPEAKING SOFTLY & CARRYING A BIG STICK = of enabled the U.S. to become a Q-39 WORLD POWER
ROOSEVELT s SPEAK SOFTLY & CARRY A BIG STICK POLICY relied on the U.S. having = Q-40 a STRONG NAVY
= Pres. Theodore ROOSEVELT s FOREIGN POLICY DIRECTIVES led to the INDEPENDENCE of PANAMA & BUILDING of the PANAMA CANAL Q-41
MAIN REASON U.S. pursued building a CANAL across CENTRAL AMERICA in early 1900 s was to = improve AMERICA s WORLDWIDE TRADE & MILITARY ABILITIES Q-42
U.S. supported a REVOLUTION in PANAMA at turn of 20 th -century in order to = SECURE the RIGHT to build a CANAL through CENTRAL AMERICA the PANAMA CANAL Q-43 NOTE PANAMA was still part of COLOMBIA in 1903. COLOMBIAN GOV. had refused U.S. OFFER of $10 million + yearly rent of $250,000. Only way to get CANAL built was for PANAMANIANS to declare INDEPENDENCE & make their OWN DEAL w-u.s. When PANAMANIANS revolted on Nov. 3, 1903, Pres.ROOSEVELT sent ships to PANAMA to prevent COLOMBIAN INTERFERENCE
2 POLITICAL CARTOONS regarding COLOMBIA s REFUSAL to ACCEPT TR s OFFER of $10 MILLION for a CANAL ZONE
ROOSEVELT s SOLUTION = SUPPORT a PANAMANIAN REVOLUTION
Most AMERICANS approved of Pres. ROOSEVELT s actions CANAL vital to = = NATIONAL SECURITY PROSPERITY in PANAMA 2 years after leaving office, ROOSEVELT gave a SPEECH at UNIVERSITY of BERKELEY in which he justified his methods If I had followed traditional, conservative methods I would have submitted a dignified State paper of probably 200 pages to Congress and the debates on it would have been going on yet; but I took the Canal Zone and let the Congress debate; and while the debate goes on the canal does also.
THE MAN WHO CAN MAKE THE DIRT FLY
1904 WORK BEGINS on PANAMA CANAL
In CUBA, Dr. GORGAS learned YELLOW FEVER was transmitted through mosquitoes. His discovery allowed the CANAL to be built. William C. GORGAS 1905 fumigation car eradicating mosquitoes 1905 Yellow Fever Quarantine Station
Construction of the canal
PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT visits the CANAL CONSTRUCTION SITE in 1906
LOCKS PANAMA CANAL
Mira Flores, Panama
CONSTRUCTING the CANAL = more than 5,000 workers died = Total cost $380 million
PANAMA CANAL opens - 1914
Panama canal today
Q-44 The BUILDING of the PANAMA CANAL had an EFFECT on RELATIONS between the U.S. & LATIN AMERICA in that LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES = were ANGRY at U.S. for its ROLE in the PANAMA REVOLUTION
TEDDY ROOSEVELT = determined to make U.S. PREDOMINANT POWER in CARIBBEAN & CENTRAL AMERICA
FINANCIAL FACTORS drew U.S. into LATIN AMERICAN AFFAIRS Late 1800 s, many LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES = borrowed huge sums $ from EUROPEAN BANKS to build RAILROADS & develop INDUSTRY. ROOSEVELT feared, if LATIN AMERICAN NATIONS DEFAULTED on LOANS = EUROPEANS might INTERFERE in WESTERN HEMISPHERE
UNCLE SAM GETS COCKY, 1901 = U.S. relies on MONROE DOCTRINE to block EUROPEAN INVOLVEMENT in LATIN AMERICA
UNCLE SAM GETS COCKY 1901 AMERICAN POLICY toward LATIN AMERICA grew more ASSERTIVE, even AGGRESSIVE, alarming both LATIN AMERICANS & EUROPEANS. EUROPEAN CHICKENS complain to GIANT UNCLE SAM = you re NOT the only rooster in SOUTH AMERICA. To which UNCLE SAM replies = I was aware of that when I cooped you up! (with the MONROE DOCTRINE) The LATIN REPUBLICS themselves, meanwhile = dwarfed by AMERICAN ROOSTER.
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1904 1) built upon MONROE DOCTRINE 2) 3) discourage EUROPEAN NATIONS from INTERFERING in WESTERN HEMISPHERE meant to warned that DISORDER in LATIN AMERICA to the exercise of an might force the U.S. INTERNATIONAL POLICE POWER in order to protect U.S. ECONOMIC INTERESTS Q-45
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY to the MONROE DOCTRINE 1904 It must be understood that under no circumstances will the United States use the Monroe Doctrine as a cloak for territorial aggression. We desire peace with all the world, but perhaps most of all with the other peoples of the American continent It is always possible that wrong actions toward this nation may result in our having to take action to protect our rights; but such action will not be taken with a view to territorial aggression.
The ROOSEVELT COROLLARY to the MONROE DOCTRINE established AMERICA s RIGHT to = use the U.S. MILITARY to intervene in the AFFAIRS of LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES Q-46
To protect U.S. INTERESTS in LATIN AMERICA & elsewhere, Pres. ROOSEVELT announced that the U.S. could ACT as = an INTERNATIONAL POLICE POWER Q-47
THE WORLD CONSTABLE
THEODORE ROOSEVELT & his BIG STICK in the CARIBBEAN 1904 = ROOSEVELT s policies seem to be turning the CARIBBEAN into a YANKEE POND
POLITICAL Q-48 CARTOON represents Pres. Theodore ROOSEVELT s = BELIEF that the U.S. had the RIGHT to INTERVENE in LATIN AMERICAN AFFAIRS
What INTERNATIONAL ROLE did ROOSEVELT ENVISION for the UNITED STATES?
ALL of the following represent Q-49 ROOSEVELT s BIG STICK POLICY 1903,support of PANAMANIAN INDEPENDENCE 1904,construction of PANAMA CANAL begins 1904,COROLLARY extending MONROE DOCTRINE 1907,WORLD TOUR of GREAT WHITE FLEET NOTE Pres. ROOSEVELT s NEGOTIATION of the 1905 PEACE SETTLEMENT between JAPAN & RUSSIA was NOT an example of his BIG STICK POLICY!
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY PRES. TAFT s FOREIGN POLICY using U.S. GOVERNMENT to guarantee LOANS made to FOREIGN COUNTRIES by AMERICAN BUSINESSMEN
Dollar diplomacy President William Howard Taft The diplomacy of the present administration has sought to respond to modern ideas of commercial intercourse. This policy has been characterized as substituting dollars for bullets. It is one that appeals alike to idealistic humanitarian sentiments, to the dictates of sound policy and strategy, and to legitimate commercial aims. It is an effort frankly directed to the increase of American trade upon the axiomatic principle that the government of the United States shall extend all proper support to every legitimate and beneficial American enterprise abroad. Taft, 1912
TAFT s FOREIGN POLICY of DOLLAR DIPLOMACY = exerting ECONOMIC INFLUENCE rather than MILITARY FORCE in LATIN AMERICAN countries Q-50
TAFT s FOREIGN POLICY of DOLLAR DIPLOMACY refers to AMERICA s = USE of FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS to secure U.S. BUSINESS INTERESTS Q-51 in LATIN AMERICA
The INTENT of PRES. TAFT s DOLLAR DIPLOMACY was that the U.S. would = INVEST AMERICAN MONEY in Q-52 FOREIGN COUNTRIES
ROOSEVELT s BIG STICK DIPLOMACY & TAFT s DOLLAR DIPLOMACY were BOTH intended to = protect BUSINESS INTERESTS in LATIN AMERICA Q-53
In 1917, the U.S. bought the VIRGIN ISLANDS for a = COALING (REFUELING) STATION for MERCHANT & WAR SHIPS
Frequent intervention by the U.S. in AFFAIRS of LATIN AMERICAN countries = left LEGACY of ILL WILL & DISTRUST of U.S. throughout LATIN AMERICA
FOREIGN POLICY GOALS achieved by the U.S. in the early 20 th -century Q-54 expanded its ACCESS to FOREIGN MARKETS in order to ensure the continued GROWTH of DOMESTIC INDUSTRY built a MODERN NAVY to protect U.S. INTERESTS ABROAD built PANAMA CANAL to provide easier access between AMERICA s EAST (Atlantic) & WEST (Pacific) COAST used AMERICAN INVESTMENTS to influence LATIN AMERICA GOVERNMENTS exercised its INTERNATIONAL POLICE POWER to ensure AMERICAN DOMINANCE in LATIN AMERICA
The ACTIONS taken & DECISIONS made by Pres. s McKINLEY, ROOSEVELT & TAFT to PROTECT U.S. INTERESTS OVERSEAS = affected the POLITICS of FOREIGN NATIONS & influenced FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS throughout the WORLD Q-55