Rise of Popular Politics Chapter 10 A Democratic Revolution New Democracy franchise 1810s many states: all white men only place in world laborers, small farmers new western states Republican Candidates Election of 1824 John Quincy Adams Sec. of State MA William H. Crawford Sec. of Treasury GA Henry Clay Speaker of the House KY 1
Andrew Jackson Senator TN John C. Calhoun Sec. of War SC dropped out supported Jackson Advantages Adams successful Sec. of State New England votes Clay American System 1816 support from West Advantages Crawford support from South opposed Am. System Jackson war hero plain, solid Republican Results Jackson 99 votes Adams 84 votes Crawford 41 votes Clay 37 votes 2
House Decision Top 3 candidates Crawford had a stroke Jackson vs. Adams Corrupt Bargain Clay Speaker of House hated Jackson supported Adams Adams-Clay meeting Adams won vote Clay becomes Sec. of State Duel vs. Duel John Randolph publicly attacked Clay/Adams alliance Clay challenged him to a duel no bloodshed no formal proof of bargain Adams Presidency national university in DC observatory uniform weights & measures supported American System little support from South, others little approved by Congress Death of Revolutionaries July 4, 1826 Thomas Jefferson John Adams Thomas Jefferson still survives 3
Tariff Battle 1824 35% protect N. England mfg. / textiles 1828 45-50% raw materials, textiles, iron goods Tariff of Abominations South hated 1828 tariff $100 million / year blamed Adams Adams Lost Support 1828 tariff Indian policies GA Creeks out-of-date political style no patronage Election of 1828 Adams National Republican Jackson Old Hickory Democrats Mudslinging Revolution of 1828 1824 25% of eligible voters 1828 over 50% of voters Jackson won support from West, South common people snobs to the mobs 4
Jackson grew up in Carolinas moved to TN war hero 1 st President from the West Jackson s Gov t White House brawl opposed American System increased Presidential power Kitchen Cabinet unofficial spoils system rotation in office patronage loyalty to party dismissed 1/5 of public officials corruption Jackson fights American System internal improvements vetoed 4 bills tariff bank debate Sectional Controversy Webster-Hayne Debate 1830 debate began over western expansion Senate Debate 5
Hayne Robert Hayne - SC condemned New England supported nullification states rights Daniel Webster - NH Webster defended New England condemned nullification Impact of Debate both viewed as victor Webster s reply published school readers Jackson supported Union Tariff Debate Southern fears interference with slavery states rights Effects on South artificial inflation reduced trade / cotton South s Response attacked the tariff 1832 slightly reduced tariff South Carolina Exposition John C. Calhoun (VP) nullification of 1828, 1832 tariffs Jackson s Response nullification was unconstitutional Force Bill 1833 use force against SC if needed Bloody Bill 6
Bank War Tariff of 1833 compromise Henry Clay reduce tariff over 8 years 1816 level SC repealed nullification nullified the Force Bill 2 nd Bank of US kept banks sound shut down reckless banks 1836 charter to expire Nicholas Biddle Czar Nicholas loans to friends corruption financially sound; promoted expansion Clay, Webster - recharter in 1832 to help win election Jackson vetoed bill as expected unconstitutional dangerous to liberties anti-american Election of 1832 Democrats Jackson Nat. Rep. Clay Anti-Masonic Wm. Wirt Jackson won 219 to 49 more widespread support 7
Bank Destroyed Sec. of Treasury Roger Taney withdrew specie from 2 nd BUS deposited in pet banks 1836 Specie Circular 1836 bank died 5 Civilized Tribes Indian Affairs assimilation adopted US lifestyle Cherokee Tribe Georgia Sequoyah writing system in 1821 1827 written constitution plantations with slaves GA gov t revoked rights and gov t S. Court addressed Indian rights 3 times (ignored by GA) Worcester v. Georgia - 1832 states have NO authority over Indian affairs Jackson ignored S. Court removed fed. troops protection 1830 Indian Removal Act all east of MS transplanted OK, KS 8
Resistance Sauk, Fox (IL, WI) led by Black Hawk rebellion crushed in 1832 Seminole (FL) Everglades 7 years led by Osceola some never left FL 1838 Forced removal of Cherokee 1200 miles 4000 died Trail of Tears Chief Justice Roger Taney replaced Marshall partially reversed many Marshall decisions more powers to states Whig Party 1834 opposition to King Andrew I based on British party led by Clay and Webster 9
Diverse Group supporters of Am. System states rights supporters industrialists, merchants evangelical Protestants former Anti-Masons Democrats Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren hand-picked successor The gov t is best which governs least Whigs 4 candidates William Henry Harrison most prominent war hero Results Van Buren won 170 to 73 Whigs won 49% of popular vote showed popularity 10
Panic of 1837 2 prominent British banks failed recalled American loans drained gold and silver from US speculation Bank War Factories closed banks failed deep recession Whigs proposed: Results bank credit, higher tariffs, internal improvements Divorce Bill Independent Treasury 1840 Van Buren actually delayed recovery Labor Movement Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842 MA right to form unions Van Buren 10 hour workday fed. employees Whigs Election of 1840 William Henry Harrison Tippecanoe and Tyler Too Am. System 11
Democrats Martin Van Buren hurt by recession Log Cabin Campaign public campaigns parades, mass meetings Van Buren portrayed as fancy aristocrat Harrison log cabins and hard cider Results Women more involved 80% voter turnout Harrison won 53% of popular vote 234 to 60 Electoral vote Whig majority in Congress Short Term President Harrison died of pneumonia 1 month after inauguration Tyler took over Tyler s Rule Democrat opposed Jackson vetoed Whig bills tariff and bank cabinet resigned expelled from Whig Party 12