INSTITUTIONAL DYNAMICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

INSTITUTIONAL DYNAMICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

ENVIRONMENT & POLICY VOLUME 47 The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

Institutional Dynamics in Environmental Governance Edited by Bas Arts Wageningen University, The Netherlands and Pieter Leroy Nijmegen University, The Netherlands

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-5078-X (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5078-7 (HB) ISBN-10 1-4020-5079-8 (e-book) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5079-4 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com cover photograph Cohen Floch Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Dedication page The book editors would like to thank the authors for investing intellect, creativity and time into this volume, the Springer editor Esther Verdries for a smooth cooperation, Lieke Michiels van Kessenich for formatting the manuscript, Edwin Beschler for language editing and an anonymous referee for the feedback and recommendation to Springer.

Contents About the Authors ix List of Tables xi List of Figures xiii Chapter 1 Institutional Dynamics in Environmental Governance 1 Pieter Leroy and Bas Arts Chapter 2 Political Modernisation 21 Bas Arts and Jan van Tatenhove Chapter 3 The Dynamics of Policy Arrangements: Turning Round the Tetrahedron 45 Duncan Liefferink Chapter 4 The Governance Capacity of (new) Policy Arrangements: A Reflexive Approach 69 Bas Arts and Henri Goverde Chapter 5 The Institutional Dynamics of Water Management in the Low Countries 93 Mark Wiering and Ann Crabbé Chapter 6 High Noon in the Low Countries: Recent Nature Policy Dynamics in the Netherlands and in Flanders 115 Dirk Bogaert and Jaap Gersie Chapter 7 Dynamics in Nature Policy Practices Across the European Union 139 Mariëlle van der Zouwen

viii Contents Chapter 8 Diffusion or Diversity in Cultural Heritage Preservation? Comparing Policy Arrangements in Norway, Arizona and the Netherlands 161 Sara de Boer Chapter 9 Dutch Rural Policies at a Turning Point 183 Froukje Boonstra Chapter 10 Regional Environmental Planning in the Netherlands: An Unstable Settlement of Policy Arrangements Frans J.G. Padt 203 Chapter 11 Corporate Environmental Management in the Netherlands and in the Czech Republic 225 Jacques Klaver and Emiel Ypma Chapter 12 A Target Group Approach in Flemish Environmental Policy: Establishing New Government-Industry Relations? 245 Bruno Verbeeck and Pieter Leroy Chapter 13 Institutional Processes in Environmental Governance: Lots of Dynamics, not Much Change? 267 Bas Arts and Pieter Leroy Index 283

About the Authors Dirk Bogaert is a lecturer at the Department of Social Welfare Studies, Ghent University and at the Arteveldehogeschool Ghent. He is also a senior researcher at the Maritime Institute of Ghent University. Froukje Boonstra is a researcher in public administration at Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre. Ann Crabbé is a researcher at the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Antwerp. Sara de Boer is a researcher in public administration at Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre. Jaap Gersie is a senior lecturer at the Department of Political Sciences of the Environment, Nijmegen University. Henri Goverde is a professor in political science at Wageningen University and Research Centre, and associate professor in public administration at Nijmegen University. Jacques Klaver is a senior lecturer at the Department of Political Sciences of the Environment, Nijmegen University. Duncan Liefferink is a senior researcher at the Department of Political Sciences of the Environment, Nijmegen University. Frans J.G. Padt is a researcher at the Department of Political Sciences of the Environment, Nijmegen University. Mariëlle van der Zouwen is a lecturer at the Department of Forest and Nature Conservation Policy, Wageningen University and Research Centre. Jan van Tatenhove is an associate professor at the Department of Social Sciences, Environmental Policy, Wageningen University and Research Centre. Bruno Verbeeck is a researcher at the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Antwerp. ix

x About the Authors Mark Wiering is a lecturer and senior researcher at the Department of Political Sciences of the Environment, Nijmegen University. Emiel Ypma is a project employee of Environmental Permits and Planning at Witteveen+Bos, branch office Maastricht. About the Editors Bas Arts was an associate professor at the Department of Political Sciences of the Environment, Nijmegen University. From 2006 onwards he is professor and chair of the Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group at Wageningen University and Research Centre. Pieter Leroy is professor and chair of the Department of Political Sciences of the Environment, Nijmegen University.

List of Tables Table 2.1. Different conceptualisations of political modernisation 28 Table 2.2. Order-specific manifestations of globalisation and individualisation 32 Table 3.1. Basic typology of policy arrangements 62 Table 7.1. Expectations for nature policy practices 143 Table 8.1. The two phases of cultural heritage preservation 164 Table 8.2. Gradual shifts in the three policy arrangements 178 Table 9.1. Main characteristics of the three regional arrangements 191 Table 10.1. The doctrinal components of Hood (1991) and the ten principles of Osborne and Gaebler (1993) as a basis for discerning practices of NPM 207 Table 10.2. The typology for regional environmental policy arrangements used in this study 211 Table 11.1. Percentage of Dutch chemical companies with a certified EMS or having (parts of) a non-certified EMS 233 xi

List of Figures Figure 1.1. Crossing dualities in social sciences 8 Figure 3.1. The tetrahedron, symbolising the interconnectedness of the four dimensions of a policy arrangement 48 Figure 3.2. Example of a map of actors and their relative positions in a policy arrangement 52 Figure 3.3. The tetrahedron: analytical perspectives 60 Figure 4.1. JEP-triangle 77 Figure 5.1. Constellation of public actors in Dutch and Flemish water management 97 Figure 13.1. Key explanatory factors to understand policy change 278 xiii