Rural Livelihoods in Zimbabwe: Impact of Remittances from South Africa

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Rural Livelihoods in Zimbabwe: Impact of Remittances from South Africa

CODESRIA 2009 Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, Avenue Cheikh Anta Diop, Angle Canal IV BP 3304 Dakar, 18524, Senegal Website: www.codesria.org All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission from CODESRIA. CODESRIA Monograph Series ISBN: 978-2-86978-240-2 Layout: Hadijatou Sy Cover Design: Ibrahima Fofana Printed by : Imprimerie Saint Paul Distributed in Africa by CODESRIA Distributed elsewhere by the African Books Collective, Oxford, UK. Website: www.africanbookscollective.com The Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) is an independent organisation whose principal objectives are to facilitate research, promote researchbased publishing and create multiple forums geared towards the exchange of views and information among African researchers. All these are aimed at reducing the fragmentation of research in the continent through the creation of thematic research networks that cut across linguistic and regional boundaries. CODESRIA publishes a quarterly journal, Africa Development, the longest standing Africabased social science journal; Afrika Zamani, a journal of history; the African Sociological Review; the African Journal of International Affairs; Africa Review of Books and the Journal of Higher Education in Africa. The Council also co-publishes the Africa Media Review; Identity, Culture and Politics: An Afro-Asian Dialogue; The African Anthropologist and the Afro-Arab Selections for Social Sciences. The results of its research and other activities are also disseminated through its Working Paper Series, Green Book Series, Monograph Series, Book Series, Policy Briefs and the CODESRIA Bulletin. Select CODESRIA publications are also accessible online at www.codesria.org. CODESRIA would like to express its gratitude to the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA/SAREC), the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), the Ford Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), the Danish Agency for International Development (DANIDA), the French Ministry of Cooperation, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Rockefeller Foundation, FINIDA, the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), IIEP/ADEA, OECD, IFS, OXFAM America, UN/UNICEF and the Government of Senegal for supporting its research, training and publication programmes.

Rural Livelihoods in Zimbabwe: Impact of Remittances from South Africa France Maphosa Monograph Series The CODESRIA Monograph Series is published to stimulate debate, comments, and further research on the subjects covered. The series serve as a forum for works based on the findings of original research, which however are too long for academic journals but not long enough to be published as books, and which deserve to be accessible to the research community in Africa and elsewhere. Such works are usually case studies, theoretical debates or both, but they also incorporate significant findings, analyses and critical evaluations of the current literature on the subjects covered.

Author France Maphosa is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work at the National University of Lesotho (NUL). He obtained his PhD in Sociology from the University of Zimbabwe where he was a Senior Lecturer and Head of the Department of Sociology before joining NUL. He has researched and published on Sociology of Entrepreneurship, Corporate Social Responsibility, Migration and HIV/AIDS at the Workplace, among others. He is co-editor of Zimbabwe s Development Experience Since 1980: Challenges and Prospects for the Future, published in 2008.

Contents Introduction... 1 Labour Migration in other Southern African Countries... 3 Recent Economic Developments in Zimbabwe... 5 Methodology... 6 Definition of Labour Migration... 9 Definition of Remittances... 19 Findings... 23 Jobs Held by Migrants... 32 Reversing the Gains of Labour Migration... 52 Conclusion... 62 Notes... 63 References... 65