Globa l A n ti-ter ror ism L aw and Policy Preventing acts of terrorism remains one of the major tasks of domestic governments and regional and international organisations. As terrorism transcends borders, so anti-terrorism law must cross the boundaries of domestic, regional and international law. It also crosses traditional disciplinary boundaries between administrative, constitutional, criminal, financial, immigration, international and military law, as well as the law of war. This second edition provides a comprehensive resource on how domestic, regional and international responses to terrorism have developed since 2001. Chapters that focus on a particular country or region in the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia are complemented by overarching thematic chapters that take a comparative approach to particular aspects of anti-terrorism law and policy. v ict or v. r a m r aj is an associate professor and Vice-Dean (Academic Affairs) at the Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore. His research focuses on comparative constitutional law, emergency powers, transnational law and legal theory. michael hor is a professor at the Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore, where he teaches and writes about criminal law, criminal procedure and constitutional due process. kent roach is a professor of Law at the University of Toronto, where he holds the Prichard-Wilson Chair in Law and Public Policy. He has served on terrorism-related commissions and task forces and is the author of The 9/11 Effect: Comparative Counter-Terrorism. george williams is the Anthony Mason Professor, a Scientia Professor and the Foundation Director of the Gilbert + Tobin Centre of Public Law at the Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales. As an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow, he is engaged in a five-year international project on anti-terror laws and democracy.
GLOBA L A NTI-TER ROR ISM LAW AND POLICY second edition Edited by V ICTOR V. R A MR AJ MICH A EL HOR K EN T ROACH and GEORGE WILLIAMS
cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: /9781107014671 Cambridge University Press 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First edition published 2005 Second edition published 2012 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Global anti-terrorism law and policy / [edited by] Victor V. Ramraj... [et al.]. 2nd edn p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-107-01467-1 (hardback) 1. Terrorism Prevention Government policy. 2. National security Law and legislation. 3. War and emergency legislation. I. Ramraj, Victor Vridar, 1968 II. Title. HV6431.G549 2012 363.325 1561 dc23 2011041576 ISBN 978-1-107-01467-1 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents List of Contributors Acknowledgements page viii x 1 Introduction 1 Kent Roach, Michael Hor, Victor V. Ramraj and George Williams part i Transnational perspectives 17 2 The United Nations Security Council, terrorism and the rule of law 19 C. H. Powell 3 The impossibility of global anti-terrorism law? 44 Victor V. Ramraj 4 Transplantation 67 Laura K. Donohue part ii Cross-cutting themes 89 5 The criminal law and its less restrained alternatives 91 Kent Roach 6 Anti-terrorism laws: balancing national security and a fair hearing 122 Nicola McGarrity and Edward Santow 7 Legislating anti-terrorism: observations on form and process 151 Andrew Lynch 8 The financial war on terrorism 183 Kevin E. Davis v
vi Contents 9 Our responsibility to respect the rights of others: legality and humanity 208 Colin Harvey 10 Prevent responses to jihadi extremism 242 Clive Walker and Javaid Rehman part iii Anti-terrorism law and policy in Asia 269 11 Singapore s anti-terrorism laws: reality and rhetoric 271 Michael Hor 12 Anti-terrorism efforts in Indonesia 290 Hikmahanto Juwana 13 The Human Security Act and the IHL Law of the Philippines: of security and insecurity 310 H. Harry L. Roque, Jr. 14 Responses to terrorism in China 334 Fu Hualing 15 Security laws for Hong Kong 357 Simon N. M. Young 16 Japan s response to terrorism post-9/11 390 Mark Fenwick 17 Mapping anti-terror legal regimes in India 420 Ujjwal Kumar Singh part iv Anti-terrorism law and policy in the West 447 18 The United States a decade after 9/11 449 William C. Banks 19 UK counter-terror law post-9/11: initial acceptance of extraordinary measures and the partial return to human rights norms 481 Helen Fenwick and Gavin Phillipson 20 Canada s response to terrorism 514 Kent Roach 21 Anti-terror legislation in Australia and New Zealand 541 George Williams
Contents part v Anti-terrorism measures in the Middle East and Africa 571 22 Terrorism and governance in South Africa and Eastern Africa 573 Chris Oxtoby and C. H. Powell vii 23 Israel s anti-terrorism law: past, present and future 597 Daphne Barak-Erez 24 Rocks, hard places and human rights: anti-terrorism law and policy in Arab states 621 Lynn Welchman Index 655
Contributors William C. Banks Director, Institute for National Security and Counterterrorism, Syracuse University Daphne Barak-Erez Professor of Law and the Stewart and Judy Colton Chair for Law and Security, Tel-Aviv University Kevin E. Davis Beller Family Professor of Business Law, New York University School of Law Laura K. Donohue Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Centre Mark Fenwick Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Kyushu University Helen Fenwick Professor of Law, University of Durham Colin Harvey Professor and Head of School, School of Law, Queens University, Belfast Fu Hualing Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Hong Kong Hikmahanto Juwana Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Indonesia Michael Hor Professor, Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore Andrew Lynch Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales viii
List of Contributors ix Nicola McGarrity Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales Gavin Phillipson Professor of Law, University of Durham C. H. Powell Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Law, University of Cape Town Victor V. Ramraj Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore Javaid Rehman Professor, Brunel Law School Kent Roach Professor of Law and Prichard-Wilson Chair in Law and Public Policy, University of Toranto H. Harry L. Roque, Jr. Associate Professor, College of Law, University of Philippines Edward Santow Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales Ujjwal Kumar Singh Professor, Department of Political Science, Delhi University Clive Walker Professor, School of Law, University of Leeds George Williams Anthony Mason Professor, Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales Chris Oxtoby Research Associate, Democratic Governance and Rights Unit, University of Cape Town Lynn Welchman Professor, School of Law, SOAS, London Simon N. M. Young Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Hong Kong
Acknowledgements The editors owe a continuing debt of gratitude to Jenna Ng Pei Suin and R. Rueban Balasubramaniam, and especially to Tecla Mapota, Abhinav Bhatt and Elizabeth Chua for their hard work on and dedication to the first edition of this book. Thanks are also due to Keiran Hardy for his research assistance with this second edition, and to Kate Ollerenshaw, our copyeditor, for her keen eye for detail. We are grateful to the Faculties of Law at the University of Toronto, the National University of Singapore and the University of New South Wales and their respective Deans for funding that allowed the editors to work together over a number of years in preparing the previous and current editions of this book and the introduction. We are also extremely grateful to the National University of Singapore and the Australian Research Council for providing the generous grant which made the two editions and the symposia that inspired them possible. x