THE RISE OF INTERACTIVE GOVERNANCE AND QUASI-MARKETS

THE RISE OF INTERACTIVE GOVERNANCE AND QUASI-MARKETS

Library of Public Policy and Public Administration Volume 8 General Editor: DICK W.P. RUITER Faculty of Public Administration and Public Policy, University oftwente, Enschede, the Netherlands The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

THE RISE OF INTERACTIVE GOVERNANCE AND QUASI-MARKETS Edited by Bas Denters Knowledge Center for Urban Development, Faculty of Business, Public Administration and Technology, University oftwente, Enschede, The Netherlands Oscar van Heffent Center for Higher Education Policy Studies, Faculty of Business, Public Administration and Technology, University oftwente, Netherlands Institute of Government, The Netherlands Jeroen Huisman Center for Higher Education Policy Studies, Faculty of Business, Public Administration and Technology, University oftwente, Enschede, The Netherlands and Pieter-Jan Klok Department of Political Science and Policy Studies, Faculty of Business, Public Administration and Technology, University oftwente, Enschede, The Netherlands... " SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-6485-1 ISBN 978-94-017-3457-8 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-3457-8 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 2003 Springer Science+ Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

This book is dedicated to the memory of Oscar van Heffen who died on 30 November 200l. He was a valued colleague and more than anything, a good friend

CONTENTS Preface 1 Introduction: The emergence of new forms of governance 3 Bas Denters, Oscar van Heffen, Jeroen Huisman and Pieter-Jan Klok 1. The rise of interactive governance and quasi-markets 3 2. Objectives and research questions 6 3. Conceptual framework 7 4. Structure of the book and general themes 9 5. References 13 Does interactive decision making work? Expanding Rotterdam Port 15 Erik-Hans Klijn 1. Interactive decision making to promote openness 15 2. Decision making in the Netherlands: a review 17 3. Networks, arenas and rules: a conceptual framework 21 4. Verm: organization, actors and arenas 25 5. The decision making process: interactions and outcomes 31 6. Conclusion: rules and connections of arenas as obstacles for interactive decision making 35 7. References 39 Power to the people? Rule configurations and power games in interactive governance 43 Rene Monnikhof, Jurian Edelenbos and Andre Krouwel 1. The rise of interactive governance in the Netherlands 43 2. Three forms of power 44 3. Producing a structure plan in De Bilt 49 4. Rule configurations and power games 52 5. Conclusions: who sets the rules, rules 60 6. References 66 Interactive policy making as institutional design for local democracy: The experiments of the institute for public and politics 69 loop Koppenjan 1. Introduction 69 2. Interactive policy making as institutional design 70 3. The IPP method as institutional design 71 4. The elaboration of the process design in five municipalities 78 5. Explaining the failure to put the IPP design into practice 85 6. Interactive policy making and local democracy 87 7. Epilogue 88 8. References 89

viii CONTENTS Rebuilding Roombeek. An institutional analysis of interactive governance in the context of a representative democracy 91 Bas Denters and Pieter-Jan Klok 1. Introduction and research questions 91 2. Normative criteria of democracy 92 3. Traditional representative institutions as a configuration of arenas 94 4. Interactive arenas in Roombeek 97 5. Problems in the institutional design of the interactive process in the case of Roombeek 103 6. Conclusion 109 7. References 110 Institutional reform in higher education: forever changes? 111 Jeroen Huisman 1. Introduction 111 2. A sketch of Dutch higher education and the role of government 111 3. Institutional reform: government, interactive governance and market co-ordination 113 4. Conditional funding of university research 115 5. Quality assurance in university education 118 6. A new governance structure 121 7. Summary and preliminary conclusions 122 8. References 125 The emergence of a new environmental policy arena: The Dutch horticulture industry 127 Johan Woltjer and Rob van de Peppel 1. Introduction 127 2. The conventional arenas 129 3. The new policy arena 131 4. Assessment of the GLAMI arena achievements 133 5. Conclusions 139 6. References 140 Dutch public health on the move. From limited self-regulation to a state-supervised quasi-market? 143 Oscar van Heffen and Toon Kerkhoff 1. Introduction 143 2. Some reflections on institutional and policy change 145 3. Outline of the developments in the public health sector in the Netherlands 147 4. Demand-side funding and empowerment of the insured 150 5. The institutional rearrangement ofthe Dutch public health scheme and its consequences 164 6. Conclusion 168 7. References 169

CONTENTS IX Siting unwanted land uses: Does interactive decision making help? 171 Dave Huitema 1. Interactive decision making and decision quality 171 2. Decision making in Newport, Wales 179 3. Interactive siting: Swan Hills, Alberta, Canada 187 4. Victims and volunteers: analysis and conclusions 194 5. References 197 Statism by Stealth? Market orientation in British higher education 199 Henno Theisens 1. The British government system 200 2. The higher education policy network in Britain 203 3. Introducing markets in higher education 206 4. Conclusion: market, state and higher education 209 5. References 212 Towards a post-parliamentary democracy in Germany? Theoretical considerations and empirical observations on local democracy 213 Michael Haus 1. Introduction 213 2. Local politics in Germany: the struggle for parliamentary democracy 215 3. The spread oflocal referenda in the German municipal codes during the nineties and its implications for interactive governance 220 4. Directly elected mayors: political leadership and interactive governance 227 5. Experiments with co-operative democracy and deliberative politics 228 6. The modernisation of public administration 230 7. Conclusions 234 8. References 235 Interactive governance: a view from the UK 239 Robin Hambleton and David Sweeting 1. Introduction 239 2. Government, governance and citizen participation 240 3. An overview of UK local government 243 4. Modernising local government: the labour strategy 246 5. Interactive local governance in the UK 249 6. Conclusions 256 7. References 257 Local governance in Flanders 261 Trui Steen and Ellen Wayenberg 1. General introduction 261 2. Brief description of the local government system 261 3. Strengthening representative democracy 263 4. Focus on the citizen 265 5. The tension between new forms of interactive governance and traditional representative democracy 273

x CONTENTS 6. Conclusion 7. References Contributors 274 275 277

PREFACE It has taken a long time to make this book. Many initial drafts of the chapters published in this book were presented in November 2000 during a two-day conference on Interactive governance: towards a post-parliamentary democracy held in Enschede (The Netherlands). The Netherlands Institute of Governance (NIG) sponsored the. conference. After this conference the organisers discussed the possibility of making a book on the basis of papers presented at this event. In the end it was agreed that such a publication would indeed be worthwhile provided the initial papers were fundamentally revised. Moreover it was agreed that also supplementary chapters should be included, in order to strengthen the international comparative perspective. On this basis authors of the conference papers chapters and envisioned new chapters were invited to (re)submit drafts. The completion of the book, however, was unexpectedly halted by the tragic sudden death of our co-editor and dear friend Oscar van Heffen. In his lifetime he was the driving force behind this project. Without his efforts, insightful comments and helpful suggestions this book, in its present form, would never have been published. As such we dedicate this volume to his memory, the completion of the book being an honorary debt to our friend and his wife Mirjan. In the months after Oscar's death the book was "shelved". In the spring of 2002, however, the remaining three editors decided to resume work on this volume. In the subsequent months we invited referee reports and once more went back to the authors. By the early spring of 2003 the manuscript was finally ready to be sent to the publisher. The editors owe gratitude to the many people contributing to this book. Foremost, we are indebted to our authors, who not only made interesting contributions to this volume, but also exhibited exceptional patience and understanding during the excessively long period it took to publish the book. Second, we are most grateful to the anonymous referees whose contributions certainly strengthened the content of the chapters. Third, we are indebted to Ian Priestnall who went through all of the chapters and made innumerable linguistic corrections. Finally we owe our gratitude to the NIG, who has subsidised the organisation of the November 2000 Conference and the publication of this volume. Moreover, the NIG secretariat Marie-Christine Predery and above all Marcia Clifford has provided invaluable support in lay-outing the manuscript of this book. Enschede / HengeIo, 2003 Bas Denters Oscar van Heffen t Jeroen Huisman Pieter-Jan Kiok