The Russian Revolution(s) -1905-1921-
Pre-Revolutionary Russia Only true autocracy left in Europe No type of representative political institutions, but did have instruments of oppression (secret police)
Russian Krestyanin (Peasant)
Broom Factory
Russian Steel Workers
The Revolution of 1905 A discontented working class Vast majority of workers concentrated in St. Petersburg and Moscow The countryside: poor peasants No individual land ownership
Bloody Sunday Jan 9. 1905
Putilov Machine Works
General Strike, by Oct 17
Nicholas II Opens the Duma
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Conservatism Continues: 1905-1917
Alexis: Crown Prince with Hemophilia
Rasputin: Very Popular Among Russian Noblewomen Hated by everyone else 14
World War I Poorly supplied troops Chaos and Disintegration of the Russian Army --Battle of Tannenberg (August, 1914) Mass mutinies and desertions
World War I: The Last Straw War revealed the ineptitude and arrogance of the country s aristocratic elite Corrupt military leadership and contempt for ordinary Russian people Average peasant had very little invested in the war
The Collapse of the Imperial Government Nicholas leaves for the Front September, 1915 Alexandra and Rasputin throw the government into chaos Alexandra and other high government officials accused of treason
The Collapse of the Imperial Government Rasputin assassinated in December of 1916
The Two Revolutions of 1917 The March Revolution (March 12) The November Revolution (November 6)
Alexander Kerensky
Kerensky as Prime Minister
The March (February) Revolution Origins: Food riots and strikes Tsar abdicated on March 17 th Duma declared itself a Provisional Government on March12th Very Popular Revolution The Petrograd Soviet --Order #1
Nicholas II at Tsarskoye Tseloe
February (March) 1917
Soviet Political Ideology More radical and revolutionary than the Provisional Government Most influenced by Marxist socialism Two Factions -- Mensheviks -- Bolsheviks
Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir Ilyich Lenin His Early Years --Exiled to Siberia in 1897 Committed to Class Struggle and Revolution Moved to London in 1902 and befriended Leon Trotsky Brought back by the Germans
Vacuum of Leadership in Russia Petrograd Soviet dominated by Mensheviks Failure of the Provisional Government Workers refusing to work and soldiers refusing to fight Peasants expropriating the land outright Power was literally lying in the streets of Petrograd
Petrograd Demonstration
Petrograd, February Revolt of the Pavlovsky Guards Regiment
The Provisional Government Main Parties: Kadets (Liberals) Octobrists (progressive aristocrats) Progressivists (industrialists and capitalists)
Bolsheviks Storming the Winter Palace
Lenin Steps into This Vacuum Amnesty granted to all political prisoners in March of 1917 Lenin s arrival in Petrograd A tremendously charismatic personality Peace, Land, Bread All Power to the Soviets Bolshevik party membership exploded Consolidation of Bolshevik power
The November (October) Revolution Council of People s Commissars All private property of wealthy was abolished and divided among the peasantry Largest industrial enterprises nationalized
Leon Trotsky
November (October) Revolution Political Police organized: CHEKA Revolutionary army created with Trotsky in charge -- Red Army Bolshevik Party renamed Communist Party in March of 1918 The Treaty of Brest- Litovsk negotiated with the Germans Humiliating
November (October) Revolution Humiliating Treaty would be nullified since all of the west was on the verge of revolution Civil War fought between 1917-1920 -- Reds versus Whites Complete breakdown of Russian economy and society
Red Guards
Trotsky as Commissar of War
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Reds and Whites
Felix Dzerzhinsky Head of the Cheka
Red Terror Summer 1918
Did you volunteer for the Red Army?
White Recruitment Poster
White Troops and Their Red Opponents
Foreign Intervention
US Soldiers, Murmansk
Royal Family with Cossack Guards 48
Devastation of War Ukraine
Misery 50
Famine of 1921 51
Stages of the Russian Civil War Nov. 1917 Nov. 1918 Rising Tensions, Conflict, End of WWI Nov. 1918 Nov. 1919 Peak of White Fortunes in South Nov. 1919 July 1921 Red Victory by 1920, Death of Enver Pasha 1921 Rebellions against the Soviets by peasants, workers, and soldiers suppressed
Young Revolutionaries Eventually Victorious 53