US Code (Unofficial compilation from the Legal Information Institute) TITLE 42 - THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF ATOMIC ENERGY Please Note: This compilation of the US Code, current as of Jan. 4, 2012, has been prepared by the Legal Information Institute using data from the U.S. House of Representatives, Office of the Law Revision Counsel. It is not an official U.S. government publication. For more details please see: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/uscprint.html. Notes on this document: The content in this document is taken directly from the US Code, with the following exceptions: page headers and footers, page numbering, and all formatting are artifacts of this presentation. Divider lines have been inserted between sections. The notes are set off by a vertical line and a larger left margin. The table of contents immediately following this title page is machine-generated from the headings in this portion of the Code. Commonly available fonts are used. The Legal Information Institute promotes worldwide, free public access to law via the Internet. Founded in 1992, the LII created the first legal information website. It continues to be a pre-eminent "law-not-com" publisher of legal information and an important outreach activity of the Cornell Law School.
TITLE 42 - THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE 1 CHAPTER 23 - DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF ATOMIC ENERGY 5 Division A - Atomic Energy 11 SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS 12 2011. Congressional declaration of policy 12 2012. Congressional findings 13 2013. Purpose of chapter 14 2014. Definitions 15 2015. Transfer of property 22 2015a. Cold standby 22 2015b. Scholarship and fellowship program 22 2015c. Partnership program with institutions of higher education 24 2016. Repealed. Pub. L. 105 85, div. C, title XXXI, 3152(a)(1), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 2042 24 2017. Authorization of appropriations 24 2017a. Omitted 26 2017a 1. Omitted 26 2017b. Omitted 27 2018. Agency jurisdiction 27 2019. Applicability of Federal Power Act 27 2020. Licensing of Government agencies 28 2021. Cooperation with States 28 2021a. Storage or disposal facility planning 34 2021b. Definitions 37 2021c. Responsibilities for disposal of low-level radioactive waste 39 2021d. Regional compacts for disposal of low-level radioactive waste 41 2021e. Limited availability of certain regional disposal facilities during transition and licensing periods 45 2021f. Emergency access 53 2021g. Responsibilities of Department of Energy 55 2021h. Alternative disposal methods 56 2021i. Licensing review and approval 56 2021j. Radioactive waste below regulatory concern 57 2022. Health and environmental standards for uranium mill tailings 57 2023. State authority to regulate radiation below level of regulatory concern of Nuclear Regulatory Commission 60 SUBCHAPTER II - ORGANIZATION 62 2031, 2032. Repealed. Pub. L. 93 438, title I, 104(a), Oct. 11, 1974, 88 Stat. 1237 62 2033. Principal office 63 2034. General Manager, Deputy and Assistant General Managers 64 2035. Divisions, offices, and positions 65 2036. Repealed. Pub. L. 95 91, title VII, 709(c)(1), Aug. 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 608 66 2037. Repealed. Pub. L. 99 661, div. C, title I, 3137(c), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4066 66 2038. Appointment of Army, Navy, or Air Force officer as Assistant General Manager for Military Application; Chairman of Military Liaison Committee; compensation 67 2039. Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards; composition; tenure; duties; compensation 68 - ii -
2040. Fellowship program of Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards; selection of fellowships 68 SUBCHAPTER III - RESEARCH 69 2051. Research and development assistance 69 2052. Research by Commission 71 2053. Research for others; charges 71 SUBCHAPTER IV - PRODUCTION OF SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL 72 2061. Production facilities 72 2062. Irradiation of materials 74 2063. Acquisition of production facilities 74 2064. Disposition of energy; regulation on sale 74 SUBCHAPTER V - SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL 76 2071. Determination of other material as special nuclear material; Presidential assent; effective date 76 2072. Repealed. Pub. L. 88 489, 4, Aug. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 603 76 2073. Domestic distribution of special nuclear material 76 2074. Foreign distribution of special nuclear material 79 2075. Acquisition of special nuclear material; payments; just compensation 82 2076. Guaranteed purchase prices 82 2077. Unauthorized dealings in special nuclear material 83 2078. Congressional review of guaranteed purchase price, guaranteed purchase price period, and criteria for waiver of charges 85 SUBCHAPTER VI - SOURCE MATERIAL 87 2091. Determination of source material 87 2092. License requirements for transfers 87 2093. Domestic distribution of source material 87 2094. Foreign distribution of source material 88 2095. Reports 89 2096. Acquisition of source material; payments 89 2097. Operations on lands belonging to United States 90 2098. Public and acquired lands 90 2099. Prohibitions against issuance of license 91 SUBCHAPTER VII - BYPRODUCT MATERIALS 93 2111. Domestic distribution 93 2112. Foreign distribution of byproduct material 94 2113. Ownership and custody of certain byproduct material and disposal sites 95 2114. Authorities of Commission respecting certain byproduct material 97 SUBCHAPTER VIII - MILITARY APPLICATION OF ATOMIC ENERGY 99 2121. Authority of Commission 99 2122. Prohibitions governing atomic weapons 106 2122a. Repealed. Pub. L. 106 65, div. C, title XXXII, 3294(e)(1)(A), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 970 107 2123. Transferred 107 SUBCHAPTER IX - ATOMIC ENERGY LICENSES 108 2131. License required 108 2132. Utilization and production facilities for industrial or commercial purposes 108 2133. Commercial licenses 109 2134. Medical, industrial, and commercial licenses 110 2135. Antitrust provisions governing licenses 111 - iii -
2136. Classes of facilities 113 2137. Operators licenses 114 2138. Suspension of licenses during war or national emergency 115 2139. Component and other parts of facilities 115 2139a. Regulations implementing requirements relating to licensing for components and other parts of facilities 116 2140. Exclusions from license requirement 118 2141. Licensing by Nuclear Regulatory Commission of distribution of special nuclear material, source material, and byproduct material by Department of Energy 118 SUBCHAPTER X - INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES 120 2151. Effect of international arrangements 120 2152. Policies contained in international arrangements 120 2153. Cooperation with other nations 120 2153a. Approval for enrichment after export of source or special nuclear material; export of major critical components of enrichment facilities 127 2153b. Export policies relating to peaceful nuclear activities and international nuclear trade 128 2153c. Renegotiation of agreements for cooperation 129 2153d. Authority to continue agreements for cooperation entered into prior to March 10, 1978 131 2153e. Protection of environment 132 2153e 1. Effectiveness of rule, regulation, or procedure with regard to exports subject to Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 132 2153f. Savings clause; Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 133 2154. International atomic pool 133 2155. Export licensing procedures 134 2155a. Regulations establishing Commission procedures covering grant, suspension, revocation, or amendment of nuclear export licenses or exemptions 140 2156. Criteria governing United States nuclear exports 141 2156a. Regulations establishing levels of physical security to protect facilities and material 142 2157. Additional export criterion and procedures 143 2158. Conduct resulting in termination of nuclear exports 145 2159. Congressional review procedures 147 2160. Subsequent arrangements 150 2160a. Review of Nuclear Proliferation Assessment Statements 156 2160b. Authority to suspend nuclear cooperation with nations which have not ratified the Convention on the Physical Security of Nuclear Material 156 2160c. Consultation with Department of Defense concerning certain exports and subsequent arrangements 156 2160d. Further restrictions on exports 157 SUBCHAPTER XI - CONTROL OF INFORMATION 161 2161. Policy of Commission 161 2162. Classification and declassification of Restricted Data 161 2163. Access to Restricted Data 163 2164. International cooperation 164 2165. Security restrictions 166 2166. Applicability of other laws 169 2167. Safeguards information 169 2168. Dissemination of unclassified information 170 2169. Fingerprinting for criminal history record checks 172 - iv -
SUBCHAPTER XII - PATENTS AND INVENTIONS 175 2181. Inventions relating to atomic weapons, and filing of reports 175 2182. Inventions conceived during Commission contracts; ownership; waiver; hearings 176 2183. Nonmilitary utilization 178 2184. Injunctions; measure of damages 180 2185. Prior art 180 2186. Commission patent licenses 181 2187. Compensation, awards, and royalties 181 2188. Monopolistic use of patents 183 2189. Federally financed research 184 2190. Saving clause for prior patent applications 184 SUBCHAPTER XIII - GENERAL AUTHORITY OF COMMISSION 185 2201. General duties of Commission 185 2201a. Use of firearms by security personnel 194 2202. Contracts 195 2203. Advisory committees 196 2204. Electric utility contracts; authority to enter into; cancellation; submission to Energy Committees 197 2204a. Fission product contracts 197 2205. Contract practices 198 2205a. Repealed. Pub. L. 97 375, title I, 115, Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1821 199 2206. Comptroller General audit 199 2207. Claim settlements; reports to Congress 199 2208. Payments in lieu of taxes 200 2209. Subsidies 200 2210. Indemnification and limitation of liability 200 2210a. Conflicts of interest relating to contracts and other arrangements 228 2210b. Uranium supply 229 2210c. Elimination of pension offset for certain rehired Federal retirees 231 2210d. Security evaluations 231 2210e. Design basis threat rulemaking 232 2210f. Recruitment tools 233 2210g. Expenses authorized to be paid by the Commission 233 2210h. Radiation source protection 233 2210i. Secure transfer of nuclear materials 237 2211. Payment of claims or judgments for damage resulting from nuclear incident involving nuclear reactor of United States warship; exception; terms and conditions 237 2212. Transferred 238 2213. Repealed. Pub. L. 109 58, title VI, 637(b), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 791 238 2214. NRC user fees and annual charges 239 SUBCHAPTER XIV - COMPENSATION FOR PRIVATE PROPERTY ACQUIRED 242 2221. Just compensation for requisitioned property 242 2222. Condemnation of real property 243 2223. Patent application disclosures 243 2224. Attorney General approval of title 244 SUBCHAPTER XV - JUDICIAL REVIEW AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE 245 2231. Applicability of administrative procedure provisions; definitions 245 2232. License applications 245 2233. Terms of licenses 247 2234. Inalienability of licenses 247 - v -
2235. Construction permits and operating licenses 248 2236. Revocation of licenses 249 2237. Modification of license 249 2238. Continued operation of facilities 250 2239. Hearings and judicial review 250 2240. Licensee incident reports as evidence 253 2241. Atomic safety and licensing boards; establishment; membership; functions; compensation 253 2242. Temporary operating license 254 2243. Licensing of uranium enrichment facilities 256 SUBCHAPTER XVI - JOINT COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY 258 2251 to 2257. Repealed. Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, title I, 302(a), as added Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, 1, as added Sept. 20, 1977, Pub. L. 95 110, 1, 91 Stat. 884; renumbered title I, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102 486, title IX, 902(a)(8), 106 Stat. 2944 258 2258. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy abolished 258 2259. Information and assistance to Congressional committees 259 SUBCHAPTER XVII - ENFORCEMENT OF CHAPTER 261 2271. General provisions 261 2272. Violation of specific sections 261 2273. Violation of sections 262 2274. Communication of Restricted Data 263 2275. Receipt of Restricted Data 264 2276. Tampering with Restricted Data 264 2277. Disclosure of Restricted Data 265 2278. Statute of limitations 265 2278a. Trespass on Commission installations 265 2278b. Photographing, etc., of Commission installations; penalty 266 2279. Applicability of other laws 266 2280. Injunction proceedings 267 2281. Contempt proceedings 267 2282. Civil penalties 267 2282a. Civil monetary penalties for violation of Department of Energy safety regulations 268 2282b. Civil monetary penalties for violations of Department of Energy regulations regarding security of classified or sensitive information or data 270 2282c. Worker health and safety rules for Department of Energy nuclear facilities 271 2283. Protection of nuclear inspectors 273 2284. Sabotage of nuclear facilities or fuel 273 SUBCHAPTER XVII-A - DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD 275 2286. Establishment 275 2286a. Functions of Board 277 2286b. Powers of Board 278 2286c. Responsibilities of Secretary of Energy 280 2286d. Board recommendations 280 2286e. Reports 282 2286f. Judicial review 283 2286g. Department of Energy defense nuclear facility defined 284 2286h. Contract authority subject to appropriations 284 2286h 1. Transmittal of certain information to Congress 285 2286i. Annual authorization of appropriations 285 - vi -
2286j. Procurement of inspector general services 285 SUBCHAPTER XVIII - EURATOM COOPERATION 286 2291. Definitions 286 2292. Authorization of appropriations for research and development program; authority to enter into contracts; period of contracts; equivalent amounts for research and development program 286 2293. Omitted 287 2294. Authorization for sale or lease of uranium and plutonium; amounts; lien for nonpayment; uranium enrichment services 287 2295. Acquisition of nuclear materials 288 2296. Nonliability of United States; indemnification 289 SUBCHAPTER XIX - REMEDIAL ACTION AND URANIUM REVITALIZATION 290 Part A - Remedial Action at Active Processing Sites 291 2296a. Remedial action program 291 2296a 1. Regulations 293 2296a 2. Authorization of appropriations 293 2296a 3. Definitions 293 Part B - Uranium Revitalization 295 2296b. Overfeed program 295 2296b 1. National Strategic Uranium Reserve 295 2296b 2. Sale of remaining DOE inventories 295 2296b 3. Responsibility for the industry 296 2296b 4. Annual uranium purchase reports 296 2296b 5. Uranium inventory study 297 2296b 6. Regulatory treatment of uranium purchases 297 2296b 7. Definitions 298 Division B - United States Enrichment Corporation 300 SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS 301 2297, 2297a. Repealed. Pub. L. 104 134, title III, 3116(a)(1), Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321 349 301 SUBCHAPTER II - ESTABLISHMENT, POWERS, AND ORGANIZATION OF CORPORATION 302 2297b to 2297b 15. Repealed. Pub. L. 104 134, title III, 3116(a)(1), Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321 349 302 SUBCHAPTER III - RIGHTS, PRIVILEGES, AND ASSETS OF CORPORATION 304 2297c to 2297c 7. Repealed. Pub. L. 104 134, title III, 3116(a)(1), Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321 349 304 SUBCHAPTER IV - PRIVATIZATION OF CORPORATION 305 2297d, 2297d 1. Repealed. Pub. L. 104 134, title III, 3116(a)(1), Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321 349 305 SUBCHAPTER V - AVLIS AND ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR URANIUM ENRICHMENT 306 2297e to 2297e 7. Repealed. Pub. L. 104 134, title III, 3116(a)(1), Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321 349 306 SUBCHAPTER VI - LICENSING AND REGULATION OF URANIUM ENRICHMENT FACILITIES 307 2297f. Gaseous diffusion facilities 307 2297f 1. Licensing of other technologies 308 - vii -
2297f 2. Regulation of Restricted Data 309 SUBCHAPTER VII - DECONTAMINATION AND DECOMMISSIONING 310 2297g. Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning Fund 310 2297g 1. Deposits 310 2297g 2. Department facilities 311 2297g 3. Employee provisions 312 2297g 4. Reports to Congress 312 SUBCHAPTER VIII - UNITED STATES ENRICHMENT CORPORATION PRIVATIZATION 313 2297h. Definitions 313 2297h 1. Sale of Corporation 315 2297h 2. Method of sale 316 2297h 3. Establishment of private corporation 317 2297h 4. Transfers to private corporation 317 2297h 5. Leasing of gaseous diffusion facilities 318 2297h 6. Transfer of contracts 319 2297h 7. Liabilities 320 2297h 8. Employee protections 322 2297h 9. Ownership limitations 325 2297h 10. Uranium transfers and sales 325 2297h 10a. Incentives for additional downblending of highly enriched uranium by the Russian Federation 328 2297h 11. Low-level waste 333 2297h 12. AVLIS 334 2297h 13. Application of certain laws 334 - viii -
TITLE 42 THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE TITLE 42 THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE Chap....Sec. 1. The Public Health Service [Mostly Repealed or Omitted, See Chapter 6A]...1 1A. The Public Health Service; Supplemental Provisions [Transferred or Omitted]...71 2. Sanitation and Quarantine...81 3. Leprosy [Repealed]...121 3A. Cancer [Repealed]...137 4. Viruses, Serums, Toxins, Antitoxins, etc. [Repealed]...141 5. Maternity and Infancy Welfare and Hygiene [Repealed]...161 6. The Children s Bureau...191 6A. Public Health Service...201 7. Social Security...301 7A. Temporary Unemployment Compensation Program [Omitted]...1400 8. Low-Income Housing...1401 8A. Slum Clearance, Urban Renewal, and Farm Housing...1441 8B. Public Works or Facilities [Omitted]...1491 8C. Open-Space Land [Omitted or Repealed]...1500 9. Housing of Persons Engaged in National Defense...1501 10. Federal Security Agency [Transferred or Omitted]...1601 11. Compensation for Disability or Death to Persons Employed at Military, Air, and Naval Bases Outside United States...1651 12. Compensation for Injury, Death, or Detention of Employees of Contractors with United States Outside United States...1701 13. School Lunch Programs...1751 13A. Child Nutrition...1771 14. Development and Control of Atomic Energy [Transferred to Chapter 23]...1801 15. Disaster Relief [Repealed]...1851 15A. Reciprocal Fire Protection Agreements...1856 15B. Air Pollution Control [Transferred or Repealed]...1857 16. National Science Foundation...1861 16A. Grants for Support of Scientific Research [Repealed]...1891 16B. Contracts for Scientific and Technological Research...1900 17. Federal Employment Service [Transferred]...1901 18. Youth Medals...1921 19. Saline and Salt Waters [Repealed, Omitted, or Transferred]...1951 19A. Water Resources Research Program [Repealed]...1961 19B. Water Resources Planning...1962 20. Elective Franchise...1971 20A. Civil Rights Commission...1975 21. Civil Rights...1981 21A. Privacy Protection...2000aa 21B. Religious Freedom Restoration...2000bb 21C. Protection of Religious Exercise in Land Use and by Institutionalized Persons...2000cc 21D. Detainee Treatment...2000dd 21E. Privacy and Civil Liberties Protection and Oversight...2000ee 21F. Prohibiting Employment Discrimination on the Basis of Genetic Information...2000ff 22. Indian Hospitals and Health Facilities...2001 23. Development and Control of Atomic Energy...2011 24. Disposal of Atomic Energy Communities...2301 25. Federal Flood Insurance...2401 26. National Space Program [Repealed, Omitted, or Transferred]...2451 26A. National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program [Repealed or Transferred]...2486 26B. Biomedical Research in Space [Repealed or Transferred]...2487 27. Loan Service of Captioned Films and Educational Media for Handicapped...2491 28. Area Redevelopment Program [Omitted or Repealed]...2501 29. Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control [Omitted]...2541 30. Manpower Development and Training Program [Repealed]...2571 31. Public Works Acceleration Program...2641 32. Third Party Liability for Hospital and Medical Care...2651 33. Community Mental Health Centers [Omitted, Transferred, or Repealed]...2661 34. Economic Opportunity Program...2701-1 -
TITLE 42 THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE 35. Programs for Older Americans...3001 35A. Community Service Employment for Older Americans [Repealed]...3061 36. Compensation of Condemnees in Development Programs [Repealed]...3071 37. Community Facilities and Advance Land Acquisition...3101 38. Public Works and Economic Development...3121 39. Solid Waste Disposal [Omitted or Repealed, See Chapter 82]...3251 40. Soil Information Assistance for Community Planning and Resource Development...3271 41. Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Program...3301 42. Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation...3401 43. Department of Health and Human Services...3501 44. Department of Housing and Urban Development...3531 45. Fair Housing...3601 46. Justice System Improvement...3701 47. Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control [Omitted or Repealed]...3801 48. Guarantees for Financing New Community Land Development [Repealed or Omitted]...3901 49. National Housing Partnerships...3931 50. National Flood Insurance...4001 51. Design and Construction of Public Buildings To Accommodate Physically Handicapped...4151 52. Intergovernmental Cooperation [Repealed, See Chapter 65 of Title 31]...4201 52A. Joint Funding Simplification [Repealed]...4251 53. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations...4271 54. Cabinet Committee on Opportunities for Spanish-Speaking People [Omitted]...4301 55. National Environmental Policy...4321 56. Environmental Quality Improvement...4371 57. Environmental Pollution Study...4391 58. Disaster Relief [Repealed or Transferred]...4401 59. National Urban Policy and New Community Development...4501 60. Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Program...4541 61. Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies for Federal and Federally Assisted Programs...4601 62. Intergovernmental Personnel Program...4701 63. Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention...4801 63A. Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction...4851 64. Public Service Employment Programs [Omitted]...4871 65. Noise Control...4901 66. Domestic Volunteer Services...4950 67. Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment and Adoption Reform...5101 68. Disaster Relief...5121 69. Community Development...5301 70. Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards...5401 71. Solar Energy...5501 72. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention...5601 73. Development of Energy Sources...5801 74. Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development...5901 75. Programs for Individuals With Developmental Disabilities [Repealed]...6000 76. Age Discrimination in Federally Assisted Programs...6101 77. Energy Conservation...6201 78. National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska...6501 79. Science and Technology Policy, Organization and Priorities...6601 80. Public Works Employment...6701 81. Energy Conservation and Resource Renewal...6801 82. Solid Waste Disposal...6901 83. Energy Extension Service...7001 84. Department of Energy...7101 85. Air Pollution Prevention and Control...7401 86. Earthquake Hazards Reduction...7701 87. Water Research and Development [Repealed or Transferred]...7801 88. Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control...7901 89. Congregate Housing Services...8001 90. Neighborhood and City Reinvestment, Self-Help and Revitalization...8101 91. National Energy Conservation Policy...8201 92. Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use...8301-2 -
TITLE 42 THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE 93. Emergency Energy Conservation...8501 94. Low-Income Energy Assistance...8601 95. United States Synthetic Fuels Corporation [Omitted]...8701 96. Biomass Energy and Alcohol Fuels...8801 97. Acid Precipitation Program and Carbon Dioxide Study...8901 98. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Research and Development...9001 99. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion...9101 100. Wind Energy Systems...9201 101. Magnetic Fusion Energy Engineering...9301 102. Mental Health Systems...9401 103. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability...9601 104. Nuclear Safety Research, Development, and Demonstration...9701 105. Community Services Programs...9801 106. Community Services Block Grant Program...9901 107. Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety...10001 108. Nuclear Waste Policy...10101 109. Water Resources Research...10301 109A. Membrane Processes Research...10341 109B. Secure Water...10361 110. Family Violence Prevention and Services...10401 111. Emergency Federal Law Enforcement Assistance...10501 112. Victim Compensation and Assistance...10601 113. State Justice Institute...10701 114. Protection and Advocacy for Individuals With Mental Illness...10801 115. Child Development Associate Scholarship Assistance Program...10901 116. Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know...11001 117. Encouraging Good Faith Professional Review Activities...11101 118. Alzheimer s Disease and Related Dementias Research...11201 119. Homeless Assistance...11301 120. Enterprise Zone Development...11501 121. International Child Abduction Remedies...11601 122. Native Hawaiian Health Care...11701 123. Drug Abuse Education and Prevention...11801 124. Public Housing Drug Elimination...11901 125. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technology Competitiveness...12001 126. Equal Opportunity for Individuals With Disabilities...12101 127. Coordinated Services for Children, Youth, and Families...12301 128. Hydrogen Research, Development, and Demonstration Program...12401 129. National and Community Service...12501 130. National Affordable Housing...12701 131. Housing Opportunities for Persons With AIDS...12901 132. Victims of Child Abuse...13001 133. Pollution Prevention...13101 134. Energy Policy...13201 135. Residency and Service Requirements in Federally Assisted Housing...13601 136. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement...13701 137. Management of Rechargeable Batteries and Batteries Containing Mercury...14301 138. Assisted Suicide Funding Restriction...14401 139. Volunteer Protection...14501 140. Criminal Justice Identification, Information, and Communication...14601 140A. Jennifer s Law...14661 141. Commercial Space Opportunities and Transportation Services [Repealed or Transferred]...14701 142. Poison Control Center Enhancement and Awareness [Repealed]...14801 143. Intercountry Adoptions...14901 144. Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights...15001 145. Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor and Tributes...15201 145A. Law Enforcement Congressional Badge of Bravery...15231 146. Election Administration Improvement...15301 147. Prison Rape Elimination...15601 148. Windstorm Impact Reduction...15701 149. National Energy Policy and Programs...15801 150. National Aeronautics and Space Programs, 2005 [Repealed, Omitted, or Transferred]...16601-3 -
TITLE 42 - CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF ATOMIC ENERGY 151. Child Protection and Safety...16901 152. Energy Independence and Security...17001 153. Community Safety Through Recidivism Prevention...17501 154. Combating Child Exploitation...17601 155. Aeronautics and Space Activities [Repealed, Omitted, or Transferred]...17701 156. Health Information Technology...17901 157. Quality, Affordable Health Care for All Americans...18001 158. Support for Pregnant and Parenting Teens and Women...18201 159. Space Exploration, Technology, and Science...18301-4 -
TITLE 42 - CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF ATOMIC ENERGY CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF ATOMIC ENERGY Division A Atomic Energy SUBCHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS Sec. 2011. Congressional declaration of policy. 2012. Congressional findings. 2013. Purpose of chapter. 2014. Definitions. 2015. Transfer of property. 2015a. Cold standby. 2015b. Scholarship and fellowship program. 2015c. Partnership program with institutions of higher education. 2016. Repealed. 2017. Authorization of appropriations. 2017a to 2017b. Omitted. 2018. Agency jurisdiction. 2019. Applicability of Federal Power Act. 2020. Licensing of Government agencies. 2021. Cooperation with States. 2021a. Storage or disposal facility planning. 2021b. Definitions. 2021c. Responsibilities for disposal of low-level radioactive waste. 2021d. Regional compacts for disposal of low-level radioactive waste. 2021e. Limited availability of certain regional disposal facilities during transition and licensing periods. 2021f. Emergency access. 2021g. Responsibilities of Department of Energy. 2021h. Alternative disposal methods. 2021i. Licensing review and approval. 2021j. Radioactive waste below regulatory concern. 2022. Health and environmental standards for uranium mill tailings. 2023. State authority to regulate radiation below level of regulatory concern of Nuclear Regulatory Commission. SUBCHAPTER II ORGANIZATION 2031, 2032. Repealed. 2033. Principal office. 2034. General Manager, Deputy and Assistant General Managers. 2035. Divisions, offices, and positions. 2036, 2037. Repealed. 2038. Appointment of Army, Navy, or Air Force officer as Assistant General Manager for Military Application; Chairman of Military Liaison Committee; compensation. 2039. Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards; composition; tenure; duties; compensation. 2040. Fellowship program of Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards; selection of fellowships. SUBCHAPTER III RESEARCH 2051. Research and development assistance. 2052. Research by Commission. 2053. Research for others; charges. SUBCHAPTER IV PRODUCTION OF SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL 2061. Production facilities. 2062. Irradiation of materials. 2063. Acquisition of production facilities. - 5 -
TITLE 42 - CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF ATOMIC ENERGY 2064. Disposition of energy; regulation on sale. SUBCHAPTER V SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL 2071. Determination of other material as special nuclear material; Presidential assent; effective date. 2072. Repealed. 2073. Domestic distribution of special nuclear material. 2074. Foreign distribution of special nuclear material. 2075. Acquisition of special nuclear material; payments; just compensation. 2076. Guaranteed purchase prices. 2077. Unauthorized dealings in special nuclear material. 2078. Congressional review of guaranteed purchase price, guaranteed purchase price period, and criteria for waiver of charges. SUBCHAPTER VI SOURCE MATERIAL 2091. Determination of source material. 2092. License requirements for transfers. 2093. Domestic distribution of source material. 2094. Foreign distribution of source material. 2095. Reports. 2096. Acquisition of source material; payments. 2097. Operations on lands belonging to United States. 2098. Public and acquired lands. 2099. Prohibitions against issuance of license. SUBCHAPTER VII BYPRODUCT MATERIALS 2111. Domestic distribution. 2112. Foreign distribution of byproduct material. 2113. Ownership and custody of certain byproduct material and disposal sites. 2114. Authorities of Commission respecting certain byproduct material. SUBCHAPTER VIII MILITARY APPLICATION OF ATOMIC ENERGY 2121. Authority of Commission. 2122. Prohibitions governing atomic weapons. 2122a. Repealed. 2123. Transferred. SUBCHAPTER IX ATOMIC ENERGY LICENSES 2131. License required. 2132. Utilization and production facilities for industrial or commercial purposes. 2133. Commercial licenses. 2134. Medical, industrial, and commercial licenses. 2135. Antitrust provisions governing licenses. 2136. Classes of facilities. 2137. Operators licenses. 2138. Suspension of licenses during war or national emergency. 2139. Component and other parts of facilities. 2139a. Regulations implementing requirements relating to licensing for components and other parts of facilities. 2140. Exclusions from license requirement. 2141. Licensing by Nuclear Regulatory Commission of distribution of special nuclear material, source material, and byproduct material by Department of Energy. SUBCHAPTER X INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES 2151. Effect of international arrangements. 2152. Policies contained in international arrangements. 2153. Cooperation with other nations. - 6 -
TITLE 42 - CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF ATOMIC ENERGY 2153a. Approval for enrichment after export of source or special nuclear material; export of major critical components of enrichment facilities. 2153b. Export policies relating to peaceful nuclear activities and international nuclear trade. 2153c. Renegotiation of agreements for cooperation. 2153d. Authority to continue agreements for cooperation entered into prior to March 10, 1978. 2153e. Protection of environment. 2153e 1. Effectiveness of rule, regulation, or procedure with regard to exports subject to Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978. 2153f. Savings clause; Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978. 2154. International atomic pool. 2155. Export licensing procedures. 2155a. Regulations establishing Commission procedures covering grant, suspension, revocation, or amendment of nuclear export licenses or exemptions. 2156. Criteria governing United States nuclear exports. 2156a. Regulations establishing levels of physical security to protect facilities and material. 2157. Additional export criterion and procedures. 2158. Conduct resulting in termination of nuclear exports. 2159. Congressional review procedures. 2160. Subsequent arrangements. 2160a. Review of Nuclear Proliferation Assessment Statements. 2160b. Authority to suspend nuclear cooperation with nations which have not ratified the Convention on the Physical Security of Nuclear Material. 2160c. Consultation with Department of Defense concerning certain exports and subsequent arrangements. 2160d. Further restrictions on exports. SUBCHAPTER XI CONTROL OF INFORMATION 2161. Policy of Commission. 2162. Classification and declassification of Restricted Data. 2163. Access to Restricted Data. 2164. International cooperation. 2165. Security restrictions. 2166. Applicability of other laws. 2167. Safeguards information. 2168. Dissemination of unclassified information. 2169. Fingerprinting for criminal history record checks. SUBCHAPTER XII PATENTS AND INVENTIONS 2181. Inventions relating to atomic weapons, and filing of reports. 2182. Inventions conceived during Commission contracts; ownership; waiver; hearings. 2183. Nonmilitary utilization. 2184. Injunctions; measure of damages. 2185. Prior art. 2186. Commission patent licenses. 2187. Compensation, awards, and royalties. 2188. Monopolistic use of patents. 2189. Federally financed research. 2190. Saving clause for prior patent applications. SUBCHAPTER XIII GENERAL AUTHORITY OF COMMISSION 2201. General duties of Commission. 2201a. Use of firearms by security personnel. 2202. Contracts. 2203. Advisory committees. - 7 -
TITLE 42 - CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF ATOMIC ENERGY 2204. Electric utility contracts; authority to enter into; cancellation; submission to Energy Committees. 2204a. Fission product contracts. 2205. Contract practices. 2205a. Repealed. 2206. Comptroller General audit. 2207. Claim settlements; reports to Congress. 2208. Payments in lieu of taxes. 2209. Subsidies. 2210. Indemnification and limitation of liability. 2210a. Conflicts of interest relating to contracts and other arrangements. 2210b. Uranium supply. 2210c. Elimination of pension offset for certain rehired Federal retirees. 2210d. Security evaluations. 2210e. Design basis threat rulemaking. 2210f. Recruitment tools. 2210g. Expenses authorized to be paid by the Commission. 2210h. Radiation source protection. 2210i. Secure transfer of nuclear materials. 2211. Payment of claims or judgments for damage resulting from nuclear incident involving nuclear reactor of United States warship; exception; terms and conditions. 2212, 2213. Repealed or Transferred. 2214. NRC user fees and annual charges. SUBCHAPTER XIV COMPENSATION FOR PRIVATE PROPERTY ACQUIRED 2221. Just compensation for requisitioned property. 2222. Condemnation of real property. 2223. Patent application disclosures. 2224. Attorney General approval of title. SUBCHAPTER XV JUDICIAL REVIEW AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE 2231. Applicability of administrative procedure provisions; definitions. 2232. License applications. 2233. Terms of licenses. 2234. Inalienability of licenses. 2235. Construction permits and operating licenses. 2236. Revocation of licenses. 2237. Modification of license. 2238. Continued operation of facilities. 2239. Hearings and judicial review. 2240. Licensee incident reports as evidence. 2241. Atomic safety and licensing boards; establishment; membership; functions; compensation. 2242. Temporary operating license. 2243. Licensing of uranium enrichment facilities. SUBCHAPTER XVI JOINT COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY 2251 to 2257. Repealed. 2258. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy abolished. 2259. Information and assistance to Congressional committees. SUBCHAPTER XVII ENFORCEMENT OF CHAPTER 2271. General provisions. 2272. Violation of specific sections. 2273. Violation of sections. - 8 -
TITLE 42 - CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF ATOMIC ENERGY 2274. Communication of Restricted Data. 2275. Receipt of Restricted Data. 2276. Tampering with Restricted Data. 2277. Disclosure of Restricted Data. 2278. Statute of limitations. 2278a. Trespass on Commission installations. 2278b. Photographing, etc., of Commission installations; penalty. 2279. Applicability of other laws. 2280. Injunction proceedings. 2281. Contempt proceedings. 2282. Civil penalties. 2282a. Civil monetary penalties for violation of Department of Energy safety regulations. 2282b. Civil monetary penalties for violations of Department of Energy regulations regarding security of classified or sensitive information or data. 2282c. Worker health and safety rules for Department of Energy nuclear facilities. 2283. Protection of nuclear inspectors. 2284. Sabotage of nuclear facilities or fuel. SUBCHAPTER XVII A DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD 2286. Establishment. 2286a. Functions of Board. 2286b. Powers of Board. 2286c. Responsibilities of Secretary of Energy. 2286d. Board recommendations. 2286e. Reports. 2286f. Judicial review. 2286g. Department of Energy defense nuclear facility defined. 2286h. Contract authority subject to appropriations. 2286h 1. Transmittal of certain information to Congress. 2286i. Annual authorization of appropriations. 2286j. Procurement of inspector general services. SUBCHAPTER XVIII EURATOM COOPERATION 2291. Definitions. 2292. Authorization of appropriations for research and development program; authority to enter into contracts; period of contracts; equivalent amounts for research and development program. 2293. Omitted. 2294. Authorization for sale or lease of uranium and plutonium; amounts; lien for nonpayment; uranium enrichment services. 2295. Acquisition of nuclear materials. 2296. Nonliability of United States; indemnification. SUBCHAPTER XIX REMEDIAL ACTION AND URANIUM REVITALIZATION Part A Remedial Action at Active Processing Sites 2296a. Remedial action program. 2296a 1. Regulations. 2296a 2. Authorization of appropriations. 2296a 3. Definitions. Part B Uranium Revitalization 2296b. Overfeed program. 2296b 1. National Strategic Uranium Reserve. - 9 -
TITLE 42 - CHAPTER 23 - Division A Atomic Energy 2296b 2. Sale of remaining DOE inventories. 2296b 3. Responsibility for the industry. 2296b 4. Annual uranium purchase reports. 2296b 5. Uranium inventory study. 2296b 6. Regulatory treatment of uranium purchases. 2296b 7. Definitions. Division B United States Enrichment Corporation SUBCHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS 2297, 2297a. Repealed. SUBCHAPTER II ESTABLISHMENT, POWERS, AND ORGANIZATION OF CORPORATION 2297b to 2297b 15. Repealed. SUBCHAPTER III RIGHTS, PRIVILEGES, AND ASSETS OF CORPORATION 2297c to 2297c 7. Repealed. SUBCHAPTER IV PRIVATIZATION OF CORPORATION 2297d, 2297d 1. Repealed. SUBCHAPTER V AVLIS AND ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR URANIUM ENRICHMENT 2297e to 2297e 7. Repealed. SUBCHAPTER VI LICENSING AND REGULATION OF URANIUM ENRICHMENT FACILITIES 2297f. Gaseous diffusion facilities. 2297f 1. Licensing of other technologies. 2297f 2. Regulation of Restricted Data. SUBCHAPTER VII DECONTAMINATION AND DECOMMISSIONING 2297g. Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning Fund. 2297g 1. Deposits. 2297g 2. Department facilities. 2297g 3. Employee provisions. 2297g 4. Reports to Congress. SUBCHAPTER VIII UNITED STATES ENRICHMENT CORPORATION PRIVATIZATION 2297h. Definitions. 2297h 1. Sale of Corporation. 2297h 2. Method of sale. 2297h 3. Establishment of private corporation. 2297h 4. Transfers to private corporation. 2297h 5. Leasing of gaseous diffusion facilities. 2297h 6. Transfer of contracts. 2297h 7. Liabilities. 2297h 8. Employee protections. 2297h 9. Ownership limitations. 2297h 10. Uranium transfers and sales. 2297h 10a. Incentives for additional downblending of highly enriched uranium by the Russian Federation. 2297h 11. Low-level waste. 2297h 12. AVLIS. 2297h 13. Application of certain laws. - 10 -
TITLE 42 - CHAPTER 23 - Division A - SUBCHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS Division A Atomic Energy - 11 -
TITLE 42 - Section 2011 - Congressional declaration of policy SUBCHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS 2011. Congressional declaration of policy Atomic energy is capable of application for peaceful as well as military purposes. It is therefore declared to be the policy of the United States that (a) the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to make the maximum contribution to the general welfare, subject at all times to the paramount objective of making the maximum contribution to the common defense and security; and (b) the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to promote world peace, improve the general welfare, increase the standard of living, and strengthen free competition in private enterprise. (Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, title I, 1, as added Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, 1, 68 Stat. 921; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 102 486, title IX, 902(a)(8), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 2944.) Prior Provisions Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in section 1 of act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, 60 Stat. 755, which was classified to section 1801 of this title, prior to the general amendment and renumbering of act Aug. 1, 1946, by act Aug. 30, 1954. Short Title of 2005 Amendment Pub. L. 109 58, title VI, 601, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 779, provided that: This subtitle [subtitle A ( 601 610) of title VI of Pub. L. 109 58, amending sections 2210 and 2282a of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2210 and 2282a of this title] may be cited as the Price-Anderson Amendments Act of 2005. Short Title of 2000 Amendment Pub. L. 106 245, 1, July 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 501, provided that: This Act [enacting section 285a 9 of this title and enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 2210 of this title] may be cited as the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act Amendments of 2000. Short Title of 1996 Amendment Pub. L. 104 134, title III, 3101, Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321 335, provided that: This subchapter [subch. A ( 3101 3117) of ch. 1 of title III of Pub. L. 104 134, enacting sections 2297h to 2297h 13 of this title, amending sections 2014, 2239, 2243, 2282, 2296b 7, 2297f, and 2297f 1 of this title and section 9101 of Title 31, Money and Finance, repealing sections 2297 to 2297e 7 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2297 of this title and section 9101 of Title 31] may be cited as the USEC Privatization Act. Short Title of 1988 Amendment Pub. L. 100 408, 1, Aug. 20, 1988, 102 Stat. 1066, provided that: This Act [enacting section 2282a of this title, amending sections 2014, 2210, and 2273 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2014 and 2210 of this title] may be cited as the Price-Anderson Amendments Act of 1988. Short Title of 1964 Amendment Pub. L. 88 489, 21, Aug. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 607, provided that: This Act [amending sections 2012, 2013, 2073 to 2078, 2135, 2153, 2201, 2221, 2233, and 2234 of this title, repealing section 2072 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2012 and 2072 of this title] may be cited as the Private Ownership of Special Nuclear Materials Act. Short Title of 1958 Amendment Pub. L. 85 846, 1, Aug. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 1084, provided: That this Act [enacting sections 2291 to 2296 of this title] may be cited as the EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958. - 12 -
TITLE 42 - Section 2012 - Congressional findings Short Title Section 291 of title I of act Aug. 1, 1946, as added by act Aug. 30, 1954, 1; renumbered title I, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102 486, title IX, 902(a)(8), 106 Stat. 2944, provided that: This Act [enacting this chapter and amending sections 1031(d) and 1032 of former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees, and enacting provision set out as a note under section 2221 of this title] may be cited as the Atomic Energy Act of 1954. Separability Section 281 of title I of act Aug. 1, 1946, as added by act Aug. 30, 1954, 1; renumbered title I, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102 486, title IX, 902(a)(8), 106 Stat. 2944, provided that: If any provision of this Act [enacting this chapter] or the application of such provision to any person or circumstances, is held invalid, the remainder of this Act or the application of such provision to persons or circumstances other than those as to which it is held invalid, shall not be affected thereby. Transfer of Functions Atomic Energy Commission abolished and functions transferred by sections 5814 and 5841 of this title. See also Transfer of Functions notes set out under those sections. 2012. Congressional findings The Congress of the United States makes the following findings concerning the development, use, and control of atomic energy: (a) The development, utilization, and control of atomic energy for military and for all other purposes are vital to the common defense and security. (b) Repealed. Pub. L. 88 489, 1, Aug. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 602. (c) The processing and utilization of source, byproduct, and special nuclear material affect interstate and foreign commerce and must be regulated in the national interest. (d) The processing and utilization of source, byproduct, and special nuclear material must be regulated in the national interest and in order to provide for the common defense and security and to protect the health and safety of the public. (e) Source and special nuclear material, production facilities, and utilization facilities are affected with the public interest, and regulation by the United States of the production and utilization of atomic energy and of the facilities used in connection therewith is necessary in the national interest to assure the common defense and security and to protect the health and safety of the public. (f) The necessity for protection against possible interstate damage occurring from the operation of facilities for the production or utilization of source or special nuclear material places the operation of those facilities in interstate commerce for the purposes of this chapter. (g) Funds of the United States may be provided for the development and use of atomic energy under conditions which will provide for the common defense and security and promote the general welfare. (h) Repealed. Pub. L. 88 489, 2, Aug. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 602. (i) In order to protect the public and to encourage the development of the atomic energy industry, in the interest of the general welfare and of the common defense and security, the United States may make funds available for a portion of the damages suffered by the public from nuclear incidents, and may limit the liability of those persons liable for such losses. (Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, title I, 2, as added Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, 1, 68 Stat. 921; amended Pub. L. 85 256, 1, Sept. 2, 1957, 71 Stat. 576; Pub. L. 88 489, 1, 2, Aug. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 602; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 102 486, title IX, 902(a)(8), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 2944.) - 13 -
TITLE 42 - Section 2013 - Purpose of chapter Prior Provisions Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in section 1 of act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, 60 Stat. 755, which was classified to section 1801 of this title, prior to the general amendment and renumbering of act Aug. 1, 1946, by act Aug. 30, 1954. Amendments 1964 Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 88 489, 1, struck out subsec. (b) which found that use of United States property by others must be regulated in national interest and in order to provide for common defense and security and to protect health and safety of public. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 88 489, 2, struck out subsec. (h) which found it essential to common defense and security that title to all special nuclear material be in United States while such special nuclear material is within United States. 1957 Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 85 256 added subsec. (i). Control and Regulation Powers of United States and of Atomic Energy Commission Unaffected by Private Ownership of Special Nuclear Materials Section 20 of Pub. L. 88 489 provided that: Nothing in this Act [amending this section and sections 2013, 2073 to 2078, 2135, 2153, 2201, 2233 and 2234 of this title, repealing section 2072 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 2072 of this title] shall be deemed to diminish existing authority of the United States, or of the Atomic Energy Commission under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended [this chapter], to regulate source, byproduct, and special nuclear material and production and utilization facilities, or to control such materials and facilities exported from the United States by imposition of governmental guarantees and security safeguards with respect thereto, in order to assure the common defense and security and to protect the health and safety of the public, or to reduce the responsibility of the Atomic Energy Commission to achieve such objectives. 2013. Purpose of chapter It is the purpose of this chapter to effectuate the policies set forth above by providing for (a) a program of conducting, assisting, and fostering research and development in order to encourage maximum scientific and industrial progress; (b) a program for the dissemination of unclassified scientific and technical information and for the control, dissemination, and declassification of Restricted Data, subject to appropriate safeguards, so as to encourage scientific and industrial progress; (c) a program for Government control of the possession, use, and production of atomic energy and special nuclear material, whether owned by the Government or others, so directed as to make the maximum contribution to the common defense and security and the national welfare, and to provide continued assurance of the Government s ability to enter into and enforce agreements with nations or groups of nations for the control of special nuclear materials and atomic weapons; (d) a program to encourage widespread participation in the development and utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes to the maximum extent consistent with the common defense and security and with the health and safety of the public; (e) a program of international cooperation to promote the common defense and security and to make available to cooperating nations the benefits of peaceful applications of atomic energy as widely as expanding technology and considerations of the common defense and security will permit; and (f) a program of administration which will be consistent with the foregoing policies and programs, with international arrangements, and with agreements for cooperation, which will enable the Congress to be currently informed so as to take further legislative action as may be appropriate. (Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, title I, 3, as added Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, 1, 68 Stat. 922; amended Pub. L. 88 489, 3, Aug. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 602; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 102 486, title IX, 902(a)(8), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 2944.) - 14 -