A. Definition of Feudalism 1. Feudalism: a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords who in turn pledged loyalty to the greater lord. 2. In other words Relationships between groups and people were based on a balance system, a sort of 'you do this for me, and I'll do this for you' approach.
B. Who was involved? 1. Nobles a. Gave: land b. Received: military service 2. Vassals/knights a. Gave: military service b. Received: land 3. Peasants a. Gave: labor of land b. Received: protection
C. What words best describe feudalism? 1. Interdependent 2. Obligation 3. Responsibility 4. Stability 5. Hierarchical
D. How did the king fit in? 1. Royal authority was restricted by nobles and the church. 2. Monarchs tried to keep their kingdoms united but held little power.
II. William the Conqueror = Increased Royal Power A. 1066 A.D.- The Battle of Hastings 1. William, the duke of Normandy, [in France] invaded England and defeated the Anglo-Saxons 2. William becomes King of England
B. Why is this important? 1. This marks an end to feudalism. Nobles have to share more power with the king. 2. This marks the beginning to centralized government in England.
III. King Henry II: Justice System A. Developed a royal justice system instead of the unfair feudal justice system B. Sent out royal judges to enforce royal laws
C. English Common Law 1. What is it? a. A legal system based on custom and court rulings b. Based on precedent 2. Where did it apply? a. Common to all of England b. Standardized laws and punishments 3. How is it different than Roman law? a. It evolved over time based on patterns rather than being made by lawmakers at one time.
D. Judges and Juries 1. Local citizens become involved in trials a. Juries to decide which cases to try jury i. Ancestor of the grand b. Juries to decide guilt vs. innocence i. Ancestor of the trial jury
IV. Magna Carta A. Laid out the legal rights of the nobles, the church, and all English citizens B. The power of the king must be limited C. New taxes required approval of the Great Council of nobles and clergy D. Due process of law : Protection from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, and other legal actions
E. Why is it important? 1. It became the basis for the idea that all citizens have certain rights. 2. Forced the monarch to obey the law a. Rule of law became a key part of democratic tradition
I. An Age of Reason A.The Enlightenment was an era that stressed logic and rational thought. 1. Natural law: rules discoverable by reason B. Old ideas about human behavior and activity were replaced by new ways of thinking.
II. What happened before the Enlightenment? A. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION! 1. In the mid-1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation 2. Start of the scientific method 3. Famous scientists: Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, Newton
B. How did the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment? 1. Natural laws apply to science as well as social, political, and economic problems. 2. Goal: use the scientific method to study human behavior and solve society s problems
I. Thomas Hobbes A. Hobbes was an English philosopher. B. His work has influenced all of Western philosophy.
C. The State of Nature 1. Hobbes began by looking at human nature. 2. The state of nature is what Hobbes believes people would be like without governments.
D. Hobbes on Human Nature 1. Hobbes believed in two basic rules of human nature. a. People are rational and self interested b. All people are equal.
E. Rights in the State of Nature 1. Hobbes believed that without authority people would have perfect freedom. 2. This means that people would have a right to do absolutely anything.
F. The War of All Against All 1. Hobbes believed that the state of nature was the worst thing that could be. 2. He believed this because of the high probability of sudden and violent death.
G. The Social Contract 1. In order to get out of the state of nature, Hobbes said people would set aside their right to do anything. 2. Essentially, people trade in their right to kill for the right to not be killed.
H. Leviathan 1. Hobbes wrote a book explaining how the social contract would work. 2. It is regarded as the foundation of modern political philosophy.
I. The Sovereign 1. Hobbes believed that an all powerful absolute monarch was required in order to enforce the social contract. 2. As long as the sovereign is protecting your security, you owe him total obedience.
II. John Locke A. British philosopher, had a huge impact on the Enlightenment. B. Took Hobbes s ideas and modified them. C. Godfather of the American Revolution.
D. Locke s State of Nature 1. Locke took a more positive view of human nature than Hobbes did. 2. He believed that ordinary people were fully capable of governing themselves justly, despite sometimes being selfish.
E. Locke s Natural Rights 1. Locke believed people are born free and equal, and have rights just because they are human beings. a. Life b. Liberty c. Property
F. Locke s Social Contract 1. Locke believed that people would form a social contract in order to preserve these rights. 2. For Locke, the only reason governments should exist is to protect the rights of the people.
G. Right to Revolution 1. Locke was aware that over time even good governments could become corrupt. 2. If the government fails to protect our rights, we can rebel.
I. Setting A. Who is the king? 1. King James II B. What year does it occur? 1. 1688-1689 C. What has happened in England in the past 50 years? 1. Gradually increased power of Parliament
B. James II was a Roman Catholic, and Parliament was mostly Protestant. 1. James wife gives birth to a son, meaning they were in danger of having another Catholic king. II. Causes- what was wrong with King James II? A. James II believed in divine right. 1. He suspended laws at whim.
III. Effects- a Bloodless Revolution A. Parliament invites James daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, to rule instead of James II. B. James II flees to France when William and Mary arrive.
IV. The English Bill of Rights A. Before they can be crowned, William and Mary of Orange have to sign this important document from Parliament.
B. What s in it? 1. The superiority of Parliament over the monarchy a. Parliament must be summoned regularly b. Parliament has power of the purse c. Parliament can have debates without the king s approval (freedom of speech) d. The king needs Parliament s permission to raise taxes or increase the army 2. Rights of English citizens a. Trial by jury b. No excessive fines c. No cruel and unusual punishments d. Habeas corpus: you must be charged with a crime to be kept in prison
V. What type of government does England change to? A. Constitutional monarchy (or limited monarchy) 1. Definition: the powers of the ruler are limited by the constitution and the laws of the country 2. Parliament and the monarchy are partners in ruling
VI. Overall Effects of the Glorious Revolution & Bill of Rights A. English subjects were guaranteed 1. Rule of law 2. Parliamentary government 3. Individual liberties 4. A constitutional monarchy B. Completed a process that started with the Magna Carta
VII. What would Locke and Hobbes think? A. Who would Hobbes support? 1. King James II- we need an absolute ruler! B. Who would Locke support? 1. William and Mary- we must always rebel against a government that does not protect natural rights!
I. The French Enlightenment A. Hobbes and Locke both spent a great deal of time in France. B. Soon, France had its own crop of Enlightenment thinkers called philosophes.
C. Ideals of the Philosophes 1) Reason 2) Nature 3) Happiness 4) Progress 5) Liberty
D. Voltaire 1. Wrote books attacking religion, superstition, and the French nobles. 2. Exiled to England. 3. Advocate of free speech.
E. Rousseau 1. Tabula rasa (blank slate): believed man was naturally good, but corrupted by society. 2. Social contract- believed in direct democracy. 3. Defender of personal liberty.
F. Baron de Montesquieu 1. He believed that the government should be divided into three branches with checks and balances. 2. This separation of powers would prevent any one branch from getting too powerful.
II. A Woman s Voice-Wollstonecraft A. Many philosophes limited natural rights to men B. 1792: A Vindication of the Rights of Women C. She emphasized equal education of men and women
I. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas A. Enlightenment ideas spread quickly all over Europe B. People began to question divine rule and a strict class system
C. How did ideas spread? 1. Salons: informal social gatherings a. Many in Paris 2. Literature a. Cleverly avoided censorship b. The novel takes shape c. Diderot s Encyclopedia
D. Impact on Art and Music 1. Move from the grand baroque style to the more simple rococo style a. Art: light, elegant, and charming b. Music: light, elegant style more available to the middle class i. Bach, Handel, Hayden, Mozart
II. Enlightened Despots A. Absolute rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideas B. Used their power to bring political and social change C. No intention of giving up power
C. Frederick the Great 1. King of Prussia 2. First servant of the state 3. Reduced torture, allowed free press, and religious tolerance 4. Supported Voltaire
D. Catherine the Great 1. Empress of Russia 2. Believed in ideals of liberty and equality 3. Abolished torture, established religious tolerance, and criticized serfdom
E. Joseph II 1. Son of Maria Theresa 2. Disguised himself as a peasant to learn about their lives 3. Religious tolerance, free press, support for the poor, abolishment of serfdom
I. 1765-Parliament levies taxes on stamps to help pay for the French and Indian War
A. The Stamp 1. All printed material required to have a tax stamp. Act 2. The first time such a direct tax had been imposed on colonists. 3. In British law, only a citizen s representatives could raise taxes
II. Taxation without representation
A. Constitutional Argument Against 1. American colonists didn t have representatives in parliament 2. Only their local governments can fairly tax them 3. Ben Franklin, Sam Adams make No taxation without representation a common chant Taxation
III. Stamp collectors arrive but resistance is strong
A. Mob Violence 1. Stamp collectors were intimidated 2. Their houses were burned 3. Mobs burned and beheaded life-sized effigies of stamp collectors
IV. The British repeal the Stamp Act and Parliament passes customs duties
A. Townshend Acts 1. Created taxes on a wide variety of imports: lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea 2. Would raise money this way instead of direct tax
V. Colonists boycott British goods and break the law by smuggling foreign goods
A. Boycotts and Nonimportation 1. Americans responded by refusing to buy British goods. 2. Homespun cloth, and preference for American made goods 3. Got goods illegally from other nations
VI. 10,000 British troops arrive in America to help enforce tax laws and catch offenders
A. Military Coercion 1. Britain opened a commission on treason 2. Thousands of British regular troops were sent to occupy Boston.
VII. Men and boys throw sticks and snowballs at British soldiers
VIII. Boston Massacre
1. Confrontation in Boston between soldiers and mob. 2. Troops fire into crowd killing five. A. The Boston Massacre- 1770 3. Event becomes the centerpiece of patriot agitation and propaganda.
IX. Angry Colonists join the Sons of Liberty
A. The Sons of Liberty 1. Secret organization of American patriots. 2. Organized resistance and mob violence 3. Women helped in the Daughters of Liberty by sewing homemade goods
X. Parliament gives the British East India Company a monopoly on tea that helps lower the price
A. Tea Act- 1773 1. Britain grants East India company a monopoly on Tea. 2. Made British tea cheaper for Americans, despite Townshend tax 3. Perceived as an effort to break the boycotts and divide colonists.
XI. Colonists disguised as Indians throw 342 chests of tea in Boston Harbor
A. Boston Tea Party- 1773 1. Governor of Massachusetts determined to land tea 2. Prepared to use troops to secure the unloading of tea. 3. Sons of Liberty sneak on board the ship and destroy a fortune in tea.
XII. Parliament removes Boston s self-government by passing the Intolerable Acts
A. Coercive/Intolerable Acts- 1774 1. Port Bill: closed harbor until tea was paid for 2. Government Act: rescinded Mass. Charter, bans meetings 3. New Quartering Act 4. Justice Act : trials to be moved to England.
XIII. The colonists unite to aid the people of Massachusetts
A. First Continental Congress- 1. Meeting of 12 colonies demanded repeal of the Intolerable Acts 2. Open defiance of British authority 3. Broad (not total) popular support from a majority of Americans 1774
XIV. General Thomas Gage sends British troops to Lexington and Concord
B. The First Shots 1. General Gage was ordered to regain control of Massachusetts. 2. British soldiers tried to seize a store of weapons in Concord. 3. They were met by colonial forces at Lexington- the shot heard round the world
the hills around the city. XVI. General Gage sends his men to capture Bunker (Breed s) Hill.
A. Painful Victory 1.While British win the battle, they lose 1/3 of their forces 1.There is no ignoring it: the War for Independence is on
A Revolution, but not a war for Independence. Yet.. 1. Thomas Paine s Common Sense 2. Declaration of Independence 1. Proposed to separate from England completely 2. Thomas Jefferson student of the Enlightenment 3. July 4, 1776 approved final wording = fireworks Tis repugnant to reason, to the universal order Of things, to all examples from former ages, to suppose that this Continent can long remain subject to any external power.
War for Independence: review I. Fighting begins I. Lexington and Concord II. III. Thomas Paine, Common Sense(1776) Declaration of Independence
II. Fighting the War A. Now that the war had begun, and the decision for independence made. How will the 13 colonies fight this war? B. They must do their best against the most powerful army in the world. They must make it through their first year of fighting. 1776.
II. Fighting the War 1776 video A. Take out a clean sheet of paper and title it Revolutionary War and Revolutionary Ideas. B. During our video you must write down SIX different instances of colonial ACTION (fighting, organizing, choosing leaders, diplomacy, etc). 1. You must write down each instance of colonial action and describe in detail how it helped the colonials defeat the British. C. During our video you must write down FOUR different instances of enlightenment ideals (writing, speaking, discussion, diplomacy, etc). 2. You must write down your example and what enlightenment ideal or thinker it connects to. Make sure you are detailed in your answer.
You will need your books WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY!
II. Fighting the War 1776 video A. Take out your Revolutionary war and revolutionary idea video notes sheet. B. During our video you must write down SIX different instances of colonial ACTION (fighting, organizing, choosing leaders, diplomacy, etc). 1. You must write down each instance of colonial action and describe in detail how it helped the colonials defeat the British. C. During our video you must write down FOUR different instances of enlightenment ideals (writing, speaking, discussion, diplomacy, etc). 2. You must write down your example and what enlightenment ideal or thinker it connects to. Make sure you are detailed in your answer.
Winning the War A. Colonists Split 1. Loyalists Loyal to King and Country. 15-20% of colonial population 2. Patriots committed to the idea of colonial independence.
B. British Strategy / Colonial Strategy 1. Separate colonies a) Three pronged attack i. Isolate and control New England ii. iii. Occupy Philadelphia and separate north and south. Isolate the south and preventing aid reaching the north. b) Extremely successful
B. British Strategy / Colonial Strategy 1. Washington s army had suffered many defeats throughout the year. a) Continental army forced out of New York and chased through New Jersey into Pennsylvania. 2. The Continentals feared they had lost 3. Washington launched a sneak attack across the Delaware river to capture 1500 Hessian troops. 4. Huge boost to colonial morale.
C. Saratoga 1. General Burgoyne of England marched his force from Canada. 2. The plan was to rendezvous with English troops from NYC 3. Troops never arrive 4. The Continental army receives word and surrounds his army at Saratoga.
5. Burgoyne Surrenders a. Huge victory for Colonists i. Morale boost ii. Convinces France to support Colonies
D. Valley Forge 1. Continental Army forced to spend the winter in the Pennsylvania wilderness during the winter of 1777-1778. 2. Starvation, disease, malnutrition, and exposure killed roughly 2,500 soldiers.
E. Continental Army 1. Led by George Washington 2. While at Valley Forge a. Trained with military experts Marquis de LaFayette i. Fought alongside colonials and lobbied for more French support Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Von Steuben i. Essentially gave Washington an army that could fight and win. b. John Paul Jones i. Led a daring attack against England.. that really didn t do anything. c. Nathanial Greene i. Excellent at hit and run tactics against General Cornwallis ii. Began as a militia private, ended as a major general
F. Yorktown (1781) 1. Cornwallis stations his troops at Yorktown 2. French navy blockades Chesapeake bay 3. Continental army surrounds British army by land
g. END OF WAR 1. Cornwallis Surrender OCT 18, 1781 2. 1783 Treaty of Paris a. US officially independent b. Boundaries for land established 3. Egalitarianism a. Spirit of freedom and equality
paper out. Title it: constitution quiz you might want to study
The terms! George III Judicial Philosophe Thomas Jefferson Legislative Branch Federal republic George Washington John Locke The Bill of Rights Checks and Balances Impeachment Veto Salon Montesquieu Diderot Life, liberty property Executive Branch First Continental Congress Battle of Saratoga The Constitution of the US The Articles of Confederation Mary Wollstonecraft Joseph II Lexington/ Concord Natural laws Social contract popular sovereignty Habeas corpus Frederick the Great Catherine the Great Thomas Hobbes Natural rights Battle of Yorktown Bach,Handel,Moz art,haydn The Black Death
What is the U.S. Bill of Rights? A. The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution 1. Amendments: changes or additions 2. Required by many states in order to ratify Constitution B. Put the ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers into practice
First Amendment Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
I. First Amendment A. Freedom of 1. Religion 2. Speech 3. Press 4. Assembly 5. Petition
Second Amendment A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
II. Second Amendment A. Right to bear arms
Third Amendment No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
III. Third Amendment A. Prohibits quartering of troops in private homes 1. Reaction to Britain s Quartering Act
Fourth Amendment The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
IV. Fourth Amendment A. Protects from unreasonable searches and seizures
No person shall be held to answer for any capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Fifth Amendment
V. Fifth Amendment A. No punishment without the due process of law
Sixth Amendment In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district where in the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.
VI. Sixth Amendment A. Right to a speedy and public trial in the state where the offense was committed
Seventh Amendment In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
VII. Seventh Amendment A. Right to jury trial for civil cases if over $20
Eighth Amendment Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
VIII. Eighth Amendment A. Prohibits excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment
Ninth Amendment The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
IX. Ninth Amendment A. Civil rights are not restricted to those specified by their ancestors
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Tenth Amendment
X. Tenth Amendment A. Powers not granted to the national government belong to the state and to its people