Second Industrial Revolution capitalism 1870-1890- a period of explosive growth in the US manufacturing Economic system in which most businesses are privately owned Competition, determines the cost of goods as workers pay. Production of goods is for profit and labor is sold for wages -by the mid 1890 s the US had become the world s industrial leader The US and Great Britain and Western European countries are examples of capitalist countries. Even China, because it is not a democracy, now allow for some capitalism in its largely communist society. democracy A government in which the power and authority rests with the people. People usually express their power through voting. The government is run by the people. Many countries are considered democracies however some democratic countries allow their people to exercise greater power in society then others. North Korea and Cuba does not have a democracy 1
Social Darwinism a view of society based on Charles Darwin's scientific theory of natural selection Survival of the fittest Because powerful rich business men used it as an excuse to make themselves look good Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890) a law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained free trade It was ineffective since the government protected on a few companies. Knights of Labor A labor organization founded in Philadelphia in 1869, led by Terrance Powderly organized for 8 hour work days to end child labor equal pay for equal work. Unskilled workers- let in African Americans and women Eventually they got 8 hour days and equal pay. Helped to en unfair treatment in work areas. 2
American Federation of Labor One of the first large labor unions in the US in the 1880 s. Helped to bring people together to fight for a cause for their rights. Haymarket Riot The Haymarket riot on Tuesday 4 May 1886 in Chicago, began as a rally which became violent and was followed later by internationally publicized legal proceedings. More than 100 people died or injured. People blamed. Foreign born unionist for the violence. Homestead Strike (1862) a law passed by Congress to encourage settlement in the West by giving governmentowned land to small farmers The strike seriously hurt the steel workers union. 3
Socialism/ socialists Anarchy/ anarchist Economic system in which the government or the workers own and operate the means of production. Goods are produced for use, not profit. Means of Production: factories, industries A political position or belief opposed to all forms of rule or domination (including the state) an instead favors social relations that are voluntarily and freely established among individuals. Famous socialist of the early 20 th century: -Helen Keller (activist) -Jack London (author) -Eugene. V. Debs (politician) Famous socialist punk bands of the late 20 th century. -The Clash --Rage Against the Machine Famous anarchist punk bands of the late 20 th cenury -The Sex Pistols -Subhumans, Crass In the mid-to-late 19 th century, discontent over poverty, poor working conditions, and an increasing unequal distribution of wealth, led some people to advocate socialism as a solution to the problems created by the Industrial Revolution Most labor unions were not socialist. Anarchism was a radical response to the problems of industrial capitalism that appealed to some people. Some anarchists advocated and used violence to effect change, while others were peaceful. Anarchists were sometime blamed for violence they did not commit, such as the defendants changed after the Haymarket Riot. Ellis Island An island in New York harbor that was an entry point for immigrants coming to the United States between 1892 and 1954 For 62 years immigrants from Europe passed through Ellis Island. Doctors scanned each person for signs of serious disease or disability. 4
tenement Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived Tenements were usually within walking distance of the factories, stockyards, and ports where many poor urban dwellers worked. Settlement house neighborhood center staffed by professionals and volunteers for education, recreation, and social activities in poor areas Jane Addams (1860 1935) American social worker and activist; she was the cofounder of Hull House, an organization that focused on the needs of immigrants. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. We believed we had the duty to help and save social problems 1910 U.S. had 400 settlement houses. 5
Boss Tweed He was head of Tammany Hall in 1863. He used his position to make himself and his friends, the Tweed Ring, very rich. Tweed s power seemed unbreakable until 1871, when his corruption was made public. He was convicted of fraud and sent to prison. The ballot made no result, the counts made the results. To create and enforce segregation in public places. Jim Crow laws laws that enforced segregation in the southern states By the 1890 s southern states had segregated many public places including schools Booker T. Washington (1856 1915) African American educator and civil rights leader; he was born into slavery and later became head of the Tuskegee Institute for career training for African Americans. "The Atlanta Compromise" He helped African Americans. 6
W.E.B. DuBois National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (1868 1963) African American educator, editor, and writer; he led the Niagara Movement, calling for economic and educational equality for African Americans. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People A group of activist who fought for the rights of African Americans founded in 1909. Fight for our rights! He helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) "Ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination progressivism group of reform movements of the late 1800s that focused on urban problems, such as the plight of workers, poor sanitation, and corrupt political machines in late 19th century America, in reference to a general branch of political thought which arose as a response to the vast changes brought by industrialization, and as an alternative both to the traditional conservative response to social and economic issues and to the various more or less radical streams of socialism and anarchism which opposed them. 7
muckrakers a term coined for journalists who raked up and exposed corruption and problems of society investigated and exposed societal issues such as conditions in slums and prisons, factories, insane asylums (as they were called at the time), sweatshops, mines, child labor and unsanitary conditions in food processing plants Journalist who exposed corrupt business practices I m a muckraker. I am exposing Standard Oil. I am critizing Rockerfeller. Ida Tarbell Robert La Follette Progressive Wisconsin governor whose agenda of reforms was known as the Wisconsin Idea 8
17 th amendment Gave voters the power to elect their senators directly initiative Gave voters the power to put a proposed law on the ballot for public approval Allowed voters to approve or veto a recently passed law referendum 9
recall Enabled voters to remove an elected official from office by special election Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City on March 25, 1911, was the largest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York, causing the death of 146 garment workers who either died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) The IWW was founded in Chicago in June 1905 at a convention of two hundred socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists from all over the United States (mainly the Western Federation of Miners) who were opposed to the policies of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). 10
prohibition a ban on alcohol that became law in 1920; the ban was lifted in 1933 Woman s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) reform organization that led the fight against alcohol in the late 1800s 18 th Amendment (1919) a constitutional amendment that outlawed the production and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States; repealed in 1933 11
National Association of Colored Women (NACW) an organization founded in 1896 that worked to fight poverty, segregation, lynchings, and the persistence of Jim Crow laws that denied African Americans the right to vote; later it campaigned for temperance and women's suffrage; also helped form settlemen National American Woman s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (NAWSA) an organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890 to obtain women's right to vote Susan B. Anthony Susan Brownell Anthony (February 15, 1820 March 13, 1906) was a prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States. 12
Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt was the twenty-sixth President of the United States. A leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement, he was a Governor of New York and a professional historian, naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier. He is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his "cowboy" personality. Originating from a story from one of Roosevelt's hunting expeditions, Teddy bears are named after him. Square Deal Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 campaign slogan; expressed his belief that the needs of workers, business, and consumers should be balanced, and called for limiting the power of trusts, promoting public health and safety, and improving working conditions Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) law that forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of food and patent medicine containing harmful ingredients, and required that containers of food and medicines carry ingredient labels 13
William Howard Taft William Taft was the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, a leader of the progressive conservative wing of the Republican Party in the early 20th century, 16 th Amendment (1913) law that allowed Congress to levy taxes based on an individual's income Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson was the was the twentyeighth President of the United States. He proved highly successful in leading a Democratic Congress to pass major legislation that included the Federal Trade Commission, the Clayton Antitrust Act, the Underwood Tariff, the Federal Farm Loan Act and most notably the Federal Reserve System. 14
New Freedom Woodrow Wilson's plan of reform which called for tariff reductions, banking reform, and stronger antitrust legislation Federal Reserve Act (1913) law that created a central fund from which banks could borrow to prevent collapse during a financial panic Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) law that prohibited companies from buying the stock of competing companies in order to form a monopoly, forbade companies from selling goods below cost with the goal of driving their competitors out of business and made strikes, boycotts, and peace 15
Alice Paul Alice Paul was an American suffragist leader. Along with Lucy Burns (a close friend) and others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage that resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. 19 th Amendment (1920) a constitutional amendment that gave women the vote 16